铁路中小站段污水排放规律及处理匹配技术研究

随着铁路通车里程的增长，铁路中小站段随之增加。但是大部分站段污水经过简单处理或不经处理排放，造成了环境的污染。通过对沈阳铁路局下属中小站站段调研，找出典型站段污水排放规律，并提出与之相匹配的污水处理技术。     

新疆铁路站区污水资源化管理对策

西北地区是我国最大的内陆河区，风沙大，降雨少，水资源量仅占全国的４．６％，水资源的极度缺乏已经成为制约西北地区发展的最主要因素之一，这就使污水资源化具有了普遍的现实意义。新疆铁路站区多处于无水戈壁之上，环境单调，绿地覆盖率极低。铁路站区从６０年代起就开始将污水用于绿化，在亘古荒原上建成了一块块绿地，美化了站区环境，提高了铁路职工生活的环境质量，取得了一定的社会效益和经济效益。但由于污水利用缺乏统一管理和规划，造成污水利用的无序失控，大部分污水未经处理直接利用或排放，造成二次污染，群众意见大，社会…     

胜利油田生活污水调查及评价

随着人民生活水平的提高，城市人均用水量逐年增加，伴随产生的生活污水已经成为不可忽视的污染源。胜利石油管理局供水公司于１９９３年对胜利油田的污水排放情况进行了调查，调查各单位职工住宅区和机关办公区所排放的生活污水的情况，包括排放生活污水单位的名称、人数、生活用水量、污水排放量和污水水质等，并提出了生活污水的治理对策。     

三部委印发《污水处理费征收使用管理办法》

财政部、国家发展改革委、住房和城乡建设部近日联合印发《污水处理费征收使用管理办法》（以下简称《办法》），自2015年3月1日起施行。
　　根据《办法》，向城镇排水与污水处理设施排放污水、废水的单位和个人，应当缴纳污水处理费。向城镇排水与污水处理设施排放污水、废水并已缴纳污水处理费的，不再缴纳排污费。向城镇排水与污水处理设施排放的污水超过国家或者地方规定排放标准的，依法进行处罚。     

PDW-Ⅱ型石油钻井污水处理机的研制与应用

本文介绍了PDW-Ⅱ型石油钻井污水处理机的开发研究及现场试验结果。该机采用一步絮凝沉淀的工艺过程，适用于低色度、低浊度石油钻井污水的处理。试验表明：处理后出水达到国家综合污水二级排放标准，可以排放或回用于井场。     

丘陵地带农村生活污水收集处理研究——以眉山市仁寿县为例

为探索研究适合丘陵地带农村生活污水的收集处理模式，选取四川省眉山市仁寿县文宫镇的三个村组作为示范点，开展农村生活污水收集管网和集中处理终端建设研究。在对示范村组气候特征、地势地形、民房分布、污水排放及污水水质等进行充分调研分析的基础上，结合四川省农村生活污水排放标准，进行示范点污水收集处理系统的设计、施工、调试及试运行。示范工程建成试运行一年以来，入户支管无破损，主管网系统排水流畅，处理系统出水水质稳定达标，终端系统与周边环境相容性高，系统运行维护简便。本研究可为丘陵地带农村生活污水收集处理提供参考依据及技术模板。     

医院污水处理设施的改造与对策

由于医疗行业的特殊性，医院污水的治理工作一直受到有关部门的高度重视，针对医院污水及排放特点，我国在 80年代就研制了医院污水处理的设置——“自动同步双虹吸医院污水处理装置”。但十余年过去了，由于医院污水的水量逐年增加和国家对医院污水排放标准的提高，以及处理设施陈旧、老化等方面的原因，很多医院的污水处理设施已不能正常运行，排放的污水已不能达到当地环保部门的要求。因此，医院污水的处理面临着治理设施再改造的任务。对现有的处理设施怎样改造，我们认为，靠单纯的清理和修复原有的处理设备是不行的，必须根据各单位…     

信息窗

信息窗石油化工污水ＮＨ３－Ｎ达标的探讨随着石油化工产品的增加及深度加工，其排放污水中ＮＨ３－Ｎ经中和沉淀，生化处理后仍达不到国家排放标准，为促使石油化工外排污水ＮＨ３－Ｎ达标提出了Ａ／０生物膜脱氮、过氧化脱氮、碱化曝气吹脱氮及程序间歇式多级生物氧化法...     

化工园区污水处理厂污水处理工艺研究及应用

本文针对睢宁县桃岚化工园区污水的水质特点，对化工废水污水处理工艺进行了研究及应用，采用改进型的具有生物脱氮除磷功能的二级强化生物处理工艺，确保了园区污水处理厂出水满足城镇污水处理厂污水排放一级A标准。     

对医院污水站管理的几点体会

目前，以次氨酸钠溶液、液氯、＿二氧化氯等作为消毒剂来处理医院病毒污水的方法在国内运用较广已由于条件限制，许多单位都只能通过测定排放污水中余氯的含量来间接反映消毒情况，所以如何管理好医院污水站，将消毒处理后的排放污水中余氯含量控制在合理范围内是很关键的。以下是我们近十年来在管理我厂职工医院污水站方面的几点体会。一、加强监测力度及时反馈信息我厂助工医院污水站采用的是浓度为5％的次氯酸钠溶液为消毒剂，因次氨酸钠不稳定，有效成分会随季节、贮存时间、产地等因素的不同而改变，再加上进站水质的变化，所需消毒剂…     

HABITAT AND FISH RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE AGRICULTURAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN A WARM WATER STREAM1

ABSTRACT: Thirteen years of annual habitat and fish sampling were used to evaluate the response of a small warm water stream in eastern Wisconsin to agricultural best management practices (BMPs). Stream physical habitat and fish communities were sampled in multiple reference and treatment stations before, during, and after upland and riparian BMP implementation in the Otter Creek subwatershed of the Sheboygan River watershed. Habitat and fish community measures varied substantially among years, and varied more at stations that had low habitat diversity, reinforcing the notion that the detection of stream responses to BMP implementation requires long term sampling. Best management practices increased substrate size; reduced sediment depth, embeddedness, and bank erosion; and improved overall habitat quality at stations where a natural vegetative buffer existed or streambank fencing was installed as a riparian BMP. There were lesser improvements at locations where only upland BMPs were implemented. Despite the habitat changes, we could not detect significant improvements in fish communities. It is speculated that the species needed to improve the fish community, mainly pollution intolerant species, suckers (Castomidae), and darters (Percidae), had been largely eliminated from the Sheboygan River watershed by broadscale agricultural nonpoint source pollution and could not colonize Otter Creek, even though habitat conditions may have been suitable.     

阶梯小水电站开发对永定河水质影响及防治对策

随着近年工业的发展，工业对电需求量急剧增加。永定县小水电站无节制开发，已对永定河水体造成一定的污染。监测结果表明，小水电站所在的河段水质比永定河其它断面污染严重，已经满足不了永定水环境功能区划的要求。     

小水电站环境影响评价内容探讨

小水电站工程环境影响评价按有关规范规定为报告表，但其大纲内容不适合山区小水电站环评。通过总结30余座小水电站环评实践，探讨了小水电站环评基本内容应包括：环境影响分析与预测评价、涉及生态影响因子范围、环境保护措施、公众参与等，从技术角度能满足环保管理部门的审批要求。     

油气站场生活污水渗井处理系统可行性分析

油气站场分散于偏远地区,驻站人员少,站场生活污水量一般低于1.5m3/d,目前尚无可靠的处理途径。文章分析了土地处理技术的影响因素及生活污水土地处理的可行性,并在此基础上概括介绍了渗井处理系统在此类站场的适用性。由分析得知:渗井土地处理系统具有投资低、无耗能、高效率、出水水质稳定及维护方便等特点,对油气站场生活污水处理是可行的。     

雅安市青衣江流域乡镇污水处理情况的研究

通过对青衣江流域周公河、陇西河支流现有的25个乡镇一体化小型污水站运行情况进行水环境质量监测,用实验室方法分析其中水温、pH、CODCr、 BOD5、悬浮物、氨氮(以N计)、总磷(以P计)等项目,进一步了解乡镇污水站的运行状况和污水处理效果.调查研究表明:25个乡镇污水站处理排放达标率均值不足40％,处理效果从高到低依...     

人工湿地处理葡北站生活污水的探索与应用

结合中国石油吐哈油田公司葡北站的实际情况及对该站生活污水水质进行分析,并对几种常用的污水生化处理工艺进行比较,确定选用三级潜流型人工湿地处理该站生活污水。文章介绍了三级潜流型人工湿地污水处理系统的工艺特点、运行、维护及效果。经分析论证,利用人工湿地处理分散站的小排量生活污水,十分经济且有效,以较低的成本,实现了生活污水的优质处理,产生较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

Effects of discharge fluctuation and the addition of fine sediment on stream fish and macroinvertebrates below a water-filtration facility

A small, coastal stream in the San Francisco Bay area of California, USA, received the discharges from a drinking-water filtration plant. Two types of discharges were present. Discharges from filter backwashing were 3–4 times base stream flow, occurred 10–60 times per day, contained fine sediments, and each lasted about 10 min. The other discharge was a large, steady flow of relatively sediment-free water from occasional overflow of the delivery aqueduct which generally lasted several hours a day.Samples of invertebrates from natural substrates had significantly fewer taxa and lower density at the two stations below the backwash than at the two above. However, when stable artificial substrates were used, there were no significant differences among all four stations. The aqueduct apparently had no effect because the. invertebrate community at the station upstream of the backwash but downstream of the aqueduct was statistically similar to the station above the aqueduct. To test for acute toxicity, we exposed additional artificial substrates to short-term simulated backwash conditions. These exposures had no effect on invertebrate density or drift. Three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations were also significantly reduced at the two downstream stations and were made up mostly of larger, adult fish. Prickly sculpins (Cottus asper), restricted to the most downstream station, were emaciated and had poor growth, probably as a result of scarce benthic food organisms. Artificial redds with eggs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) had significantly lower survival at two stations below the plant backwash (30.7% and 41.8%) than at the one above it (61.4%). Hatchery rainbow trout held in cages below the treatment plant from 7 to 37 days survived and continued to feed.Thus, the major effect of the water treatment plant on fish and invertebrates probably was not from acute toxicity in the discharges or the occasionally large discharge of clean water from the aqueduct, but was from the fluctuating backwash flows containing fine sediment that displaced small fish downstream and created unstable benthic substrates for invertebrates.The filter plant that we studied is a direct-feed type (that is, no sedimentation before filtration). These generally require greater frequencies of backwashing than do conventional plants and may therefore have greater biological impacts. Direct-feed plants are becoming increasingly popular throughout the world, for the most part because they are cheaper to build and operate. But if the associated biological problems are mitigated, then the cost savings of direct-feed compared to conventional plants may be lost.     

Allocation of supplementary aeration stations in the Chicago waterway system for dissolved oxygen improvement

The Chicago Waterway System (CWS), used mainly for commercial and recreational navigation and for urban drainage, is a 122.8 km branching network of navigable waterways controlled by hydraulic structures. The CWS receives pollutant loads from 3 of the largest wastewater treatment plants in the world, nearly 240 gravity Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO), 3 CSO pumping stations, direct diversions from Lake Michigan, and eleven tributary streams or drainage areas. Even though treatment plant effluent concentrations meet the applicable standards and most reaches of the CWS meet the applicable water quality standards, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) standards are not met in the CWS during some periods. A Use Attainability Analysis was initiated to evaluate what water quality standards can be achieved in the CWS. The UAA team identified several DO improvement alternatives including new supplementary aeration stations. Because of the dynamic nature of the CWS, the DUFLOW model that is capable of simulating hydraulics and water quality processes under unsteady-flow conditions was used to evaluate the effectiveness of new supplementary aeration stations. This paper details the use of the DUFLOW model to size and locate supplementary aeration stations. In order to determine the size and location of supplemental aeration stations, 90% compliance with a 5 mg/l DO standard was used as a planning target. The simulations showed that a total of four new supplementary aeration stations with oxygen supply capacities ranging from 30 to 80 g/s would be sufficient to meet the proposed target DO concentration for the North Branch and South Branch of the Chicago River. There are several aeration technologies, two of which are already being used in the CWS, available and the UAA team determined that the total capital costs of the alternatives range from $35.5 to $89.9 million with annual operations and maintenance costs ranging from $554,000 to $2.14 million. Supplemental aeration stations have been shown to be a potentially effective means to improve DO concentrations in the CWS and will be included in developing an integrated strategy for improving water quality in the CWS.     

环境监测实验室的废液处理

环境监测实验室的废液一直没有进行规范化管理，随着环境监测标准化站的建设和实验室认可工作的开展，环境监测实验室的废液污染应引起重视。文章简要阐述了环境监测实验室废液的来源及废液的收集原则，详细介绍了环境监测实验室常用有机溶剂的回收技术，提出了含不同污染物的实验室废液的处理方法。     

梯级电站开发对生态环境的影响及保护措施——以瓦岗河水电规划为例

采用现场调查及类比分析等方法,结合瓦岗河水电规划成果,本文围绕小型河流水电梯级开发对环境影响的特点,重点分析瓦岗河水电梯级开发对植被、水土保持、水生生物、水质的影响。针对不利的影响,本文提出适合小型河流水电开发的环境减缓和补救措施。通过对环境不利影响采取相应的保护措施后,如下泄生态流量、外购鱼苗放流等,规划实施带来的不利环境影响将得以有效控制和减缓。