膜技术处理氰化废水的应用

采用膜技术分离、浓缩氰化废水中的氰化物，既可以回收废水中的氰化物和贵重金属，提高企业经济效益和竞争力，又可以减少污染，确保环境安全。本文以某工程实例介绍了膜技术处理氰化废水的应用情况。     

室内空气污染治理工程实例分析

本文以某会展中心室内空气污染治理工程为例，结合装修类型，分析了该类建筑室内空气污染的特点；从初期选材、过程控制和后期治理三个阶段，系统介绍了该治理工程的实施过程，并介绍了过程控制中的具体治理工艺及措施；总结了该类建筑室内空气污染治理工作的要点，为今后同类治理工作提供了参考。     

选矿厂三废利用与治理生产实践

本介绍了水厂选矿厂产生的尾矿、废水、废气的现状及利用、治理方法和取得的经济效益。近几年来，为贯彻可持续发展战略，达到清洁生产的环保要求，加大了对三废利用与治理的技术攻关和资金投入，成功地实现了尾矿作为二次资源充分利用、废水不外排全部再利用、废气达标准放的目标，并取得良好的经济效益和社会效益。     

石油开采含油废水处理技术的探讨

油田开发生产过程中产生和排放的含油废水含有多种污染物，对生态环境造成严重污染。对油田含油废水应用三段法治理工艺，混凝、沉淀、过滤综合处理油田含油废水，处理后的水质达到回注水水质要求，全部回注，研究探讨了高矿化度含油废水的治理。     

河流污染的生态治理研究——以甘肃省藉河为例

河流污染是我国水资源的突出问题之一。以甘肃省藉河为例，应用植物群落自然净化水质的原理，采取功能分区的方法，对西北地区城市河流的污染提出了具体的治理方案：将藉河城区段主要分为上游生态过滤区、中游生态景观区、下游生态净水区，然后分区进行具体设计。此研究方案是藉河一期改造工程的一部分，目前“一期”工程已完工，取得了较好的生态与经济效益。     

人工湿地系统在河网水质污染治理中的应用初探

姚北平原河网水体榨菜废水污染严重，根据废水的排放特点，分卤水落水前、卤水落水期和卤水落水后3个典型时段对河网水质进行监测，结果表明，其污染类型为有机污染。基于榨菜废水排放的分散性和不定期的特点，提出人工湿地系统治理榨菜废水污染的方案设想，并就工艺流程、耐盐型水生植物等进行了初步探讨。     

酿酒废水的厌氧治理

酿酒废水含有高浓度的有机污染物,若直接排放,则严重污染水体。本文通过酒厂废水厌氧与好氧治理的比较:城镇集中供煤气与办沼气的经济分析;厌氧治理与酒厂生产、生活的联系等论述,并引用球溪河糖厂酿酒废水厌氧治理的生产实例,说明酿酒废水厌氧治理是适合我国国情,并能变废为宝的科学治理方法。     

电镀废水污染区土壤重金属含量的测定及污染状况评价

运用原子吸收光谱法，测定了某地电镀废水污染区重金属污染土壤样品中cd、Ph、cu、zn4种元素的含量，RSD小于1％，加标回收率在92．78％-103．2％之间，表明测定结果可靠。依据测定数据、国家土壤环境质量二级标准、内梅罗指数法及潜在生态危害指数法，对电镀废水污染区土壤重金属污染状况进行评价。按二级标准评价结果为中度以上污染；以内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价，土壤受到重度污染；用潜在生态危害指数法对污染生态风险进行评估，总潜在生态风险程度为重度。因此应对该区污染土壤进行治理。     

玻璃厂废水处理分析与研究

在中国玻璃工业中，普遍存在玻璃制造废水未经处理直接排放的现象。虽然这些废水水质相对化工行业来讲污染较轻，但是由于其排放量大，且排放的废水中含有油类、SS、氟及重金属等的污染物，这些污染物对自然环境和人类的危害是严重的，所以玻璃厂废水在排放前必须经过处理。在这篇文章中，分析了某平板玻璃工厂针对原有废水处理工艺效率低的问题，研究了处理系统的改造更新技术，在增加气浮装置的新系统中，通过一个月的调试和运行，其结果证明增加气浮池能深度处理含油物质，同时可以在一定程度上降低含氟物质带来的污染，处理后出水可达《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）的二级排放标准，并能用于循环系统，降低用水量，提高企业的经济效益。     

江汉油田污水处理系统经济效益分析

根据对江汉油田历年来污水处理设施的投资和运行结果的详细调查，采用工程经济分析方法，分析江汉油田污水处理取得的经济效益，指出治理设施中存在的问题及解决办法，提出江汉油田污水治理的方向和建议。     

A NOTE ON THE USE OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT1

ABSTRACT The firms decision to invest in wastewater treatment facilities is influenced by the economic incentives provided. It is shown that the timing of investments in pollution control may be described by an extended version of the first year benefit criterion. The criterion developed may help to provide a better insight into the complex interaction of the various economic incentives used in pollution abatement.     

Wastewater management in small- and medium-size enterprises: case studies

Wastewater management in small and medium-sized enterprises representing the chemical and food industries was investigated. The results showed that wastewater discharged from an ink-production factory was highly contaminated with organic pollutants. Anaerobic biological treatment followed by chemical coagulation using ferric chloride aided with lime proved to be very effective and produced an effluent that complied with national regulatory standard for wastewater discharge into public sewage network. Also, management of wastewater from a confectionery factory representing the food sector was carried out. Aerobic biological treatment using plastic-packed trickling filter proved to be an effective treatment method. However, application of in-plant control measures alleviated the requirement for the construction of a wastewater treatment plant. The applied pollution prevention and cleaner production measures involved good housekeeping, recovery of spent chocolate, modification of floor cleaning and installation of suction devices for the removal of sugar and starch powders. All improvement measures were documented by cost/benefit analysis.     

催化裂化装置清洁生产技术改造与措施

中国石油前郭石化分公司通过对重油催化裂化装置进行清洁生产审核,制订了包括上清污分流设施、改造分析采样方法、外排污水口上计量设施、泵体冷却水改用循环水等多项无/低费方案;以及包括MIP提升管技术改造、二再增设三机组、改造余热锅炉、新建氨气焚烧炉、新建干气、液态烃脱硫及再生装置、新建硫磺回收装置、恶臭治理等中高费方案。该方案实施后,可充分利用各种资源,提高产品质量,减少或避免各种废水、废气及污油的排放,从源头削减污染,并创造可观的环境、经济、社会效益。     

黄药废水处理的研究现状及展望

黄药是浮选金属硫化矿物应用最广、最有效的捕收剂,但其在选矿废水中的残留会对环境造成严重污染。黄药废水净化排放及回水利用不仅对环境有利,且符合选厂经济利益。本文主要介绍了近年来常用的黄药废水净化处理方法,并对未来黄药废水处理方向进行了展望,以其对黄药选矿废水的治理提供一定的参考价值。     

炼油污水深度处理回用工艺实验研究

试验工艺流程的方案选定,充分吸收了各炼油厂进行的污水深度处理的成功试验经验,以原臭氧生物活性炭工艺单元为基础,提出了以混凝气浮与臭氧生物活性炭串联工艺为核心的总体工艺流程,以降低工程投资及处理成本,提高污水回用的经济效益;同时,指出试验过程中所存在的问题及其对策。因此,开展炼油污水深度处理回用工艺试验研究,必将为炼油污水深度处理提供强有力的技术支撑,可作为相关污水回用处理工艺选择的参考。     

稠油废水及油性废渣处理技术

克拉玛依油田的稠油废水及油性废渣的有效治理,一直是困扰油田的技术难题。为了解决这一难题,利用专效化学药剂使废水内含的油性杂质产生中和、破乳、架桥、絮凝等反应形成絮凝胶体,通过机组的加压、加气、混匀、旋流、释放、气浮、分离、阻截等物理作用,加速药剂与杂质的反应过程,将其从水体中分离出来,达到净化水质的目的。对油性废渣,加入还原剂在室温以上进行充分搅拌,产生还原反应,分离成原油和铝（铁）离子水溶液。该项技术经过三年多的实践与探索,在机组性能、运行费用、作业条件等方面,取得了满意的效果,特别是油渣回收处理不仅消除了二次污染,填补了国内技术空白,而且具有明显的环境效益与经济效益。     

A comparative analysis of methods to represent uncertainty in estimating the cost of constructing wastewater treatment plants

Prediction of construction cost of wastewater treatment facilities could be influential for the economic feasibility of various levels of water pollution control programs. However, construction cost estimation is difficult to precisely evaluate in an uncertain environment and measured quantities are always burdened with different types of cost structures. Therefore, an understanding of the previous development of wastewater treatment plants and of the related construction cost structures of those facilities becomes essential for dealing with an effective regional water pollution control program. But deviations between the observed values and the estimated values are supposed to be due to measurement errors only in the conventional regression models. The inherent uncertainties of the underlying cost structure, where the human estimation is influential, are rarely explored. This paper is designed to recast a well-known problem of construction cost estimation for both domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants via a comparative framework. Comparisons were made for three technologies of regression analyses, including the conventional least squares regression method, the fuzzy linear regression method, and the newly derived fuzzy goal regression method. The case study, incorporating a complete database with 48 domestic wastewater treatment plants and 29 industrial wastewater treatment plants being collected in Taiwan, implements such a cost estimation procedure in an uncertain environment. Given that the fuzzy structure in regression estimation may account for the inherent human complexity in cost estimation, the fuzzy goal regression method does exhibit more robust results in terms of some criteria. Moderate economy of scale exists in constructing both the domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Findings indicate that the optimal size of a domestic wastewater treatment plant is approximately equivalent to 15,000 m3/day (CMD) and higher in Taiwan. Yet the optimal size of an industrial wastewater treatment plant could fall in between 6000 CMD and 20,000 CMD.     

江汉油田中心医院污水净化器的效益分析

江汉油田中心医院污水处理设备进行改造更新，通过安装一台ＮａＣ１０泵污水净化器免去盐水经过电解发生器的繁琐工序，节约经费５０％，使医院污水１００％达标排放；具有良好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Analysis of constraints and potentials for wastewater management in the coastal city of Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Manado is the largest and most densely populated coastal city in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The city is facing problems of wastewater discharged from various sources. These problems are driven by high population pressure, increasing economic activity, and low household income, in combination with inadequate organizational structure of government institutions for addressing the wastewater problems as well as for law enforcement. There have been no community initiatives to prevent or mitigate wastewater problems. Therefore, a wastewater management plan is urgently needed to prevent and mitigate pollution caused by discharged wastewater. In this paper we analyze the current situation with respect to environmental state, sources and treatment of wastewater, socio-economic and institutional capacities as well as community awareness. Constraints and potentials are discussed to give recommendations for an integrated wastewater management plan for the city of Manado.     

Exploring Nontraditional Participation as an Approach to Make Water Quality Trading Markets More Effective

Water quality trading (WQT) has the potential to be a low‐cost means for achieving water quality goals. WQT allows regulated wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) facing discharge limits the flexibility to either reduce their own discharge or purchase pollution control from other WWTPs or nonpoint sources (NPSs) such as agricultural producers. Under this limited scope, programs with NPSs have been largely unsuccessful at meeting water quality goals. The decision to participate in trading depends on many factors including the pollution control costs, uncertainty in pollution control, and discharge limits. Current research that focuses on making WQT work tends to identify how to increase participation by traditional traders such as WWTPs and agricultural producers. As an alternative, but complementary approach, we consider whether augmenting WQT markets with nontraditional participants would help increase the number of trades. Determining the economic incentives for these potential participants requires the development of novel benefit functions requiring not only economic considerations but also accounting for ecological and engineering processes. Existing literature on nontraditional participants in environmental markets tends to center on air quality and only increasing citizen participation as buyers. Here, we consider the issues for broadening participation (both buyers and sellers) in WQT and outline a multidisciplinary approach to begin evaluating feasibility.