科技进步在农业自然资源利用中的作用——以鄱阳湖区为例

以建国后鄱阳湖区农业自然资源利用的演变过程为对象,阐述了传统计划经济体制下的鄱阳湖区农业科技应用,分析了农业科技在以市场改革为导向的湖区农业自然资源利用中的作用。在此基础上,应用索洛余值法对湖区不同历史阶段的农业技术进步贡献率进行了评估,结论表明以市场改革为导向的制度创新是科技进步发挥作用的关键性因素。     

洞庭湖区农业开发战略研究

本文论述了洞庭湖区资源环境特征，分析了与农业开发有关的区域生态经济问题，推出了农业综合开发的战略与途径。     

湖泊功能调查及其水源综合评价方法的探讨

我国现有大小湖泊2.488万个,面积共达8.34万km~2,约占国土面积的0.8％;其中面积在1km~2以上的湖泊有2848个,占湖泊总面积的96.7％,分布在五大湖区内(东北湖区、蒙新湖区、青藏湖区、东部湖区和云贵湖区)。在湖泊总面积中,淡水湖泊面积3.6万km~2,主要分布在青藏高原、东部平原及云贵高原三大湖区内,其蓄水量高达1970亿m~3,占湖泊淡水总蓄积量的90.4％。一般讲,湖泊具有多种功能,孕育着丰富的水利资源、矿产资源和生物资源,是一种不     

青海湖主要旅游景区的污染控制问题

文章在认真调研的基础上，重点分析了湖区周边及景区的污染现状，提出了保护措施和对策。     

瓦埠湖保护成绩背后的隐忧

正瓦埠湖是安徽省五大淡水湖之一,位于淮河南岸,是淮河中游最大的天然淡水湖泊。它流经六安市寿县、合肥市长丰县及淮南市,流域总面积为4200平方公里,其中寿县占六成以上。寿县是国家级贫困县,属于农业大县,瓦埠湖区很少受工业企业污染,瓦埠湖一直是安徽省较为健康的湖泊之一。     

建立达里诺尔丹顶鹤、天鹅保护区的建议

作者在文章申介绍了内蒙古克什克腾旗境内达里诺尔湖区的自然生态环境。文章说:这个湖区生存和栖息     

综合开发洪泽湖成效显著

洪泽湖是我国五大淡水湖之一,水位12.5m 时,水域面积2059km~2,湖区资源丰富,蕴藏着巨大的开发潜力。“七五”期间,国家和省投资2822万元综合开发洪泽湖。经过5年的开发实施,开发性生产卓有成效,提前完成了规划指标,湖区面貌发生了巨大变化,主要表现在:①建成了一批以渔为主的综合商品生产基地。自开发以来,湖区共新建、改造渔场150个,总面积3320ha,其中新建渔场86个,面积1866.66ha,湖区60.6ha 连     

黄河源头鄂陵湖区水环境现状评价

鄂陵湖区是国家第一批重点湿地保护区之一,人类活动较少,湖区水环境尚未受到污染。但由于黄河源头高寒、缺氧,环境十分脆弱,一旦遭到破坏将很难恢复。所以应防患于未然,在湖区的水体未受人为污染时,就应加强研究,制定保护措施。本文针对鄂陵湖的水环境现状进行评价,以求对今后的黄河源头保护提供科学依据。     

兴隆湖水生态修复工程对水质影响的研究

近年来，以生物方法为核的水生态修复技术已经越来越多的被应用到城市湖泊治理工作之中。为了评价兴隆湖水生态综合提升工程对湖区水体水质的修复治理效果，本研究对湖区3个点位开展了持续的水质监测，分析工程实施前后水体中总氮、总磷等指标浓度变化情况，采用富营养化状态指数法对比分析湖区富营养化程度变化情况，并对采样点位和水质指标间的关系开展相关性分析。结果如下：相比于治理前，治理后1号点和3号点的TP、NH₃-N、COD浓度值均降至Ⅰ类标准，TN浓度值从Ⅲ类标准降至Ⅱ类，治理效果显著。营养状态评价结果表明，治理后三个点位的营养化等级仍处于“中营养”水平，营养指数变化率分别为15.5%、12.53%、17.01%。相关性分析结果表明，各点位间的水质指标表现出一定的相似性。根据数据分析结果，本工程的实施可显著改善水体水质，治理后的水质指标较治理前基本上都得到了较大的提升，为大型城市人工湖全湖开展水生态修复建立了工程示范，并为日后相关工程的建设提供了经验参考。     

数字

1000平方公里随着长江拉空效应增强,我国最大淡水湖鄱阳湖水位迅速下降。截至9月16日8时,鄱阳湖水位一个月时间直落4米以上,湖区水体面积缩减超过1000平方公里。8月16日,鄱阳湖星子站水位达到了两年来的最高,水位为19.65米,相应的湖区水体面积为3990平方公里。一个月后的9月16日8时,鄱阳湖星子站水位下降到15.63米,相应的湖区水体面积为2740平方公里。     

Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape

Land uses such as forestry and agriculture are presumed to degrade the biodiversity of riparian wetlands in the northern temperate regions of the United States. In order to improve land use decision making in this landscape, floral and faunal communities of 15 riparian wetlands associated with low-order streams were related to their surrounding land cover to establish which organismal groups are affected by anthropogenic disturbance and whether these impacts are scale-specific. Study sites were chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. Vascular plants of wet meadow and shrub carr communities, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds were surveyed, and total abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity were calculated. For each site, anthropogenic disturbances were evaluated at local and landscape scales (500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 m from the site and the site catchment) from field surveys and a geographic information system (GIS). Land use data were grouped into six general land use types: urban, cultivated, rangeland, forest, wetland and water. Shrub carr vegetation, bird and fish diversity and richness generally decrease with increasing cultivation in the landscape. Amphibian abundance decreases and fish abundance increases as the proportions of open water and rangeland increases; bird diversity and richness increase with forest and wetland extent in the landscape. Wet meadow vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians and fish respond to local disturbances or environmental conditions. Shrub carr vegetation, amphibians and birds are influenced by land use at relatively small landscape scales (500 and 1000 m), and fish respond to land use at larger landscape scales (2500, 5000 m and the catchment). Effective conservation planning for these riparian wetlands requires assessment of multiple organismal groups, different types of disturbance and several spatial scales.1998 Academic Press     

Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs,fens, and mires

Few quantitative studies have been done on the hydrology of fens, bogs, and mires. Consequently predicting the cumulative impacts of disturbances on their hydrologic functions is extremely difficult. For example, few data are available on the role of bogs and fens with respect to flood desynchronization and shoreline anchoring. However, recent studies suggest that very small amounts of groundwater discharge are sufficient to radically modify mire surface-water chemistry, and consequently, vegetation communities and their associated surface-water hydrology. Bogs and fens are, in a sense, hydrobiologic systems, and any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses.It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact (Winter 1988). This is especially so for bogs, fens, and mires underlain by thick organic soils. These wetlands, found in the circumboreal areas of North America, Europe, and Asia, are major physiographic features in eastern North America, northern Europe, and Siberia (Kivenen and Pakarinen 1981, Gore 1983, Glaser and Janssens 1986). Their very scale makes it difficult to quantify the hydrologic function accurately. The hydrology of small bogs and fens found elsewhere is just as poorly understood because of conflicting conceptual models of pertinent hydrologic processes.This article (1) reviews our current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and (2) presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances.     

Rehabilitation and Flood Management Planning in a Steep,Boulder-Bedded Stream

This study demonstrates the integration of rehabilitation and flood management planning in a steep, boulder-bedded stream in a coastal urban catchment on the South Island of New Zealand. The Water of Leith, the primary stream flowing through the city of Dunedin, is used as a case study. The catchment is steep, with a short time of concentration and rapid hydrologic response, and the lower stream reaches are highly channelized with floodplain encroachment, a high potential for debris flows, significant flood risks, and severely degraded aquatic habitat. Because the objectives for rehabilitation and flood management in urban catchments are often conflicting, a number of types of analyses at both the catchment and the reach scales and careful planning with stakeholder consultation were needed for successful rehabilitation efforts. This included modeling and analysis of catchment hydrology, fluvial geomorphologic assessment, analysis of water quality and aquatic ecology, hydraulic modeling and flood risk evaluation, detailed feasibility studies, and preliminary design to optimize multiple rehabilitation and flood management objectives. The study showed that all of these analyses were needed for integrated rehabilitation and flood management and that some incremental improvements in stream ecological health, aesthetics, and public recreational opportunities could be achieved in this challenging environment. These methods should be considered in a range of types of stream rehabilitation projects.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于产品生命周期的环境管理

原料从开采、加工、再加工等生产过程到形成最终产品,又经过贮运、销售、消费、使用等过程,直至报废、回收和最终处置等生命周期带来不少环境问题。通过基于产品生命周期的设计、生产、流通、服役、退役等不同阶段,分别采用绿色设计、环境友好生产、生态标志认证、减少流通环节、绿色采购与消费、延伸生产者责任、建立回收与处置体系等环境管理模式,以减少甚至避免环境污染,为企业、管理部门、公众对产品全过程的环境管理提供系统认识和综合管理。     

Assessing and Prioritizing Ecological Communities for Monitoring in a Regional Habitat Conservation Plan

In nature reserves and habitat conservation areas, monitoring is required to determine if reserves are meeting their goals for preserving species, ecological communities, and ecosystems. Increasingly, reserves are established to protect multiple species and communities, each with their own conservation goals and objectives. As resources are always inadequate to monitor all components, criteria must be applied to prioritize both species and communities for monitoring and management. While methods for prioritizing species based on endangerment or risk have been established, approaches to prioritizing ecological communities for monitoring are not well developed, despite a long-standing emphasis on communities as target elements in reserve design. We established guidelines based on four criteria derived from basic principles of conservation and landscape ecology--extent, representativeness, fragmentation, and endangerment--to prioritize communities in the San Diego Multiple Species Conservation Plan (MSCP). The MSCP was one of the first multiple-species habitat conservation areas established in California, USA, and it has a complex spatial configuration because of the patterns of surrounding land use, which are largely urbanized. In this case study, high priority communities for monitoring include coastal sage scrub (high endangerment, underrepresented within the reserve relative to the region, and moderately fragmented), freshwater wetlands, and coastal habitats (both have high fragmentation, moderate endangerment and representativeness, and low areal extent). This framework may be useful to other conservation planners and land managers for prioritizing the most significant and at-risk communities for monitoring.     

Ethical Opportunities in Global Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry: The Role for FAO

FAO has a unique and essential rolein addressing the ethical problems facinghumanity and in making these problems intoopportunities for practical resolution. A broadrange of ethical issues in agriculture,fisheries, and forestry were identified byanalysis of the literature and by interviewswith FAO staff. Issues include sharing accessto and preserving natural resources,introduction of new technology, conservatismover the use of genetic engineering, ethics inanimal agriculture, access to information, foodsecurity, sustainable rural development,ensuring participation of all people indecision making and in receiving benefits ofagriculture, reducing corruption, andinvolvement of private and public sectors indecision making. Rather than viewing theseissues as problems, they should be viewed asopportunities for debate, learning aboutothers' views, and resolution. The UnitedNations has an important role to play in howdecisions are made in the global ethical debatein food and agriculture. The ethical role ofFAO is to promote global food security,balanced conservation, management andutilization of natural resources, andsustainable rural development. FAO should fullyand publicly assume its ethicalresponsibilities, gathering and sharinginformation on ethics in its areas of mandate,acting as an interactive forum, and providingexpert guidance on policy options and choicesbased on practical ethical analysis.     

Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China)

Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes. Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities.     

STREAM IMPROVEMENTS AND FISH RESPONSE: A BIO-ENGINEERING ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Human modifications of natural streams in the name of habitat improvement take various forms, and the impacts of those improvements, both positive and negative, vary by orders of magnitude from stream to stream. The positive impacts are achieved through careful and timely planning, design, installation and monitoring of projects. Negative impacts are the results of rush jobs dictated by available money, a lack of consideration for limiting factors, untrained and inexperienced personnel, force-fitting structures instead of bending the flow, lack of a watershed plan, poor communication and cooperation among disciplines, not using the team approach, and single habitat solutions which neglect diversity and artificial constraints. These problems are discussed from various perspectives, but emphasis on an integrated, bioengineering approach is threaded throughout the discussion of the problems and benefits associated with stream improvements and fish response. A general systems approach is presented which uses common language as a focal point for interdisciplinary communication, which is one of the major problems in resource management. Various conceptual models are discussed to describe system complexities, and factors which constrain project evaluation in terms of biological, physical, economic and other components. Conclusions about why some projects are successful, while others are not, are followed by recommendations for concerted and diversified efforts to improve our success in stream stewardship.