湘江长沙段水环境健康风险评价

为评价湘江长沙段水环境中污染物对人体健康产生的危害风险,以湘江长沙段2011~2015年的水质监测资料为基础,采用美国环境保护局推荐的健康风险评价模型,对湘江长沙段水环境进行健康风险评价。湘江长沙段由饮水途径所致健康危害的总个人年风险低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平。化学致癌物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险顺序为AsCd;非致癌物由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险顺序为PbNH3-NCu挥发酚;化学致癌物对人体健康危害的个人年风险远超过非致癌物。     

环境健康风险评估在某市河流型饮用水源中的应用

根据某市连续5年生活饮用水的常规监测数据,应用EPA健康风险评价模型对饮用水中的污染物进行健康风险评价,定量评估饮水途径对某市不同人群健康产生的潜在危害。结果表明:致癌物中的砷和非致癌物中的硝酸盐分别为日均暴露剂量最大的化学物,致癌及非致癌化学物通过饮水途径对不同人群所致暴露剂量大小顺序均为:儿童成年男性成年女性;致癌物健康风险总值排序为:砷四氯化碳三氯甲烷,非致癌物健康风险总值排序为:硝酸盐氨氮氟化物硒锰挥发酚汞。某市河流型饮用水中化学物的人群健康总风险连续5年的风险值都低于最大可接受水平,不会对人体产生较大的健康危害。     

东道海子湖水中苯系物的分析研究

本文以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠腹地的东道海子湖水为对象,研究东道海子湖水中苯系物的污染特征,并对湖水中苯系物的潜在生态危害进行分析评价。结果表明:东道海子湖水中苯系物的含量均满足我国水环境质量一级标准,苯的浓度仍然小于我国生活饮用水卫生标准中规定的0.01 mg/L,但经过健康风险评价,发现其仍会对人体产生一定的致癌风险。苯、甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯的非化学致癌物风险(HQ)值远低于1,表明各类苯系物均无非致癌物的化学风险。     

饮用水水源地健康风险研究和实例分析

本论文以安庆市9个饮用水源地作为健康风险评价对象,选取2005～2008年的部分水质资料,运用健康风险评价模式,结合安庆地区人群状况修正部分参数,对该地区9个水源地经饮水途径造成的健康风险进行计算和评价。结果表明:化学致癌物所致的健康风险远远高出非致癌物,水源地健康风险主要来源于化学致癌物,在所评价的水源地中以铬(六价)的风险值最大,且有8个水源地铬(六价)的风险值均超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平,最高值出现在花凉亭水库。     

黄山市新安江流域水环境质量评价与管理措施

新安江是我国江南跨省级行政区的一条重要河流，其水质和水量对下游浙江省的生态安全和资源支持具有重要作用。针对安徽省黄山市境内新安江流域内存在的主要水环境问题，采用尼梅罗水质指数和超标加权法对新安江流域水环境质量进行了评价和分析。结果表明，新安江流域水环境质量整体较好，达到Ⅱ、Ⅲ类标准，大部分河段均能满足地表水环境功能要求；下游河段水质略差，但符合地表水Ⅲ类标准。在此基础上，提出了新安江流域水环境管理措施。     

攀枝花钒钛矿区土壤重金属健康风险研究

调查了攀枝花市某钒钛矿区土壤中五种重金属（Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd）的污染特征，进而采用美国环保局推荐使用的健康风险评价模型进行暴露风险评估，及致癌和非致癌健康风险评价。结果表明，该地区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd的含量与农用地土壤污染筛选值相比，Pb污染最为严重，含量超出筛选值70～155倍，Cd污染次之，超出筛选值1～6.08倍，其余重金属基本未造成污染。暴露风险评估结果表明，5种重金属均以经口摄入途径的贡献率最高。健康风险评价结果表明，几种重金属对人体健康造成的潜在非致癌风险的大小顺序为Pb> Cr> Cd> Zn> Cu，致癌风险的大小依次为Pb> Cd> Cr，其中土壤Pb非致癌风险值超出阈值4～7倍，对儿童的潜在致癌风险值超过风险水平上限57%。同时，所有重金属污染物对儿童造成的健康风险均高于成人。该地区如需后续利用，当地相关部门应采取积极措施对研究地区土壤Pb污染进行治理。     

环境健康风险评估在水源重金属污染中的应用

采用原子荧光分光光度计和原子吸收光谱仪测定某校生活饮用水中As、Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、Fe的含量,并应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评估模型,对饮用水途径所引起的健康风险做初步评估,评价其对人群健康带来的风险大小。结果显示,该校4个采样点的饮用水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的个人年总风险均未超过国际防辐射委员会规定的最大可接受健康风险水平。     

土壤污染风险评价研究进展

随着工业化和城镇化快速发展,土壤污染带来的人体健康和生态风险日益凸显.本文针对我国土壤污染环境风险评价体系在风险管控中的缺失问题,系统总结了国内外土壤污染的风险研究发展成果,按照土壤污染的人体健康风险和生态风险,分别进行评价方法、评价标准和管理实践的总结与评述.文章着重指出:土壤污染风险评价在生态系统水平及区域流域尺度上缺失,评价方法未能与污染物存在形态完全匹配,评价指标还不能覆盖大部分重金属和有机物,健康风险与生态风险还没有实现综合评价.     

大佛寺地表饮用水源地水质健康风险综合评价及保护对策分析

引入水质健康风险综合评价理念，将水质评价指标分为感官指标、综合指标和毒理指标等3个类别，采用综合污染指数法对2018年巴中市大佛寺地表饮用水源地水质监测数据进行分析评价。结果表明，大佛寺断面水质健康风险综合指数年均值为0.79，水质健康风险评价结果为优，水质清洁，基本没有健康风险。综合类污染物对该断面的水质健康风险的评价结果影响最大，逐步回归分析表明，高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、粪大肠菌群、总磷、总氮与水质健康综合污染指数呈极显著或显著相关关系，化学需氧量、五日生化需氧量与水质健康综合污染指数的关系不显著。为了更好的保护巴中城市饮用水源，结合水质综合评价结果与区域现状，大佛寺地表水水源地污染防治工作重点需加强跨河桥段营运期废水收集、强化场镇污水处理设施建设、科学引导区域水环境管理与风险防范。     

农村水源地水质重金属健康风险评估研究

介绍了饮用水水源地中基因毒物质和躯体毒物质所致的健康危害的风险度计算模型,并根据雅安市雨城区农村水源地水质实测资料,进行健康风险评价与分析。结果表明:(1)基因毒物质由饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险按大小排列为Cr(VI)>As>Cd,而躯体毒物质的个人年风险按大小排列为Hg>Pb>Mn>Fe,但前者的影响远大于后者;(2)水源地中的3种基因毒物质所致健康危害的个人年风险,远远超过瑞典环保局、荷兰建设和环境部推荐的最大可接受水平1.00×10-6a-1,且Cr(VI)的健康风险危害超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.00×10-5a-1,应将Cr(VI)视为本区饮水的优先治理污染物。     

Projecting Cumulative Benefits of Multiple River Restoration Projects: An Example from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River System in California

Despite increasingly large investments, the potential ecological effects of river restoration programs are still small compared to the degree of human alterations to physical and ecological function. Thus, it is rarely possible to “restore” pre-disturbance conditions; rather restoration programs (even large, well-funded ones) will nearly always involve multiple small projects, each of which can make some modest change to selected ecosystem processes and habitats. At present, such projects are typically selected based on their attributes as individual projects (e.g., consistency with programmatic goals of the funders, scientific soundness, and acceptance by local communities), and ease of implementation. Projects are rarely prioritized (at least explicitly) based on how they will cumulatively affect ecosystem function over coming decades. Such projections require an understanding of the form of the restoration response curve, or at least that we assume some plausible relations and estimate cumulative effects based thereon. Drawing on our experience with the CALFED Bay-Delta Ecosystem Restoration Program in California, we consider potential cumulative system-wide benefits of a restoration activity extensively implemented in the region: isolating/filling abandoned floodplain gravel pits captured by rivers to reduce predation of outmigrating juvenile salmon by exotic warmwater species inhabiting the pits. We present a simple spreadsheet model to show how different assumptions about gravel pit bathymetry and predator behavior would affect the cumulative benefits of multiple pit-filling and isolation projects, and how these insights could help managers prioritize which pits to fill.     

River Styles, a Geomorphic Approach to Catchment Characterization: Implications for River Rehabilitation in Bega Catchment, New South Wales, Australia

Analysis of the character and condition of each river style in Bega catchment, and their downstream patterns, are used to provide a biophysical basis to prioritorize river management strategies. These reach-scale strategies are prioritorized within an integrative catchment framework. Conserving near-intact sections of the catchment is the first priority. Second, those parts of the catchment that have natural recovery potential are targeted. Finally, rehabilitation priorities are considered for highly degraded reaches. At these sites, erosion and sedimentation problems may reflect irreversible changes to river structure.     

Don’t Fight the Site: Three Geomorphic Considerations in Catchment-Scale River Rehabilitation Planning

Three geomorphic considerations that underpin the design and implementation of realistic and strategic river conservation and rehabilitation programs that work with the nature are outlined. First, the importance of appreciating the inherent diversity of river forms and processes is discussed. Second, river dynamics are appraised, framing the contemporary behavioral regime of a reach in relation to system evolution to explain changes to river character and behavior over time. Third, the trajectory of a reach is framed in relation to downstream patterns of river types, analyzing landscape connectivity at the catchment scale to interpret geomorphic river recovery potential. The application of these principles is demonstrated using extensive catchment-scale analyses of geomorphic river responses to human disturbance in the Bega and Upper Hunter catchments in southeastern Australia. Differing implications for reach- and catchment-scale rehabilitation planning prompt the imperative that management practices work with nature rather than strive to ‘fight the site.’     

High-Frequency Zone of River Desiccation Disasters in China and Influencing Factors

In recent years, the desiccation of the lower Yellow River has raised concerns in the government, public, and scientific community in China. Long-term and widespread desiccation of rivers is a disaster with many adverse environmental implications. It has been found in this study that there exists a high-frequency zone of river desiccation disasters at 34°–42°N in the North China Plain. The hazardous environment is characterized by semiarid climate, widely distributed thick loess in the basin and a “hanging river bed” in the plain as well as unfavorable man–water–land coupling relationships. In this setting, the sharply increased water diversion by man since the late 1950s led to the occurrence of river desiccation disasters in the lower reaches of the river in this area.     

在府南河下游修建生态河堤

本文论述了生态河堤的类型、特点以及河堤建设的发展趋势。为了加速成都市的生态建设，建议在二环路至黄龙溪的府河段修建生态河堤，并把河流整治与旅游开发结合起来，统一规则，分步实施，在沿河两岸筑起绿色长廊，重续人类与大自然的亲妮情缘。     

由长江洪水引发的思考

1998年长江特大洪水给我国人民和国家财产造成巨大损失。本文通过分析长江洪水的原因,提出生态保护对策。     

Establishing a Context for River Rehabilitation, North Fork Gunnison River, Colorado

Initial river rehabilitation efforts along the North Fork Gunnison River in Colorado focused on the use of in-stream structures and channel stabilization to create a single-thread channel with pools along a braided river. These efforts were based on the assumption that the river’s braided planform results primarily from land use during the past century. In order to establish a context for further rehabilitation, we evaluated the possibility that the river might be braided as a result of processes independent of land use. We estimated volume, grain-size distribution, and lithology of sediment sources along the river corridor and evaluated the planform stability of the river during the past century using historical sources, aerial photographs covering 1939–1997, and comparison of bankfull discharge and gradient in the study area to values published for braided and meandering rivers. Our results indicate that the North Fork Gunnison River has been primarily braided in its lower reaches during the past few hundred years, although the channel planform tends toward a single-thread channel during decades of lower precipitation and discharge. Although land use is not the primary cause of braiding along the North Fork Gunnison River, it has decreased channel stability, and rehabilitation efforts should be designed to reduce these effects. Our results illustrate the importance of planning river rehabilitation measures within a historical context that accounts for both catchment-scale and reach-scale controls on channel processes and planform.     

河流底泥重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价——以湘江株洲段为例

通过对湘江株洲段6个监测断面左右两岸共32个底泥样品重金属Pb,Zn,Cd,As,Hg和Cr质量比进行分析研究,并进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明：霞湾断面是重金属富集最严重的断面;Cd,Hg和As的含量均超过GB15618—1995三级标准和长沙-湘潭-株洲3市土壤背景值;重金属含量大部分分布特征为右岸高于左岸;从重金属污染的潜在生态风险看,湘江株洲段各监测断面潜在生态风险都很高;各重金属元素对生态风险影响程度从大到小的顺序为：Hg〉Cd〉As〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr。     

Millennial‐Length Records of Streamflow From Three Major Upper Colorado River Tributaries1

Gray, Stephen T., Jeffrey J. Lukas, and Connie A. Woodhouse, 2011. Millennial‐Length Records of Streamflow From Three Major Upper Colorado River Tributaries. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):702‐712. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00535.x Abstract: Drought, climate change, and shifting consumptive use are prompting a widespread reassessment of water availability in the Upper Colorado River basin. Here, we present millennial‐length records of water year (October‐September) streamflow for key Upper Colorado tributaries: the White, Yampa, and Little Snake Rivers. Based on tree rings, these records represent the first paleohydrological reconstructions from these subbasins to overlap with a series of Medieval droughts (∼ad 800 to 1300). The reconstructions show marked interannual variability imbedded in nonstationary behavior over decadal to multidecadal time scales. These reconstructions suggest that, even in a millennial context, gaged flows from a handful of years (e.g., 1977 and 2002) were extremely dry. However, droughts of much greater duration and magnitude than any in the instrumental record were regular features prior to 1900. Likewise these reconstructions point to the unusual wetness of the gage period, and the potential for recent observations to paint an overly optimistic picture of regional water supplies. The future of the Upper Colorado River will be determined by a combination of inherent hydroclimatic variability and a broad range of human‐induced changes. It is then essential that regional water managers, water users, and policy makers alike consider a broader range of hydroclimatic scenarios than is offered by the gage record alone.     

岷江流域水污染防治对策浅谈

本文分析了岷江水量减少 ,水质变差的原因 ,提出了岷江水污染防治对策。