大数据时代背景下如何推进生态环境监测网络建设

文章从生态环境监测大数据应用优势入手,阐述了大数据应用和顶层设计之间的关系,探讨了在大数据时代发展背景下如何推进生态环境监测网络建设落地的主要思路,并对生态环境监测网络建设的终极格局进行了展望。     

大数据

<正>全面推进大数据发展和应用,加快建设数据强国,已经成为我国的国家战略。2015年9月5日,国务院发布《促进大数据发展行动纲要》(以下简称《纲要》),成为我国促进大数据发展的第一份权威性、系统性文件,从战略全局的高度,提出了我国大数据发展的顶层设计。2016年3月9日,环境保护部印发《生态环境大数据建设总体方案》,是国家部委面向行业需求第一次系     

加强顶层设计以精准数据支撑环保决策

生态环境大数据,是反映生态环境状况,污染物来源、构成及排放主体,公众环境诉求等方面的数据集合,是预测环境质量变化、评价污染治理效果、解决紧迫环境问题的科学基础。推动生态环境保护大数据的发展和应用,对于我国供给侧结构性改革,加快绿色环保产业发展,优化社会治理结构,实现治理能力现代化等,具有重大的现实意义。应加强生态环境大数据建设的顶层设计,以改善环境质量和服务民生为核心,完善法规标准,统筹基础设施建设,推动互联互通和开放共享,为公众提供便捷、高效和低成本的公共环境信息服务,让公众看得见、感受到环境质量的改善和生活环境的宜居,确保信息安全。     

生态环境大数据研究与应用进展

生态环境大数据是为生态环保决策管理提供服务的大数据集、大数据技术和大数据应用的总称。生态环境大数据除了具有大数据的"6V"特征，还具有高维、高复杂性、高不确定性的"三高"特性。本文从生态环境大数据的定义和特征出发，阐述了国内外生态环境大数据的"萌芽-探索-应用-战略"的发展历程及其在科学研究、商业应用和政府决策等领域的主要应用，总结了基于第四研究范式的生态信息学理论基础和依托于信息技术和数据挖掘的技术方法，分析了当前形势下我国生态环境大数据应用面临的三大挑战，提出了未来生态环境大数据五大热点方向，生态环境大数据必将在推进生态环境治理体系和治理能力现代化中发挥重要作用。     

我国生态环境资产负债表编制框架研究*

本文根据生态环境资产负债表的基本概念和理论,提出了生态环境资产负债表编制的总体框架,同时,针对环境容量资产、环境质量产品、生态产品资产的特点,分别建立了相应框架体系,提出了环境资产负债表的应用决策方向。本文研究成果对于确立统一的生态环境资产核算标准和方法、使我国生态环境资产负债核算工作逐步规范化、制度化的轨道具有重要的现实意义。     

2035年美丽中国建设目标及路径机制研究

建设美丽中国,建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化,是中国特色社会主义现代化建设的重要基础与主要内容。本文通过文献分析、对标分析、模型预测等方法,识别了美丽中国建设的科学内涵及特征要求,分析美丽中国建设中长期面临的形势,基于到2035年达到中等发达国家水平、人均GDP翻一番的目标,对标发达国家以及浙江、广东等国内先进地区,构建了美丽中国建设的目标指标体系框架,并从绿色发展、气候变化、生态环境质量、环境治理体系与治理能力等方面,设计美丽中国建设生态环境保护的总体框架与主要路径,提出美丽中国建设的规划建议。     

生态环境大数据建设的思考

我国生态环境大数据建设前景广阔,挑战重重,在数据共享、数据开放、应用创新、技术落地等方面存在不同程度的困难.本文通过分析大数据的发展和特征,阐释了生态环境大数据建设的重要性和紧迫性,梳理了开展生态环境大数据建设的难点及其产生原因,提出了当前形势下开展生态环境大数据建设的思路和建议,包括树立全局性的生态环境大数据发展观,推动环保业务全流程数据管理,形成生态环境大数据的数据体系,以大数据为核心构建环境管理新业态、以创新精神做好大数据应用等.     

生态环境科技成果转化顶层设计研究

生态环境科技成果转化是生态环境科技创新活动全过程的"最后一公里",决定着科技创新的成败,对打好污染防治攻坚战起着重要的支撑作用。本文依据成果转化法,按照系统工程方法进行生态环境科技成果转化顶层设计研究,界定了生态环境科技成果转化的内涵,系统提出了技术评估、二次开发、技术交易、产业孵化四环节转化内容,明晰了相关方的职责,分析了存在的问题,并提出相应对策,以期为我国的生态环境科技成果转化工作提供有益借鉴和参考。     

乌鲁木齐城市生态环境质量评价

以可持续发展理论为指导,结合生态城市建设要求提出了乌鲁木齐市生态环境质量评价指标体系.通过采用问卷调查法确定各指标的权重,运用生态满意度的方法,评价分析了乌鲁木齐市主要的生态环境问题,乌鲁木齐市的生态环境质量.结果表明,乌鲁木齐市的生态环境总体状况一般,自然环境较差.     

互联网+:基层环保新课题

正今年3月8日,环保部办公厅印发了《生态环境大数据建设总体方案》,生态环境大数据建设从此走向明朗化,同时对环保系统"互联网+"和环境信息化工作提出了新要求,指明了新目标。"互联网+环保"建设是充分利用移动互联网、云计算、物联网、大数据等技术,面向各级政府、环保机构、排污单位、环保设备生产企业,重点聚焦行业监管、污染源监控、内部管理等各方面需求,建立生态环境     

Assessing the efficiency gains of improved spatial targeting of policy interventions; the example of an agri-environmental scheme

GIS-based spatial targeting is increasingly recognised as a potentially useful tool to design more efficient policy interventions. The use of this tool has also been advocated in the context of incentive-based agri-environmental schemes, but there has been little work to date to estimate the level of efficiency gains which it may help to achieve. This paper investigates the requirements to arrive at such estimates, using a Scottish farm woodland scheme as a case study. This agri-environmental scheme aims to provide visual amenity and biodiversity. Maps of these two benefits are used to develop improved spatial targeting scenarios that deliver significant efficiency gains in comparison to the existing scheme design. The paper discusses the nature of the spatial distribution of the relevant benefits at the landscape scale and the data requirements for the realistic estimation of efficiency gains. It concludes that although much work needs to be done, the methods available today could and should play a much greater role in improving the landscape-scale design of existing land use schemes focused on the delivery of non-market benefits.     

Managing carbon emissions in China through building energy efficiency

This paper attempts to analyse the role of building energy efficiency (BEE) in China in addressing climate change mitigation. It provides an analysis of the current situation and future prospects for the adoption of BEE technologies in Chinese cities. It outlines the economic and institutional barriers to large-scale deployment of the sustainable, low-carbon, and even carbon-free construction techniques. Based on a comprehensive overview of energy demand characteristics and development trends driven by economic and demographic growth, different policy tools for cost-effective CO₂ emission reduction in the Chinese construction sector are described. We propose a comprehensive approach combining building design and construction, and the urban planning and building material industries, in order to drastically improve BEE during this period of rapid urban development. A coherent institutional framework needs to be established to ensure the implementation of efficiency policies. Regulatory and incentive options should be integrated into the policy portfolios of BEE to minimise the efficiency gap and to realise sizeable carbon emissions cuts in the next decades. We analyse in detail several policies and instruments, and formulate relevant policy proposals fostering low-carbon construction technology in China. Specifically, Our analysis shows that improving building energy efficiency can generate considerable carbon emissions reduction credits with competitive price under the CDM framework.     

A free,open-source tool for identifying urban agglomerations using polygon data

This paper describes the function of a software tool for identifying urban agglomerations in low-information settings using free, open data. The framework outlined here is designed to work using polygon data. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of using polygon-based geographies in regional analysis, discusses the practical and ethical challenges of distinguishing urban from rural regions, and discusses the relevance of this tool in the analysis of global city regions. It also describes the logical structure of our polygon-based software tool and directs interested readers to the source code. We finally examine the agglomeration results for Sri Lanka and compare them with published urbanization figures. We conclude that there are very large disparities between our model’s outputs and the urbanization estimates from the United Nations and that our tools can be used as a less discretionary way to identify actual levels of urbanization. We hope that other analysts will continue to refine the progression toward a less discretionary model of identifying urban regions.     

建立基于EGSS 的中国环保产业统计框架的思路

欧盟统计署制定的环境货物和服务部门(environmental goods and services sector,EGSS)统计框架是目前国际认可的专门用于环保产业统计的框架体系,具有全面性、多维性和一致性等特点。本文分析了目前中国环保产业统计概况,初步比较了通过公开的常规统计数据收集EGSS数据和环保产业调查收集EGSS数据的可行性,提出实施"分阶段渐进式"策略逐步引入EGSS统计框架较为可行。     

我国环境管理新进展及环境大数据技术应用展望

伴随着环境问题复杂性日益凸显和国家对生态环境保护的高度重视,传统环境管理和决策手段已经难以满足新时代环境治理需要。推动大数据技术及其应用是重要的国家战略,环境大数据技术是环境学科热门的技术研究领域之一,将促使我国环境管理逐渐向动态化、数字化、网络化和精细化转变。本文回顾了我国环境管理体系的历史阶段变化和新时期环境管理的需求,总结了大数据技术及其发展趋势和国内外环境大数据技术应用进展,从我国环境管理领域大数据技术应用的需求出发,提出了环境大数据技术应用前景和主要功能,包括环境数据采集与挖掘、多源数据处理与管理、大数据分析与应用和环境管理决策与支撑等。大数据技术作为解决复杂系统问题的重要手段,将在我国环境管理和综合决策中发挥重要作用。     

基于大数据的水环境风险业务化评估与预警研究

随着生态环境大数据的不断建设,国家级、流域级和行政区级别的大数据中心相继产生。快速、高效地分析和利用实时产生、类型多样的环境大数据,提取环境大数据在风险评估与预警的价值,具有重要的意义,也充满挑战。本文基于环境大数据的数据特点和不同层次的组织管理特征以及环境风险评估预警的业务化需求,构建基于大数据的流域环境风险评估与预警技术及其业务化系统的体系、分析环境风险智能识别模式、研究环境风险高效模拟预测和评估的方法,并提出一套满足各级管理部门需求,高效利用环境大数据的多中心业务化系统。     

Watershed management and the Web

Watershed analysis and watershed management are developing as tools of integrated ecological and economic study. They also assist decision-making at the regional scale. The new technology and thinking offered by the advent of the Internet and the World Wide Web is highly complementary to some of the goals of watershed analysis. Services delivered by the Web are open, interactive, fast, spatially distributed, hierarchical and flexible. The Web offers the ability to display information creatively, to interact with that information and to change and modify it remotely. In this way the Internet provides a much-needed opportunity to deliver scientific findings and information to stakeholders and to link stakeholders together providing for collective decision-making. The benefits fall into two major categories: methodological and educational. Methodologically the approach furthers the watershed management concept, offering an avenue for practical implementation of watershed management principles. For educational purposes the Web is a source of data and insight serving a variety of needs at all levels. We use the Patuxent River case study to illustrate the web-based approach to watershed management. A watershed scale simulation model is built for the Patuxent area and it serves as a core for watershed management design based on web applications. It integrates the knowledge available for the Patuxent area in a comprehensive and systematic format, and provides a conceptual basis for understanding the performance of the watershed as a system. Moreover, the extensive data collection and conceptualisation required within the framework of the modeling effort stimulates close contact with the environmental management community. This is further enhanced by offering access to the modeling results and the data sets over the Web. Additional web applications and links are provided to increase awareness and involvement of stakeholders in the watershed management process. We argue that it is not the amount and quality of information that is crucial for the success of watershed management, but how well the information is disseminated, shared and used by the stakeholders. In this respect the Web offers a wealth of opportunities for the decision-making process, but still to be answered are the questions at what scale and how widely will the Web be accepted as a management tool, and how can watershed management benefit from web applications.     

大型吹砂吹尘综合环境试验系统工程实现及应用

本文介绍了大型吹砂吹尘综合试验系统的设备构成和系统设计应考虑的关键技术。阐述了主要功能和技术指标,论述了砂尘浓度、试验段风速、试验段温度和相对湿度等主要试验参数的调节技术,并给出了应用结果。能够为大型吹砂环境试验设备的设计和试验应用提供参考借鉴。     

Social features of energy production and use in Brazil: Goals for a sustainable energy future

This paper focuses on the social features of ene rgy production and use in Brazil and discusses the role of the energy policy goals of accessibility, affordability and acceptability in defining a sustainable energy future for the country. The major findings are that social inequalities in Brazil regarding energy use continue to be substantial and important. This can be explained by the fact that, although recent decades have seen significant improvements in energy accessibility all over the country, much more needs to be done to provide affordable, and socially acceptable modern energy carriers to all socio‐economic groups in all regions.     

英国资源综合利用政策模式对我国相关政策顶层设计的启示

本文采用政策分析法,对比中英资源综合利用的政策及实施手段,着重剖析英国政策工具及经验,为我国相关政策的硕层设计提出建议。分析指出：英国资源综合利用的政策属于固体废弃物管理的框架,优点为管理部门职责清晰、政策实施的动力明确。本文建议我国资源综合利用政策的顶层设计可以从五个方面借鉴英国模式。第一,我国有必要明确资源综合利用概念中“资源”的内涵;第二,引入抑制型、强制型政策工具,以强化资源综合利用政策的实施;第三,明确企业应遵守的法律、法规、可享受的具体优惠政策;第四,结合我国资源综合利用的水平、现状,制定资源综合利用技术标准,让相关的政策更具有可操作性;第五,规范各行业的综合利用活动并加强执法监督。