黄山自然景观成因及边际效应探讨

黄山是中国十大风景名胜之一，以奇特的自然景观著称于世，被誉为“天下第一奇山”，并已被联合国列为世界遗产保护区。黄山是以自然景观为特色的山岳风景区，呈现典型花岗岩峰林地貌，景观类型丰富多样，奇松、怪石、云海、温泉素称“黄山四绝”。以山石地貌为主体的自然景观成因是内、外力综合作用的结果，具有得大独厚的成景条件。自然景观的时空分布特征，反映了自然界普遍存在的边际效应规律，运用自然边际效应的启示，将有助于对旅游资源的发掘、开发和保护工作。     

四川射洪硅化木国家地质公园景观特征及成因

四川射洪硅化木国家地质公园不仅硅化木化石数量多，分布集中，且与恐龙化石一起出现，十分罕见，具有重要的科考和旅游价值。硅化木的形成条件是必须有丰富的森林资源和高浓度的含可溶性二氧化硅的矿物质热液。     

四川土法炼磺区土壤环境化学变化初探

土法炼磺特大的“三度”排放量以及对生态环境所造成的难以逆转的毁坏,已引起社会各界的关注,但是炼磺危害区土壤环境的化学变化,却尚未曾有过专门研究。本文根据土壤样品的测定结果,探讨了四川土法炼磺区土壤环境的化学变化。结果表明:土壤PH值约降低1.1—2.4,重金属元素Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Mn、Fe的富集率约为30—150％,以有效态含量为标志的元素活性约增加20—55％。     

四川土法炼磺对生态环境危害的初探

土法炼磺是“三废”排放量特别大和对生态环境危害异常严重的产业,在我国的分布较为广泛,散布于10余个省区,但四川是其主要生产之地。尽管土法炼磺的严重生态环境破坏己引起人民广泛关注,已屡见报端,但其具体的专门研究报道却不多见。在中国科学院资助下,我们于1987年对四川土法炼磺的主要地区进行了调查研究,采集水、土壤、植物样品进行有关项目的分析测定。本文根据实地调查资料和观察结果,着重对四川土法炼磺对生态环境危害状况及其特征作初步讨论。其它方面内容的研究结果拟另文报道。     

秦皇岛市大气污染成因与防治对策初探

秦皇岛大气环境污染主要源于工业废气、港口煤尘、机动车尾气、施工及道路扬尘、锅炉烟尘和餐饮油烟等,是典型的复合型污染。针对秦皇岛大气污染现状,提出了改变以GDP为评价标准的经济增长模式,调整现有的产业结构,淘汰落后产能;调整能源结构,提高能源有效利用率;强化降尘控烟和脱硫脱硝;加强对交通、道路、施工等扬尘的综合管理;科学绿化;加强环保宣传和执法力度,提高公众环境意识等综合措施。     

Fitness Landscapes and the Precautionary Principle: The Geometry of Environmental Risk

The Precautionary Principle is a legal mechanism for managing the environmental risk arising from incomplete scientific knowledge of a proposal's impacts. The Precautionary Principle is applied to actions that carry with them the potential for serious or irreversible environmental change. The model proposed in this paper draws on methods used in a range of disciplines for modeling (potentially highly nonlinear) interactions between multiple parts of a complex system. These methods have been drawn together under the common mathematical umbrella of Fitness Landscape Theory. It is argued that the model, called “Environmental Impact Fitness Landscapes,” allows statements about the sensitivity of the gross effect from a set of impacts to be made when the number of impacts in the set, and/or their degree of interaction, is varied. It is argued that this can be achieved through identification of “meta” or “emergent” properties of the set itself, without reference to the specific causal chains determining behavior in specific instances. While such properties are very general, they may at least allow for the parameterization of the effects of sets of impacts where interactions are highly uncertain and empirical data severely limited, i.e., situations that would typically invoke the Precautionary Principle.     

The wilderness use simulation model applied to Colorado River boating in Grand Canyon National Park,USA

A modification of the Shechter-Lucas Wilderness Use Simulation Model (WUSM) for peak season boating on the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park, USA, is evaluated as a tool for making management decisions. A new microcomputer program to select trip itineraries for inclusion in the WUSM that was developed as part of this study is presented. This program simplifies user input and expands the WUSM's usefulness as a tool for management decisions by randomizing itinerary schedules based on probabilities developed from actual use of sites by canyon visitors. Model usefulness is demonstrated by simulating various management changes and comparing use levels of attraction sites and campgrounds as well as numbers of encounters between parties. The WUSM is being used as part of an ongoing study, to reflect the impact of fluctuating flow regimes through the turbines at Glen Canyon Dam on river trips.     

Regional economic impacts of Grand Canyon river runners

Economic impact analysis (EIA) of outdoor recreation can provide critical social information concerning the utilization of natural resources. Outdoor recreation and other non-consumptive uses of resources are viewed as environmentally friendly alternatives to extractive-type industries. While outdoor recreation can be an appropriate use of resources, it generates both beneficial and adverse socioeconomic impacts on rural communities. The authors used EIA to assess the regional economic impacts of rafting in Grand Canyon National Park. The Grand Canyon region of northern Arizona represents a rural US economy that is highly dependent upon tourism and recreational expenditures. The purpose of this research is twofold. The first is to ascertain the previously unknown regional economic impacts of Grand Canyon river runners. The second purpose is to examine attributes of these economic impacts in terms of regional multipliers, leakage, and types of employment created. Most of the literature on economic impacts of outdoor recreation has focused strictly on the positive economic impacts, failing to illuminate the coinciding adverse and constraining economic impacts. Examining the attributes of economic impacts can highlight deficiencies and constraints that limit the economic benefits of recreation and tourism. Regional expenditure information was obtained by surveying non-commercial boaters and commercial outfitters. The authors used IMPLAN input-output modeling to assess direct, indirect, and induced effects of Grand Canyon river runners. Multipliers were calculated for output, employment, and income. Over 22,000 people rafted on the Colorado River through Grand Canyon National Park in 2001, resulting in an estimated $21,100,000 of regional expenditures to the greater Grand Canyon economy. However, over 50% of all rafting-related expenditures were not captured by the regional economy and many of the jobs created by the rafting industry are lower-wage and seasonal. Policy recommendations are given for increasing the regional retention of rafting expenditures and for understanding both the beneficial and adverse impacts that accompany outdoor recreation in rural areas.     

浅谈伊犁地区山地天然林资源的保护和发展

伊犁地区林牧区生态系统的保水功能受到畜牧业生产活动的影响已明显下降,尤其是山地天然林资源的生态总体质量和生态功能都同步处于下降趋势。伊犁地区的生态建设重点应放在山地天然林分布区。保护和大力发展山地天然林资源是伊犁地区生态产业发展的核心内容。大力营造山地人工林,是目前条件下保护和发展山地森林资源的最有效手段。每年营造山地人工林不少于0 3×104hm2,才能够基本保持山地森林生态系统在资源总量和生态效能上的稳定,才能够基本维持伊犁地区以往良好的生态形象。建议自治区人民政府继续启动实施天山、阿尔泰山百万亩山林再造工程。     

请留下最后一片原始森林——立即禁止砍伐新疆残存山地原始林的建议

干旱区的山地是平原区河流的水源聚积地,而山地森林更是水源的涵养林,对保证和供给山下绿洲资源水源有重要调节作用,山地森林还在保持水土、生物多样性保护、旅游、文化、教育等多方面有重要生态作用。其生态经济价值是其本身木材价值的许多倍。但过去我们对森林的生态价值认识不足,林业部门只把它当资源进行过度砍伐,以获取直接经济效益,新疆天山及阿尔泰山水源涵养林自50年代以来能砍的几乎全部砍完,仅剩两条山脉西端小面积残存未砍伐的原始森林。为了子孙后代,为了环保工程,应立即停伐。     

农村纪念性景园的生态环境保护探讨——以朱德故居纪念园为例

以朱德故居纪念园的环境保护规划为实例，分析了朱德故居纪念园在旅游开发中面临的生态环境问题：旅游基础设施建设的负面影响，旅游活动引起的环境恶化，当地社会经济发展的压力，忽视人文生态保护。提出了针对农村纪念性景园旅游开发中生态环境治理和建设的综合性保护对策。     

特金罕山森林生态系统自然保护区规划研究

本文阐述了建立特金罕山自然保护区的目的、意义和保护对象,对自然保护区的现状进行了详细评价,得出了基本具备省级自然保护区条件的结论。阐述了特金罕山自然保护区规划的原则、目标及功能分区,对自然保护区进行了规划研究。     

浙江省自然保护区的特点与意义

自然保护区对维护生态环境,保护生物资源,维持生物多样性具有重要意义．本文论述了浙江省自然保护区的特点,探讨了它们的重要意义．     

Directions of Change in Land Cover and Landscape Patterns from 1957 to 2000 in Agricultural Landscapes in NW Spain

The aim of this work is the analysis of the dynamics in cultural landscapes, focused on the spatial distribution of changes in land cover and landscape patterns, and their possible linkages. These dynamics have been analyzed for the years 1957 and 2000 in a sector of the north of Galicia (NW Spain) characterized with diverse landscapes. Afforestation processes linked to agriculture abandonment and forestry specialization were the main processes observed in the study area, with the exception of the southern mountainous sector that was dominated by ploughing of scrubland for conversion into grassland, reflecting a specialization in livestock production. The structural changes that have taken place in most of the study area were related to the heterogeneity aspects, although the mountainous sectors were characterized by changes in heterogeneity and fragmentation. According to the tests performed, the comparison of the spatial distribution of both dynamics showed a certain statistical significance, reflecting the interrelationship between patterns and processes. This approach could be useful for the identification of areas with similar characteristics in terms of spatial dynamics so as to define more effective and targeted landscape planning and management strategies.     

利用天然资源开发食用色素

介绍了天然食用色素的新品种、制备方法、纯化方法和改性研究的进展，分析了天然食用色素的发展趋势。