工业绿色指数的构建及应用研究

结合生态文明建设和绿色发展战略需要,选取反映工业行业经济贡献率和环境污染贡献率的特征指标,构建了工业行业绿色指数综合模型、并应用于四川省工业绿色发展研究。计算四川省37个工业行业的绿色指数,并采用Kmeans法进行了聚类分析,研究结果显示,四川省工业绿色度发展指数在全国处于较好水平,但仍然有较大发展空间,基于绿色指数的聚类结果显示,工业分为鼓励发展类、优化发展类、允许发展类、限制发展类4大类,论文针对不同绿色发展水平的工业行业提出了差异化的转型升级路径和对策建议。     

论绿色工业及其指标体系的构建

绿色工业是我国工业发展的必然趋势。研究了绿色工业这一种工业经济持续增长与资源环境脱钩的可持续工业形态,提出绿色生产、绿色产品和绿色产业几个方面的内容;从资源高效利用、污染排放量少、以技术创新为核心、社会经济效益好几方面探讨了绿色工业的本质特征;并以地区绿色工业发展水平为研究对象,构建了以发展效益、技术创新、环境影响、资源利用为维度的多层次指标体系,为绿色工业的分析评价和实践提供科学依据。     

基于LMDI的长江中下游城市群污染排放强度分析

长江中下游城市群地区工业重化特征明显,工业水污染排放贡献超过10%,大气污染物占比更超过70%。本文采用迪氏对数指标分解法(LMDI)识别长江中下游城市群污染排放的主要影响因子,对长江中下游城市群重点行业COD、氨氮、SO_2、NO_x排放强度进行分析。将排放强度拆分为末端削减、技术工业和产品结构三个指标,分析2012—2020年和2020—2030年两个时间段内,对污染排放强度降低贡献度最高的影响因素。结果表明,末端削减和技术工艺对污染排放强度降低影响大,贡献值之和约为90%,两者分别代表末端处理技术对污染排放的削减程度,以及高附加值行业单位产值污染物产生水平;COD、SO_2和氨氮的排放强度由末端削减和技术工艺共同作用,NO_x的排放强度较高且未来末端削减水平进步小,未来需要重视该污染物的减排和治理。     

中国绿色转型测度与绿色消费贡献研究

本文通过构建综合性绿色转型指标和指数体系,测度了中国2004—2018年绿色转型进展。从计算结果看,2004—2008年,绿色转型指数逐年大幅提高;2009—2015年,绿色转型指数上升趋势减缓;2016年以来,绿色转型指数出现略微下降,其中,生产领域绿色转型指数的增大对整体绿色转型程度的提高起着关键支撑作用,但生产领域绿色转型增速开始放缓,消费领域绿色转型指数下滑趋势明显。为进一步推动中国绿色转型,针对消费领域亟待构建形成绿色消费政策体系,强化绿色消费激励约束机制,使得绿色消费成为促进生态环境质量改善的新抓手和推动经济高质量发展的新动能。     

科技园区高质量发展评价、驱动机理及路径研究

科技园区高质量发展是地区经济高质量发展的基础,厘清科技园区高质量发展影响因素及驱动机理有利于其优化发展路径与政策体系。首先,在文献分析的基础上构建专利授权数、R&D经费支出、人均工业增加值、固体废弃物综合利用率等15个高质量发展测度指标,应用主成分分析法分析得出科技园区高质量发展的内在因素包括创新驱动发展水平、数字设施建设水平、资源配置水平和绿色发展水平,并应用因子分析法对科技园区高质量发展进行综合评价。其次,通过归纳推理得出工业互联网价值共创、产业链整合、资源协同等是科技园区高质量发展的内在驱动机理。最后,提出加强数字基础设施建设、构建工业互联网平台生态、完善园区治理结构等实现科技园区高质量发展的路径建议。     

四川省工业园区绿色发展水平及对策研究

工业园区绿色制造体系建设是全面推进工业绿色发展的重要环节之一,对缓解当前资源约束、供给侧结构性改革和加快推动绿色增长具有积极意义。通过对四川省内32个工业园区2018年度绿色制造体系建设情况相关数据的收集整理和分析研究,对四川省工业园区整体绿色发展水平现状有了初步的了解,发现当前四川省工业园区整体绿色发展水平偏低,与发达地区工业园区尚存较大差距。从而提出相应对策,建议工业园区尽快完善标准体系、调整产业结构、建立远期绿色发展规划和加强绿色发展信息化的工作,为工业园区未来的绿色发展提供参考及帮助。     

我国水污染物总量分配公平性与贡献因子研究——以绿色贡献和环境容量负荷为视角

针对水污染物总量控制和水污染物总量分配是否公平合理的问题,以全国31个省、自治区、直辖市(台湾地区、香港特区、澳门特区未计入分析而除外)作为评价对象,选取化学需氧量和氨氮作为水污染物代表,从水污染物基尼系数、绿色贡献系数、水环境容量负荷系数等多个角度对我国水污染物总量区域分配公平性及其贡献因子进行分析。结果显示,各地区的绿色贡献不同,水环境容量负荷相差甚远。因此,政府应制定严格的节能减排指标,部署污染物总量减排目标责任书,把各地区绿色贡献和水环境容量负荷考虑进去。     

四川省2013年度主要污染物排放形势分析

近年来,随着四川省经济持续快速发展的同时,四川省作为我国西部省份,经济欠发达、人口稠密。人口的急剧增多、资源的大量消费,排放的污染物已经造成了环境质量的恶化,给四川省经济社会、人民的生产生活带来了严重影响。以四川省2013年环境统计数据为基础数据,通过对现状分析、排放趋势以及选用万元工业增加值下的资源环境特征污染物的排放强度进行分析,绘制各种污染物的曲线,列出水污染物、气污染物的重点行业,再选取出具有重点行业中的典型污染行业,对全省工业结构性污染问题进行了分析,并由此提出了强化总量减排、优化产业结构、建立区域大气联防联控机制等措施和建议。     

综合评分法筛选水污染物排放控制因子

控制因子筛选是工业水污染物排放标准制定的重要环节。控制因子筛选应从工业原材料主要成分、排放污染物种类分析着手,逐步缩小备选名单范围。对进入初始名单的污染物,通过综合评分法评价其毒性和暴露水平两方面因素,选择潜在危害指数、年排放量和环境检出率三个指标,制定评分标准,根据各污染物得分情况确定其在排放标准中加以控制的必要性,并以此为主要参考依据确定控制因子。     

京津冀地区典型城市地表水质污染类型划分及驱动力研究

根据京津冀地区典型城市水环境污染的主要来源,选取工业COD排放量,工业氨氮排放量、工业废水排放量、生活COD排放量、生活氨氮排放量、生活污水排放量共6项指标,对区域经济发展水平与水污染物排放之间的关系进行研究。基于经济发展水平和污染排放特征,利用系统聚类法划分城市类型,利用回归分析研究污染排放指标对GDP的贡献。结果表明:京津冀地区废水及主要污染物排放特征存在明显的行政区划差异性:A类城市中,生活污染源已超越工业污染源成为该地区水污染物排放的重中之重;B类城市和C类城市污染控制重点仍需放在工业污染源减排上。经过多年努力,主要工业污染物排放量已得到了有效的控制,生活污水排放量已成为京津冀地区不容忽视的减排对象。今后,应在此基础上针对不同行政区划内的污染排放特征,加强政策的针对性。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.