2B06及7B04腐蚀损伤规律研究

现役飞机的铝合金结构腐蚀问题很普遍,尤其是在海洋服役环境下。采用当量加速腐蚀试验的方法模拟飞机服役环境对2B06和7B04两种新型铝合金材料进行加速腐蚀试验,检测这两种型号铝合金材料不同腐蚀年限的腐蚀损伤数据,并分别对这些腐蚀数据进行统计分析,得到2B06和7B04两种新型材料的腐蚀损伤规律,为飞机结构的腐蚀损伤修理及现役飞机的剩余寿命评定提供数据及理论基础。     

7B04铝合金服役环境下点蚀表面损伤特征研究

飞机铝合金材料易受服役环境作用产生点蚀,点蚀表面损伤特征会影响其疲劳性能。为获取铝合金材料点蚀表面损伤特征,本文以7B04铝合金材料为研究对象,开展其于模拟机场环境的加速腐蚀试验环境谱下的点蚀加速试验,依据试验检测结果,对7B04铝合金点蚀过程中表面损伤特征进行分析,研究发现,7B04铝合金点蚀蚀坑表面形貌随点蚀周期延长逐渐趋于椭圆或圆形规则形貌,而后转变为无规律,此结论可为飞机铝合金结构腐蚀疲劳寿命研究奠定理论基础。     

ISO 9224大气腐蚀性等级的指导值标准更新解读

围绕ISO 9224-2012与ISO 9224-1992的区别展开讨论,旨在对ISO 9224-2012标准的技术更新进行解读。主要技术更新有三:一是更新了金属在不同腐蚀等级的大气中的腐蚀速率的指导值;二是预测了金属在大气中的腐蚀速率,金属的腐蚀速率与暴露时间通常存在关系D=rcorrtb(当暴露时间小于20年时)或D=(t20)rcorr[20b+b(20b-1)(t-20)](当暴露时间大于20年时);三是通过对ISO CORRAG大气暴露计划中大量数据的回归分析,得到了碳钢、锌、铜和铝的时间指数b;合金元素对钢的时间指数ba=0.596+∑biwi的影响可表示为;在海洋环境中,氯离子沉积速率Sd对时间指数增量Δb的影响为Δb=0.0845S0.26d。     

离子色谱测定大气降尘中的阴离子

大气自然沉积物亦称降尘。通常以专用玻璃降尘缸(保持300—500毫升水),采样器在3—20米高度范围内,在自然沉积条件下,以一个月为一采样周期进行采样。对降尘中的非水溶性及水溶性降沉量、用重量法测定,其值以:吨/平方公里·月表示。降尘所吸附或凝聚大气中的SO_2、NO_2含量常用比色法进行测定,其检测限分别为:SO_2—0.025mg/m~3、NO_2—0.04mg/m~3。降尘中以无机盐形成存在的阴离子(如SO_4~(2-)、     

乌鲁木齐大气污染物变化特征及综合评价

随着经济发展和城市化速度加快,大气污染已经成为区域性环境问题,基于2001～2018年乌鲁木齐市城市空气质量监测数据,选取SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10) 3种常规大气监测污染物作为乌鲁木齐大气环境体系评价指标,利用AHP层次分析法,建立大气污染物层次构造模型,对乌鲁木齐市大气环境质量作出综合评价。结果表明:乌鲁木齐市大气2001～2014年期间环境质量为三级,2015～2018年环境质量为二级,大气污染物权重排序为:煤改气前PM_(10)SO_2NO_2,煤改气后PM_(10)NO_2SO_2,说明乌鲁木齐市大气颗粒物占主要作用,"煤改气"能源结构调整使SO_2的浓度也有所降低,大气污染类型从以前的煤烟型污染向复合型污染逐渐转化。各年度大气质量优劣依次为2014～2018呈现逐年变好的趋势,2001～2013年有升高也有降低交替存在,整体评价与乌鲁木齐市环境质量状况公报公布的一致。表明大气环境质量改善趋势较明显,研究成果为探索乌鲁木齐市大气环境治理提供重要依据。     

镁合金的大气腐蚀研究

综述了各种因素对镁合金大气腐蚀的影响,其中介绍了单一因素NaCl及两种因素协同作用对镁合金大气腐蚀的影响。同时介绍了镁合金大气电偶腐蚀的影响因素与Al含量对镁合金大气腐蚀的影响。简述了研究镁合金大气腐蚀的几种常用表征手段。     

锌的加速腐蚀与大气暴露腐蚀的相关性研究

通过间歇式盐水喷雾试验和极化曲线测定,对比研究了NaHSO3,NaCl和NaHSO3 NaCl三种介质对锌腐蚀的影响,并对腐蚀产物进行了XRD分析。实验结果表明,以10^-1mol/L NaHSO3 10^-2mol/L NaCl为加速剂,采用间歇式喷雾实验,可模拟锌在沈阳污染大气中的腐蚀过程,腐蚀规律可用ΔW＝A＋Bt公式描述。     

大气SO_2的传质动力学研究

讨论大气中气相 SO_2转化为液相 SO_4~2-各个分过程的特征时间;分析控制S(Ⅳ)在液液中转化速率的速率决定步骤。     

文摘

《现代加速腐蚀试验》——《Anti—corros.Meth.and Meter.》1987,34,No4,426,8～10(英):讨论盐雾试验箱内温度、相对湿度、SO_2、SO_2和灰尘、盐雾性质和浓度、盐和SO_2、霜及其循环周期等,对金属镀(涂)层加速腐蚀试验结果的影响.建议按下列试验周期来进行金属镀(涂)层     

南充冬季大气PM2.5污染特征及来源分析

为探究南充市冬季大气PM_(2.5)污染特征,于2017年1月对南充市大气PM_(2.5)进行采样,分析水溶性离子、无机元素和碳质组分的组成、浓度水平和来源。结果表明,二次无机离子SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+是南充市冬季大气PM_(2.5)水溶性离子中的重要组成部分,占总离子的86.7%;NH_4~+与NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)主要是以NH_4NO_3和(NH_4)_2SO_4形式存在,SOR和NOR平均值分别为0.51和0.23,SOR高于NOR,说明南充市冬季硫氧转化速度比氮氧转化速度快且二次离子污染较为严重;NO_3~-/SO_4~(2-)比值为1.11,表明移动源是南充冬季大气污染物的主要来源,并且南充市冬季大气PM_(2.5)偏酸性。OC、EC是大气PM_(2.5)重要组成部分,OC/EC比值大于2,SOC对OC的贡献率较大(65.3%),南充市冬季大气PM_(2.5)中OC主要来源于二次污染。OC、EC之间相关性较好(R=0.84),二者具有共同的来源。主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,南充市冬季PM_(2.5)的主要来源是汽车尾气、燃煤、二次污染、生物质燃烧、土壤及建筑扬尘。     

基于模糊数学的大气环境质量综合评价

鉴于大气环境质量评价中客观存在的不确定性和模糊性,运用模糊数学方法,选用SO2、NO2、PM10作为评价因子,参照大气环境质量标准,通过计算污染因子权重分配系数和隶属度对乌鲁木齐市2004年至2010年大气环境质量给出客观的评价,综合评价结果表明乌鲁木齐市总体大气环境质量为轻度污染(三级),但空气质量在逐年好转,SO2和PM10依然是乌鲁木齐市空气质量的制约因子,且NO2的权重在逐年上升。模糊综合评判考虑环境空气质量评价的模糊性,根据污染物浓度对各级别的贴近度考察污染物的级别,评价结果比较直观,可以细致准确的评价环境质量等级,评价结果基本可以反映环境空气污染的情况。     

Application of 'waste' wood-shaving bottom ash for adsorption of azo reactive dye

The utilization of wood-shaving bottom ash (WBA) for the removal of Red Reactive 141 (RR141), an azo reactive dye, was investigated. WBA/H(2)O and WBA/H(2)SO(4) were made by treating WBA with water and 0.1M H(2)SO(4), respectively, to increase adsorption capacity. Adsorption of RR141 from reactive dye solution (RDS) and reactive dye wastewater (RDW) by WBA/H(2)O and WBA/H(2)SO(4) involved the BET surface area and pore size diameter. Properties of adsorbents, effect of contact time, initial pH of solution, dissolved metals and elution studies indicated that the decolorisation mechanism involved both chemical adsorption and precipitation with calcium ions. In addition, the WBA/H(2)SO(4) surface might contain sulphate-cation complexes that were specific to enhancing dye adsorption from RDW. The adsorption isotherm had a best fit by the Freundlich model. Freundlich parameters showed that WBA/H(2)O used more heterogeneous surface than WBA/H(2)SO(4) and activated carbon for RDW adsorption. A thermodynamic study indicated that RDW adsorption was an endothermic process. The maximum dye adsorption capacities of WBA/H(2)O, WBA/H(2)SO(4) and activated carbon obtained from a Langmuir model at 30 degrees C were 24.3, 29.9, and 41.5mgl(-1), respectively. In addition, WBA/H(2)O and WBA/H(2)SO(4) could reduce colour and high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of real textile wastewater. According to the difficulty in the elution study, it was an environmentally safe disposal of this waste. Therefore, WBA, a waste from combustion of wood shavings, was suitable to be used as an effective adsorbent for azo reactive dye removal.     

Removal of selenate from water by zerovalent iron

Zerovalent iron (ZVI) has been widely used in the removal of environmental contaminants from water. In this study, ZVI was used to remove selenate [Se(VI)] at a level of 1000 microg L(-1) in the presence of varying concentrations of Cl-, SO(2-)4, NO(-)3, HCO(-)3, and PO(3-)4. Results showed that Se(VI) was rapidly removed during the corrosion of ZVI to iron oxyhydroxides (Fe(OH)). During the 16 h of the experiments, 100 and 56% of the added Se(VI) was removed in 10 mM Cl- and SO(2-)4 solutions under a closed contained system, respectively. Under an open condition, 100 and 93% of the added Se(VI) were removed in the Cl- and SO(2-)4 solutions, respectively. Analysis of Se species in ZVI-Fe(OH) revealed that selenite [Se(IV)] and nonextractable Se increased during the first 2 to 4 h of reaction, with a decrease of Se(VI) in the Cl- experiment and no detection of Se(VI) in the SO(2-)4 experiment. Two mechanisms can be attributed to the rapid removal of Se(VI) from the solutions. One is the reduction of Se(VI) to Se(IV), followed by rapid adsorption of Se(IV) to Fe(OH). The other is the adsorption of Se(VI) directly to Fe(OH), followed by its reduction to Se(IV). The results also show that there was little effect on Se(VI) removal in the presence of Cl- (5, 50, and 100 mM), NO(-)3 (1, 5, and 10 mM), SO(2-)4 (5 mM), HCO(-)3 (1 and 5 mM), or PO(3-)4 (1 mM) and only a slight effect in the presence of SO(2-)4 (50 and 100 mM), HCO(-)3 (10 mM), and PO(3-)4 (5 mM) during a 2-d experiment, whereas 10 mM PO(3-)4 significantly inhibited Se(VI) removal. This work suggests that ZVI may be an effective agent to remove Se from Se-contaminated agricultural drainage water.     

Pilot-scale treatment of RDX-contaminated soil with zerovalent iron

Soils in Technical Area 16 at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) are severely contaminated from past explosives testing and research. Our objective was to conduct laboratory and pilot-scale experiments to determine if zerovalent iron (Fe(0)) could effectively transform RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) in two LANL soils that differed in physicochemical properties (Soils A and B). Laboratory tests indicated that Soil A was highly alkaline and needed to be acidified [with H2SO4, Al2(SO4)3, or CH3COOH] before Fe(0) could transform RDX. Pilot-scale experiments were performed by mixing Fe(0) and contaminated soil (70 kg), and acidifying amendments with a high-speed mixer that was a one-sixth replica of a field-scale unit. Soils were kept unsaturated (soil water content = 0.30-0.34 kg kg(-1)) and sampled with time (0-120 d). While adding CH3COOH improved the effectiveness of Fe(0) to remove RDX in Soil A (98% destruction), CH3COOH had a negative effect in Soil B. We believe that this difference is a result of high concentrations of organic matter and Ba. Adding CH3COOH to Soil B lowered pH and facilitated Ba release from BaSO4 or BaCO3, which decreased Fe(0) performance by promoting flocculation of humic material on the iron. Despite problems encountered with CH3COOH, pilot-scale treatment of Soil B (12 100 mg RDX kg(-1)) with Fe(0) or Fe(0) + Al2(SO4)3 showed high RDX destruction (96-98%). This indicates that RDX-contaminated soil can be remediated at the field scale with Fe(0) and soil-specific problems (i.e., alkalinity, high organic matter or Ba) can be overcome by adjustments to the Fe(0) treatment.     

Size distributions of fine and ultrafine particles in the city of Strasbourg: correlation between number of particles and concentrations of NO(x) and SO(2) gases and some soluble ions concentration determination

An Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) was used during spring and autumn 2003 in the centre of Strasbourg for the measurement of atmospheric aerosols size distribution. The concentration of NO(x) and SO(2) in air was simultaneously measured with specific analysers. Samples were collected in the range 0.007-10 microm in equivalent aerodynamic diameter size. Number distributions are representative of a pollution originating from urban traffic with a particle size distribution exhibiting a nucleation mode below 29 nm and an accumulation mode around 80 nm in size. A mean particle density equal to 39000+/-35000 total particles per cm(3) with a size ranging from 7 to 10 microm was obtained after a sampling period of 2 weeks in spring. About 86.9% of the number of particles have an aerodynamic diameter below 0.1 microm and 13.1% between 0.1 and 1 microm. Correlation coefficients between the number of particles impacted on each ELPI plate and gas concentrations (SO(2) and NO(x)) showed that the numbers of particles with diameter between 0.10 and 0.62 microm are highly related to the NO(x) concentration. This result indicates that particles are traffic induced since NO(x) is mainly emitted by cars as shown by measurements on various sites. Particles are less clearly correlated to the SO(2) concentration. Particle analysis on different ELPI plates for a sampling period of 2 weeks in autumn showed high level of soluble NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-) and NH(4)(+) ions. Indeed, up to 90% b.w. of these three species were found in the particle range 0.1-1 microm. The formation of particulate NH(4)NO(3) is favoured by high NO(x) concentration, which induces the formation of gaseous HNO(3).     

灰色聚类分析在环境质量评价中的应用

环境是一个“灰色系统”，可以将灰色聚类分析应用到大气环境评价中。灰色聚类可按６个步骤进行：①给出聚类白化值；②确定灰类的白化函数；③求标定聚类权；④求聚类系数；⑤构造聚类行向量；⑥聚类。将灰色聚类分析方法应用于某油田８个主要矿区的ＳＯ２、ＴＳＰ和ＮＯｘ污染物，得出它们的大气环境质量的相应等级。     

Influence of soil pH and application rate on the oxidation of calcium sulfite derived from flue gas desulfurization

Calcium sulfite hemihydrate (CaSO(3).0.5H2O), a common byproduct of coal-fired utilities, is fairly insoluble and can decompose to release toxic SO2 under highly acidic soil conditions; however, it can also oxidize to form gypsum. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of application rate and soil pH on the oxidation of calcium sulfite under laboratory conditions. Oxidation rates measured by release of SO4-S to solution decreased with increasing application rate. Leachate SO4-S from soils amended with 1.0 to 3.0 g kg-1 CaSO3 increased over a 21 to 28 d period before reaching a plateau. At 4 g kg-1, maximum SO4-S release was delayed until Week 7. Oxidation and release of SO4-S from soil amended with 3.0 g kg-1 calcium sulfite increased markedly with decreasing soil pH. After only 3 d incubation, the concentrations of SO4-S in aqueous leachates were 77, 122, 170, 220, and 229 mg L-1 for initial soil pH values of 7.8, 6.5, 5.5, 5.1, and 4.0, respectively. At an initial soil pH value of 4.0, oxidation/dissolution did not increase much after 3 d. At higher pH values, oxidation was maximized after 21 d. These results suggest that autumn surface applications of calcium sulfite in no-till systems should permit ample time for oxidation/dissolution reactions to occur without introducing biocidal effects related to oxygen scavenging. Soil and annual crops can thus benefit from additions of soluble Ca and SO4 if calcium sulfite is applied in advance of spring planting.     

高氯低COD废水中COD的测定

以某污水厂的高氯低COD生化出水为研究对象,探讨了硫酸汞加入量、K2Cr2O7溶液浓度、反应酸度、取水样量等参数对COD测定的影响,探讨消除该厂Cl-干扰最简单有效方法,结果表明:控制硫酸汞与氯离子比为15∶1(质量比)、K2Cr2O7浓度为0.18 mol/L、水样稀释0.75倍、Ag2SO4-H2SO4加入量为28mL,皆可有效减少氯离子的干扰。该方法相对氯气校正法,操作简单、准确可靠。     

Implementation of sulfate adsorption in the SAFE model

An SO4(2-) adsorption submodel has been implemented in the dynamic soil chemistry model SAFE. The submodel calculates pH-dependent SO4(2-) and H+ adsorption to the soil, as well as the net surface charge development due to uneven adsorption of SO4(2-) and H+, using the empirical equations derived from an electrostatic model (Extended Constant Capacitance Model, ECCM) of SO4(2-) adsorption. The resulting new SAFE model was applied on a roof experiment plot in the Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.] stand at Solling, Germany, where atmospheric S and N deposition was artificially reduced by the roof construction. The model performance was compared with the previous versions that used a pH-independent Freudlich model of SO4(2-) adsorption or assumed no SO4(2-) adsorption. With the ECCM-based SO4(2-) adsorption submodel, SAFE simulated soil solution SO4(2-) concentration and base saturation better, in comparison with measured data, than with the previous SO4(2-) adsorption formulations. Through the model application, also, need of additional improvement was suggested, such as calibration of mass transfer coefficients.