国内外油田污水处理技术发展概况

随着国内外油田开发,各种采油废水处理技术在油田得到了应用和发展。但由于采油废水的复杂性,导致在选择合适的水处理技术时难度加大,文章将当前众多采油废水处理技术进行综述,以期为选择有针对性的采油废水处理技术提供依据。     

城市垃圾渗滤液处理技术发展现状

介绍了城市垃圾渗滤液的来源和特点,根据近些年的工程实际和实验研究结果,主要论述了垃圾渗滤液的处理方案和处理技术,包括回灌法、土地处理法、物理化学法、生物法等。对这些处理方法进行了比较,在此基础上提出了相应的建议。     

村镇污水处理传统工艺及一体化处理技术研究

探讨了传统A/O、A/A/O及改良式AAO工艺在村镇分散污水处理中的应用及一体化污水处理技术的发展进程,分析了传统工艺在城镇分散污水处理中的优缺点,阐述了一体化污水处理技术的发展,提出了一体化污水处理技术在低碳氮比村镇污水处理中的应用研究建议,为研发简便、可靠、高效、节能环保的一体化污水处理工艺提供参考。     

对当前污水处理行业政府监管规制建设的思考与建议

污水处理行业的技术经济特性决定了污水处理行业政府规制的必要性.明确的规制目标是建立污水处理行业政府规制体制的基本前提.在详细分析了污水行业技术经济特性的基础上,提出了当前污水处理行业政府规制目标,并结合当前污水处理行业政府规制现状,做了相关政策的分析研究,为政府监管规制建设做了有益的探索.     

分散性污水处理技术研究进展

针对我国的实际情况,将集中污水处理与分散污水处理效果进行了对比,结果表明,分散污水处理是节省投资、降低能耗、维护生态平衡、推行可持续发展的一种先进技术,适用于农村和其他未普及管网的地区。采用分散型污水处理系统和集中污水处理系统相结合的方式是中国目前既解决环保问题又保持可持续性发展的有效途径。文中详细介绍了分散型污水处理技术的概念、优点以及主要的技术形式,预测了其发展前景,并提出了相应的发展战略。     

厌氧氨氧化污水处理技术及实际应用

作为一种新型的脱氮工艺,厌氧氨氧化技术在进行污水处理的过程中以其节能降耗,且污泥产生量小的独特优势在国内外备受推崇和关注。近年来,以其为主体的污水处理技术也实现了在各类污水废水处理中的成功应用,有较好的环境和经济效益。文章基于对厌氧氨氧化污水处理技术的研究,分析和探讨了厌氧氨氧化菌、厌氧氨氧化工艺以及污水处理实际应用等,并指出了该项技术在污水处理中的应用前景。     

利用油脂酶菌处理含油废水

据日刊报道．一种不用分离高浓度含油废水中的油脂而通过培养油脂酶菌可产生油脂酶的细菌就可直接分离去除油脂的培养处理法．经实际证明，用其作为活性污泥的前处理是有效的。该法的优点包括：(1)不会随含油废水中蛋白质的腐败而发臭．可改善卫生条件：(2)无需进行油脂分离法装置的维护管理操作；     

含油污水处理技术与发展趋势

含油污水处理技术有物理处理技术,化学处理技术,物理化学处理技术以及生物技术和生化处理技术等。列出了各种技术的具体应用,指明了各种含油污水处理技术的发展趋势。     

自然生物处理法在城镇废水治理中的应用

城市污水综合治理是消除污染,取得良好环境效益的一条有效途径。发展城市污水处理,要有切实可行的技术政策。污水治理应以城市污水处理为中心,工矿企业污水处理要服从城市污水处理的要求。对城市污水处理的技术政策,应该是根据各自的具体情况采取不同的技术措施。     

我国城市污水处理设施建设的里程碑——介绍《城市污水处理及污染防治技术政策》的重要含义与作用

本文对《城市污水处理及污染防治技术政策》颁布的重要意义、政策中有关城市污水处理及污染防治工作的发展目标、技术路线、规划和适用范围 ,以及城市污水处理设施的技术选择和城市污水排水系统的建设 ,污水再生利用和二次污染防治问题作了阐述     

Recent trends in treatment technologies of emerging contaminants

In the recent years a group of contaminants, known collectively as emerging contaminants (ECs), have attracted considerable attention due to their widespread in the environment, and lack of knowledge on their impacts on ecosystem and human health. This review gives an overview on the sources, impacts, and conventional treatment technologies of ECs and an in-depth review of the literature on the state-of-the-art treatment technologies and their performance in the removal of ECs from water sources and drinking water. A careful statistical analysis of the number of publications on the different treatment technologies of ECs was performed to identify the hot spots in this research area. Conventional treatment technologies are not able to remove ECs sufficiently. The discharge of raw or partially treated wastewater is the main source of ECs in the environment. The research in recent years is focusing on using advanced treatment process (AOPs), followed by adsorption and membrane technologies. From a technical point of view, AOPs surpass other treatment technologies as they can completely eradicate ECs without the generation of side products. Developing efficient, green, and cost-effective materials to be used as adsorbents, photocatalysts, membranes, or membrane fillers, is one of the main research trends nowadays. Combined AOPs based on exploiting solar light, ultrasound and electrochemistry are gaining growing interest and show high potential for the treatment of ECs.     

高级氧化法去除水中药物和个人护理用品的研究进展

药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)由于其对环境及人体具有潜在影响,受到国内外越来越多的关注。高级氧化技术(AOPs)对于处理PPCPs极具发展前景。本文概括了药品和个人护理用品(PPCPs)的概念和种类,并对几种高级氧化技术处理PPCPs的基本原理和处理效果做了较为详细的阐述并提出进一步可能的研究方向。     

PARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF COVARIANCES OF REGIONALIZED VARIABLES1

ABSTRACT: The usefulness of stochastic models in describing the spatial variability of hydrogeologic quantities, such as permeability, storativity, piezometric head, seepage velocity, and solute concentrations is now widely recognized. In practice, these quantities are represented as the sum of a well-structured component, or drift, and a more erratic fluctuation component which is described statistically through its covariance function. This paper reviews some of the most recent and most promising methods for the estimation of parameters of these covariances from existing data. They are maximum likelihood, restricted maximum likelihood, minimum-variance unbiased quadratic estimation, and minimum-norm (weighted least squares) estimation. The applicability of such methods to conditional and unconditional probability problems is discussed.     

SAGEBRUSH RANGELAND HYDROLOGY AND EVALUATION OF THE SPUR HYDROLOGY MODEL1

ABSTRACT: An excellent hydrologic record on sagebrush range-land has been developed at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwestern Idaho. The objectives of this paper were two-fold: (1) to analyze and describe the hydrologic record (8–18 years) from four sagebrush watersheds (1–83 ha); and (2) to evaluate the hydrology component of SPUR, a comprehensive rangeland model. The watersheds represent a gradient in elevation (1180–1658 m) and precipitation (240–350 mm/yr). Runoff was a small fraction (> 2 percent) of the total water budget for all of the watersheds. It occurred very infrequently at the three lower elevation watersheds: Summit, Flats, and Nancy Gulch. At Lower Sheep, the highest elevation watershed, runoff occurred most years for a period of 1 to 17 weeks in the winter. Frozen soil combined with rainfall or snowmelt was associated with most of the runoff from Flats and Nancy Gulch. At Summit summertime thunderstorms produced all of the runoff. The average annual sediment yield from all of the watersheds was low (17–950 kg/ha). It was highest from Summit, which had well developed alluvial channels and very steep slopes. SPUR was able to simulate runoff with reasonable accuracy only at Summit, where frozen soils were not a factor. There was poor correlation between predicted and actual annual 8ediment loss. The model tended to overpredict evapotranspiration early in the growing season and underpredict it in the late summer.     

Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices--a review

Over the past few years, antibiotics have been considered emerging pollutants due to their continuous input and persistence in the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. They have been detected worldwide in environmental matrices, indicating their ineffective removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment methods. To prevent this contamination, several processes to degrade/remove antibiotics have been studied. This review addresses the current state of knowledge concerning the input sources, occurrence and mainly the degradation and removal processes applied to a specific class of micropollutants, the antibiotics. In this paper, different remediation techniques were evaluated and compared, such as conventional techniques (biological processes, filtration, coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane processes and combined methods. In this study, it was found that ozonation, Fenton/photo-Fenton and semiconductor photocatalysis were the most tested methodologies. Combined processes seem to be the best solution for the treatment of effluents containing antibiotics, especially those using renewable energy and by-products materials.     

Integration of the recycling processes to the life cycle analysis of construction products

The life cycle analysis of a product enables one to assess its environmental quality. A simple, transparent method taking into account the processes of recycling in the life cycle is developed here. It permits dealing with all types of open loops of all sectors. The principles on which the proposed method is grounded are discussed.     

高级氧化技术处理垃圾渗滤液的研究进展

本文介绍了包括化学氧化法、电化学氧化法、光催化氧化法、超声氧化法、辐照氧化法和催化湿式氧化法等在内的高级氧化技术的机理和运用于垃圾渗滤液处理的研究进展,并提出高级氧化技术与生物处理联合运用和各种高级氧化工艺之间的优化组合将是实现高级氧化技术在垃圾渗滤液处理中工程化运用的发展方向.     

Estimating the Frequency and Extent of Overbank Flow of a Baseflow‐Dominated Stream Flowing through a Wetland

River floodplains provide critical habitat for a wide range of animal and plant species and reduce phosphorus and nitrogen loads in streams. It has been observed that baseflow‐dominated streams flowing through wetlands are commonly at or near bankfull and overflow their banks much more frequently than other streams. However, there is very little published quantitative support for this observation. The study focuses on a 1‐km reach of Black Earth Creek, a stream in the Midwestern United States (U.S.). We used one‐dimensional hydraulic modeling to estimate bankfull discharge at evenly spaced stream cross sections, and two‐dimensional modeling to quantitate the extent of wetland inundation as a function of discharge. We then used historical streamflow data from two U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations to quantitate the frequency of wetland inundation. For the with‐sediment case, the frequency of overbank conditions at the 38 cross sections in the wetland ranged from 3 to 85 days per year and averaged 43 days per year. Ten percent of the wetland was inundated for an average of 35 days per year. For the without‐sediment case, the frequency of overbank conditions ranged from 2.6 to 48 days per year and averaged 14 days per year. Also, 10% of the wetland was inundated for an average of 25 days per year. These unusually high rates of floodplain inundation are likely due in part to the very low stream gradient and shallow depths of overbank flow.     

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY OF SMALL,FORESTED STREAMS1

This paper reviews sediment transport and channel morphology in small, forested streams in the Pacific Northwest region of North America to assess current knowledge of channel stability and morphology relevant to riparian management practices around small streams. Small channels are defined as ones in which morphology and hydraulics may be significantly influenced by individual clasts or wood materials in the channel. Such channels are headwater channels in close proximity to sediment sources, so they reflect a mix of hillslope and channel processes. Sediment inputs are derived directly from adjacent hillslopes and from the channel banks. Morphologically significant sediments move mainly as bed load, mainly at low intensity, and there is no standard method for measurement. The larger clastic and woody elements in the channel form persistent structures that trap significant volumes of sediment, reducing sediment transport in the short term and substantially increasing channel stability. The presence of such structures makes modeling of sediment flux in these channels — a potential substitute for measurement — difficult. Channel morphology is discussed, with some emphasis on wood related features. The problem of classifying small channels is reviewed, and it is recognized that useful classifications are purpose oriented. Reach scale and channel unit scale morphologies are categorized. A “disturbance cascade” is introduced to focus attention on sediment transfers through the slope channel system and to identify management practices that affect sediment dynamics and consequent channel morphology. Gaps in knowledge, errors, and uncertainties have been identified for future research.     

高级氧化技术降解水体中抗生素的研究进展

抗生素是一类用于阻止和治疗微生物传染性疾病的人用和兽用药物,在人类和动物疾病治疗领域以及水产养殖业有着广泛的用途。近年来,抗生素作为一种新型污染物不断排入水体并且在水体中持续存在,对水生态环境以及人类健康造成了威胁。化学和生物等降解技术引起广泛关注,其中高级氧化技术(AOPs)由于其具有适用范围广、反应速率快、氧化能力强等特点,被成功应用到自然水体和污水中抗生素等多种有机污染物的降解。基于近年来的研究成果,综述了几种常见AOPs对抗生素的降解过程和机理,对比分析了对抗生素的降解效果,最后展望了AOPs应用于抗生素降解的研究方向和挑战。