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1.
Scott MJ Brandt CA Bunn AL Engel DW Eslinger PW Miley TB Napier BA Prendergast EL Nieves LA 《Environmental management》2005,35(1):84-98
The Groundwater Protection Project at the US Department of Energy Hanford Site in Washington State is currently developing the means to assess the cumulative impact to human and ecological health and the regional economy and cultures from radioactive and chemical waste that will remain at the Hanford Site after the site closes. This integrated system is known as the System Assessment Capability (SAC). The SAC Risk/Impact Module discussed in the article uses media- and time-specific concentrations of contaminants estimated by the transport models of the integrated system to project potential impacts on the ecology of the Columbia River corridor, the health of persons who might live in or use the corridor or the upland Hanford environment, the local economy, and cultural resources. Preliminary Monte Carlo realizations from the SAC modeling system demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale uncertainty analysis of the complex relationships in the environmental transport of contaminants on the one hand and ecological, human, cultural, and economic risk on the other. Initial impact results show very small long-term risks for the 10 radionuclides and chemicals evaluated. The analysis also helps determine science priorities to reduce uncertainty and suggests what actions matter to reduce risks. 相似文献
2.
Cumulative effects assessment (CEA) in Canada is in dire straits. Despite a huge amount of talk and a flurry of developmental
activity associated with CEA concepts, it has not lived up to its glowing promise of helping to achieve sustainability of
diverse valued ecosystem components. This article aims to articulate that failure, to examine it in terms of six major problems
with CEA, and to propose solutions. The six problem areas include (1) application of CEA in project-level environmental impact
assessments (EIAs), (2) an EIA focus on project approval instead of environmental sustainability, (3) a general lack of understanding
of ecologic impact thresholds, (4) separation of cumulative effects from project-specific impacts, (5) weak interpretations
of cumulative effects by practitioners and analysts, and (6) inappropriate handling of potential future developments. We advocate
improvements not only within the purview of project-specific EIAs, but also mainly in the domain of region-scale CEAs and
regional environmental effects frameworks (or perhaps land use planning). Only then will the CEA begin to approach the promise
of securing sustainability of valued ecosystem components. 相似文献
3.
Frank Figge 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2004,47(6):921-941
Environmental Impact Assessment has gained a prominent position as a tool to evaluate the environmental effects of economic activities. However, all approaches proposed so far use a burden‐oriented logic. They concentrate on the different environmental impacts in order to ascertain the overall environmental damage caused by economic activity. This paper argues that such a burden‐oriented view is (a) hampered by a series of methodological shortcomings which hinders its widespread use in practice; and (b) is analytically incomplete. The paper proposes a value‐oriented approach to impact assessment. For this purpose an economic analysis of the optimal use of environmental and social resources is conducted from both a burden‐oriented and a value‐oriented standpoint. The basic logic of a value‐oriented impact assessment is explained, as well as the resulting economic conditions for an optimal use of resources. In addition, it is shown that value‐ and burden‐oriented approaches are complementary to achieve optimality. Finally, the paper discusses the conditions under which the use of burden‐ or value‐oriented impact assessments is appropriate, respectively. 相似文献
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5.
Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
Carolyn T. Hunsaker Robin L. Graham Glenn W. Suter II Robert V. O'Neill Lawrence W. Barnthouse Robert H. Gardner 《Environmental management》1990,14(3):325-332
Society needs a quantitative and systematic way to estimate and compare the impacts of environmental problems that affect
large geographic areas. This paper presents an approach for regional risk assessment that combines regional assessment methods
and landscape ecology theory with an existing framework for ecological risk assessment. Risk assessment evaluates the effects
of an environmental change on a valued natural resource and interprets the significance of those effects in light of the uncertainties
identified in each component of the assessment process. Unique and important issues for regional risk assessment are emphasized;
these include the definition of the disturbance scenario, the assessment boundary definition, and the spatial heterogeneity
of the landscape.
Although the research described in this article has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) through Interagency Agreement Number DW89932112-01-2 to the U.S. Department of Energy, it has not been subjected
to EPA review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of EPA and no official endorsement should be inferred. 相似文献
6.
围绕建设项目环境影响评价和规划环境影响评价的特点,通过在评价思路、评价内容、评价方法等方面的比较,分析其差异,从而找到两者在评价时间、评价内容等方面的联动途径,以提高环境影响评价工作的效果和效率。 相似文献
7.
针对目前天然气勘探开发项目环境影响评价不够系统的局限性,运用系统的思想观点和思维方法提出了天然气勘探开发项目综合环境影响评价指标体系.该评价体系把综合环境影响评价分为政策法规环境影响、自然生态环境影响、资源能源环境影响、经济环境影响、社会环境影响和科技环境影响等六大环境影响进行评价.借鉴环境影响评价的相关研究成果,分别为上述六大环境影响评价设计了具体的评价因子和评价指标. 相似文献
8.
Cumulative environmental change: Conceptual frameworks,evaluation approaches,and institutional perspectives 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Cumulative environmental change or cumulative effects may result from the additive effect of individual actions of the same
nature or the interactive effect of multiple actions of a different nature. This article reviews conceptual frameworks of
cumulative environmental change and describes analytical and institutional approaches to cumulative effects assessment (CEA).
A causal model is a common theoretical construct, although the frameworks vary in their emphasis on different components of
the model. Two broad approaches to CEA are distinguished: one scientific and the other planning oriented. These approaches
should not be interpreted as competing paradigms but rather different interpretations of the scope of CEA. Each approach can
provide a distinct but complementary contribution to the analysis, assessment, and management of cumulative effects. A comparison
of the institutional and legislative response to CEA in Canada and the United States shows that Canada is following the American
example of incorporating the analysis and assessment of cumulative effects into regulatory actions and administrative procedures
that also govern environmental impact assessment. 相似文献
9.
Endpoints for regional ecological risk assessments 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Glenn W. Suter II 《Environmental management》1990,14(1):9-23
10.
This article critically reviews environmental assessment (EA) practices in Sri Lanka, with a particular focus on ecology.
An overview is provided of the domestic and international influences which have shaped the administrative process which is
currently a two-tiered scheme. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) provides a preliminary screening tool, prior to
the requirement for a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). A comprehensive survey of Sri Lankan national archives showed
that 463 EAs were completed in the period 1981–2005, with the bulk of these in the more populated Western and North Western
Provinces. Two-thirds were IEE surveys, while the remaining third advanced to full EIA. A representative sample of 130 EAs
(both IEEs and full EIAs) spanning a broad range of project types, scales, and environmental settings was selected to evaluate
the quality of the ecological investigations within the published environmental impact statements (EISs). These were assigned
into five classes of “explanatory power”, on the basis of their scientific content in relation to survey, analysis, and reporting
of ecological interests. Within most EISs, the ecological impact assessment (EcIA) was restricted to the lowest two categories
of ecological assessment, i.e., tokenistic presentation of reconnaissance-level species lists without further analysis of
the development implications for individual organisms or communities. None of the assessments reviewed provided statistically
rigorous analysis, which would be required if ecological impact studies are to include quantitative and testable predictions
of impact, which could then be followed up by appropriate post-impact monitoring programs. Attention to key local issues such
as biodiversity or ecosystem services, which also have strong social dimensions in the developing world, was also notably
underrepresented. It was thus concluded that despite the existence of a sound legislative framework in Sri Lanka, the analysis
contained within EISs generally fails to convey meaningful information to the relevant stakeholders and decision makers involved
in protecting ecological interests and promoting sustainable development. The introduction of strategic environmental assessment
(SEA) is considered an important tool to strengthen the institutional capacity of Sri Lankan government to implement current
regulations and, in particular, to combat the cumulative effects of incremental development. 相似文献