攀西地区农业开发条件、潜力与对策

攀西地区位于四川省的西南部,包括攀枝花市和凉山州的全部。幅员面积6.75万km~2,1988年末人口为437.3万人。攀西不仅矿产、水能资源举世瞩目,而且光热资源丰富,宜农荒地资源多,农业开发条件好、潜力大,是国家原材料、能源和农业开发的重点地区。本文拟就种植业为重点,对攀西农业开发条件、潜力和对策进行分析论证,以引起社会重视,使之尽快列为全国农业开发的重点区,进行先期开发。     

农业水资源价值计算方法研究

农业水资源价值的计算对灌区农业用水价格的制定具有重要的意义,同时也可用于对农业用水向其它类型用水转移时所受的经济损失进行估算。因此,当前将农业用水当作商品并计算其价值逐渐成为热点,尤其是在发展中国家的大型灌区和干旱、半干旱地区。对农业水资源价值的计算方法进行了综述,总结了农业水资源价值计算的两种方法,并列举了具体的计算模型和公式,提出了农业水资源价值计算中应考虑的问题,为进一步研究农业水资源价值提供参考。     

水利工程功能变迁及其遗产旅游开发

水利工程一般表现为多种功能,但其原生功能因不同时代的需求变化而各异,总体经历了从农业时代的“兴农水利”,到工业时代的“能源水利”,再到后工业时代“民生水利”的转变.随着休闲旅游市场的日益兴旺,水利工程因其独特的景观价值和科学价值而被开发成为水利旅游风景区.系统分析了水利工程的原生功能及其变迁规律,指出水利旅游是其重要的拓展功能,因此要利用和挖掘好古代水利工程文化遗产价值,对现代水利工程进行未来遗产式开发,对水利工程赋存的非物质文化遗产进行活态开发,整体提升水利旅游发展的品位和质量.     

攀西-六盘水地区的交通建设

交通运输是加快攀西-六盘水地区优势资源开发的先决条件。为适应能源和原材料生产基地的建设,本文提出了攀西-六盘水地区在交通运输建设上要以铁路为主动脉,现代化的高等级公路作骨架,充分发挥长江黄金水道的作用,建设一个铁、公、水、空、管等不同运输方式协调发展的综合运输网,形成内通外达、客货畅流的立体型交通运输体系,并提出了该区近期建设的重点项目。     

川东北丘区水资源利用结构与利用效率分析

采用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数和比较水资源生产率三种方法,对川东北典型丘陵区南充的用水规模、用水结构与用水效率进行了分析,探讨了其空间分布的变化特征。结果表明:1近年来南充用水规模总体呈上升趋势,除生活用水量有所减少外,农业、工业、生态用水量呈上升趋势,其中农业用水规模最大,生活用水次之,生态用水最少。2对水资源的空间分布,南充生活用水最均衡,农业用水次之,生态用水相对合理,工业用水差距大,较集中。3南充第一、二产业水资源利用效率已达到四川省平均水平,但第三产业的用水效率差距较大,有待进一步提高;南充第二、三产业比较水资源生产率高,对经济拉动作用较大。     

塔里木河沿岸地区农业用水资源评价及其合理利用对策

对构成塔里木河沿岸地区农业用水资源的大气降水、地下水和地表水资源进行了全面评价，提出了合理利用该地区有限农业用水资源的对策。     

基于区位熵和基尼系数的中国用水结构与效率研究

针对2003—2012年我国各地区用水与经济现状数据,运用区位熵和基尼系数对我国用水结构和生产率的变化特点及空间分布情况进行了定量分析和探讨,为用水公平和效率研究提供了新视角。结果表明,中国用水结构和生产率的区位熵存在明显的地区差异,经济发达地区用水结构相对较优,总用水效率相对较高。除少数地区在农业、工业用水结构和生产率区位熵均有较好表现之外,大多数地区在农业、工业用水结构和生产率区位熵表现上各有不同。基于区位熵的用水结构和生产率空间均衡分布的基尼系数表明,我国用水结构和用水生产率空间分布总体态势良好,但亟待进一步优化。     

宁夏城镇化与水资源利用关系分析

水资源短缺是干旱半干旱地区可持续发展最重要的制约因素之一,加强城镇化发展与水资源利用之间的演变规律及相互作用关系的定量化分析,对新型城镇化进程和水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。基于宁夏回族自治区2000—2012年城镇化、三次产业发展及用水结构等统计数据,首先分析宁夏城镇化与用水结构的发展现状,其次定量比较和分析宁夏城镇化水平与用水效益、产业结构和用水结构的演化过程,并模拟城镇化水平与用水效益、产业结构和用水结构之间的定量关系。结果显示,农业用水总量高但比重在下降,工业用水和生活用水的比重随城镇化的进程呈明显上升趋势。目前城镇人口每增加1万人,城镇居民生活用水量增加20.91万m3;工业增加值每增加1亿元,工业用水量增加13.19万m3,城镇化水平与用水效益之间呈正相关关系,城镇化对用水效益提升起促进作用。预测到2030年,城镇生活用水和工业用水分别将在现状基础上增加0.2124亿m3和3.325亿m3,需要通过农业节水和压缩农业用水,才能满足城镇化、工业化带来的水资源需求。     

资源开发与保护1986年第2卷总目录

彭廷海 论文四川攀西地区的植被资源分区及其利用与改造 钟章成1:3苏南巨陵山区的土壤条件与茶树生长宋木兰等四川袖类资源及开发利用意见甘霖 4:24四川省虾类资源及其开发利用的意见 4:28黄明显工作研究四川省农田蒸发力汤大清1,15琼江流域水土流失及其防治措施田心元1,22四川盆地冬水田改造利用的气侯适应性分析冯达 权1:28科学施用氮肥,防止水体污染黎跃辉1,32试论攀西地区铅锌矿产资源及其综合利用潘竹梅 等1:35论区域自然资源优势陈国阶2:3乌江流域防护林体系工程建设的探讨钱震元 2*8四川省青衣江流域光能资源及光合潜力分析汤大 清阎…     

雨水资源与雨水资源的评价

本文论述了雨水资源和目前世界各地雨水利用的概况,提出了家庭用水和农业用水雨水资源评价的计算方法。     

论水工程设施收集的水资源的所有权归属

雨水收集设施等水工程日益得到应用,需要解决雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源的所有权。因大气降水是一种自由资源,不属于《宪法》中的"水流"或《水法》中的"水资源"的范畴,雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源所有权不能适用《宪法》、《水法》的规定,而是取决于雨水收集设施等水工程设施的所有权。雨水收集设施等水工程设施不是土地的组成部分,所有权包括国家所有、集体所有、其他组织和个人所有等形式,因此,雨水收集设施等水工程设施收集的水资源所有权自然包括国家所有、集体所有、其他组织和个人所有。但水工程设施不是公益性、大中型的水利设施,允许其他投资主体投资,其所有权应以集体、个人所有为主要形式     

我国水资源管理的经济政策耦合效果仿真研究

水资源管理的经济政策效果模拟是从政策理论到政策实践的关键步骤，让决策者感知政策效果的方向和影响程度，才能更好地促进政策实践转化。本研究引入系统动力学方法，构建水资源经济政策耦合机制下水资源系统动力学（SD）模型，将我国划分为三种类型区域（干旱地区、丰水地区和过渡地区），进行三类四种水资源管理经济政策（水资源有偿使用，水价政策和水权政策；水污染收费，排污收费政策；水生态保护，水生态保护补偿政策）的耦合仿真实证研究。以我国水资源管理政策设计为目标，进行不同水管理政策耦合的生态经济效果仿真和效果定量评价，结果发现：干旱地区有偿使用的经济政策是目前经济水平下效果最好的；过渡地区有偿使用结合污水排放收费政策效果是最好的；而丰水地区必须同时实施水资源有偿使用和水污染收费两类经济政策。     

Individualized water source as an indicator of attitudes about water management and conservation in humid regions

Public perceptions about water quantity and water as a common pool resource are understudied in humid regions. As water demand increases, the need to more closely manage water, even in humid areas, will increase, requiring better understanding how people perceive their water supply, how they view paying for water conservation and how water user characteristics influence attitudes. A survey finds correlations between utilizing an individual water source (e.g. well or spring) and attitudes toward water management and conservation. Compared to respondents with a shared water source, those with an individual source believe they are segregated from regional water concerns. They are less willing to pay for water management or conservation measures and less supportive of any government intervention in water management. These results suggest that planners and water managers may face resistance to conservation policies or any policy based on the idea of water as a common pool resource.     

油气田开发水资源高效利用探

在油气田开发过程中,尤其是干旱缺水地区,处理好生产用水与产出废水之间的关系是油气田企业可持续发展的重要问题。油气田开发水资源高效利用的最终目的是减少淡水的消耗量,主要体现在新鲜水的合理使用及产出废水的回收再利用两个方面。提出应以产出废水为生产水源,研发适合其水质特征的工作液体系,实现产出废水"免处理"再利用;建立油气田开发水管理体系,根据水的不同用途,科学调配新鲜水和产出废水,实现水资源的高效利用。     

TRANSIENT RESPONSE FUNCTIONS FOR CONJUNCTIVE WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE SNAKE RIVER PLAIN,IDAHO1

ABSTRACT: Increasing demands on western water are causing a mounting need for the conjunctive management of surface water and ground water resources. Under western water law, the senior water rights holder has priority over the junior water rights holder in times of water shortage. Water managers have been reluctant to conjunctively manage surface water and ground water resources because of the difficulty of quantification of the impacts to surface water resources from ground water stresses. Impacts from ground water use can take years to propagate through an aquifer system. Prediction of the degree of impact to surface water resources over time and the spatial distribution of impacts is very difficult. Response functions mathematically describe the relationship between a unit ground water stress applied at a specific location and stream depletion or aquifer water level change elsewhere in the system. Response functions can be used to help quantify the spatial and temporal impacts to surface water resources caused by ground water pumping. This paper describes the theory of response functions and presents an application of transient response functions in the Snake River Plain, Idaho. Transient response functions can be used to facilitate the conjunctive management of surface and ground water not only in the eastern Snake River Plain basin, but also in similar basins throughout the western United States.     

流域比较视角的钱塘江与黑河流域水资源问题及对策研究——基于水足迹核算分析

产品贸易及水权交易使得水资源问题"跨流域化",不再单纯是流域内部管理问题。本文从流域比较视角出发,在区分蓝、绿、灰三种水足迹的基础上,应用水足迹模型,测算了两流域典型地区的水足迹,进行流域水资源问题对比分析,并分析了经济发展模式对流域水资源可持续性的影响。结果发现,杭州市经济用水中灰色水足迹占总量的90%,而张掖市经济用水中绿色水足迹占总量的60.8%,说明钱塘江流域水资源问题在于质,而黑河流域水资源问题在于量;经济发展模式中的产业结构、水资源开发效率、工业化路径等影响流域水资源可持续利用,同时基于GDP导向的流域间的水资源逆向配置,更加剧了流域水资源矛盾。最后根据流域对比结果提出治理措施,从而形成流域间协作的良性循环。     

Establishing components of community satisfaction with recycled water use through a structural equation model

The use of recycled water is being promoted through policy in many parts of the world with the aim of achieving sustainable water management. However there are some major barriers to the success of recycled water use policies and their instruments, in particular for potable reuse schemes. One of these barriers can be a lack of community support. Despite the critical nature of community attitudes to recycled water to the success of projects, they are often little understood. Further information is required to ensure the successful implementation of recycled water policy and to ensure sustainable management of water resources is achieved. The aim of this paper is to establish the key components of community satisfaction with recycled water. This was investigated through a case study of the Mawson Lakes population in South Australia, where recycled water is used for non-potable purposes through a dual water supply system (the 'recycled water system'). This paper reports results from a survey of 162 Mawson Lakes residents. A structural equation model (SEM) was developed and tested to explain and predict components of community satisfaction with recycled water use (for non-potable use) through the dual water supply system. Results indicate the components of satisfaction with recycled water use were an individual's positive perception of: the Water Authority's communication, trust in the Water Authority, fairness in the recycled water system's implementation, quality of the recycled water, financial value of the recycled water system, and risk associated with recycled water use (negative relationship). The results of this study have positive implications for the future management and implementation of recycled water projects in particular through dual water supply systems. The results indicate to water authorities and water policy developers guiding principles for community consultation with regards to the management of recycled water projects.     

Barriers to Water Conservation in the Rio Grande Basin1

Abstract: The Rio Grande basin shares problems faced by many arid regions of the world: growing and competing demands for water and river flows and uses that are vulnerable to drought and climate change. In recent years legislation, administrative action, and other measures have emerged to encourage private investment in efficient agricultural water use. Nevertheless, several institutional barriers discourage irrigators from investing in water conservation measures. This article examines barriers to agricultural water conservation in the Rio Grande basin and identifies challenges and opportunities for promoting it. Several barriers to water conservation are identified: clouded titles, water transfer restrictions, illusory water savings, insecure rights to conserved water, shared carry‐over storage, interstate compacts, conservation attitudes, land tenure arrangements, and an uncertain duty of water. Based on data on water use and crop production costs, price is found to be a major factor influencing water conservation. A low water price discourages water conservation even if other institutions promote it. A high price of water encourages conservation even in the presence of other discouraging factors. In conclusion, water‐conserving policies can be more effectively implemented where water institutions and programs are designed to be compatible with water’s underlying economic scarcity.     

WATER MARKETS AND DECENTRALIZED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES1

ABSTRACT: Because of its importance and the perceived inability of private sector sources to meet water demands, many countries have depended on the public sector to provide water services for their populations. Yet this has resulted in many inefficient public water projects and in inadequate supplies of good quality and reliable water. Decentralization of water management, including the use of water markets, cannot solve all of these water problems, but it can improve the efficiency of water allocation. When given adequate responsibility and authority, water user associations have effectively taken over water management activities at a savings to tax payers. Moreover, water markets add the potential benefit of improving water efficiency within a sector as well as providing a mechanism for reallocating water among sectors. The key question involves developing innovative mechanisms for reducing the transaction costs of organizing water users and of making water trades. Water rights need to be established which are recorded, tradable, enforceable, and separate from land if markets are to operate effectively. Also, institutions are needed that effectively resolve conflicts over water rights, including third party impacts and water quality concerns.     

实验用水对总氮检测结果的影响

用RO纯水与超纯水分别作为实验用水,通过标准曲线及空白、标准样品、水样等总氮测定对比实验,发现两种实验用水的标准曲线及空白值、标准样品的检测均受控,但两种纯水对比实验显示相对于超纯水而言,RO纯水中有一定浓度的总氮,同时在水样检测中用RO纯水作实验用水测定值明显低于用超纯水作实验用水的测定值,其差值与RO纯水中总氮值相符。实验结果表明总氮检测中不能只以标准曲线、空白值和标准样品测定值作为受控标准,要考虑实验用水中硝酸根离子的影响。