多源DEM提取水文因子精度分析

以清流河流域琅琊山周边815km2的区域为研究样区,通过预处理后的1∶1万DEM、1∶5万DEM、1∶25万DEM、90mSRTM3-2、30mASTERGDEM五种DEM数据和ArcGIS中内置水文模块Hydrology提取了河网和子流域等水文因子,并以1∶1万DEM提取的水文因子为基准,得到基于其余四种DEM数据的河网套合差、子流域周长差、子流域面积差,分析了四种不同源DEM数据在提取水文因子中的精度差异。实验表明,在较大尺度范围的非平原区内进行水文分析,且上游汇流面积达到0.625km2时,1∶5万DEM、90mSRTM3-2、30mASTERGDEM三种DEM提取水文因子均可获得较理想的结果。就提取水文因子的整体精度而言,其中1∶5万DEM较高,90mSRTM3-2次之,30mASTERGDEM稍差,1∶25万DEM较前三者差距较大。     

现代气候要素与青海湖水位的相关分析

考虑到青海湖周围气象台站的记录时间长度和完整性,我们选择刚察、天峻、茶卡、共和、湟源5个站作为湖区的代表站(图1)。水文资料来自青海水文总站。本文以1961—1988年的历年正规气象、水文记录为依据(降水资料自1957年),通过综合分析探讨气候要素与青海湖水位的关系。     

基于不同水文保证率的饮用水源地水质影响分析

基于2010～2015年闽江北港重要饮用水源地水文、水质长序列监测数据,分析不同水文保证率下的流量对不同水质因子的影响情况。结果表明:①pH数值的年际变化呈下降趋势,而DO、高锰酸盐指数、TP和NH_3-N呈上升趋势;②25%保证率的流量为pH和DO变化驻点,高流量时呈显著正相关,低流量呈显著负相关;③高锰酸盐和TP在高流量条件下(50%水文保证率),与流量呈显著正相关,④氨氮在低流量条件下(50%～100%水文保证率),与流量呈显著正相关。     

乌鲁木齐河流域水文地球化学特征的初步研究

水文地球化学特征的研究,在查明地下水所处的原生环境状况,确定地下水环境容易,评价地下水的环境质量等工作中都具有重要意义。一、水文地球化学环境乌鲁木齐河流域处于欧亚大腹地,纬度较高,气候干燥严寒。该河发源于中天山的喀     

中国地理学会第五次全国水文学学术会议在成都召开

中国地理学会水文专业委员会第五次全国水文学学术会议于1990年11月19～24日在四川省成都市成都科学技术大学召开。会议正式代表105人,分别来自全国50个科研、生产、教学单位。会议共收到论文112篇。会议开幕式由中国地理学会水文专业委员会主任刘昌明研究员主持,成都科学技术大学副校长林三益教授、中国地理学会山地灾害专业委员会副主任吴积善研究员、四川省水利学会水文专业委员会副主任李世镇副教授等出席会议并致词,著名水文学家清华大学教授黄万里先生也讲了话。大会就第四次全国水文学学术     

河流水质模型中确定水文参数的经验方法探讨

河流水质模型中,要涉及一些重要的水文参数。本文探索了用经验方法推求水文参数的问题。文中论证了公式的合理性,提出了能表达河流断面形状特性的指标(β),建议了根据不同情况确定公式中参数的原则,还分析了公式的适用条件。研究成果对提高水质模型的适用性和精度都具有重要意义。     

水文地球化学热力学在山西省辛安泉氮污染预测中的运用

山西省辛安泉是长治地区的主要供水水源，目前它的部份泉城域已遭到了严重的氮污染，本文在环境水文地质地球化学调查的基础上，应用水文地球化学热力学理论，对氮化牧在岩溶水中转化方向，平衡组成进行了分析，并用稀释环境容量方法，作出了辛安泉氮污染预测初步评价。这表明在水文地质地球化学研究程度不足以建立溶质运移确定型模型时，水文地球化学方法是研究氮污染预测的一种有效的近似方法。     

南疆山前平原水文地球化学特征与氟的迁移与富集：以玉龙喀什河山前平…

已系统地分析了玉龙喀什河山前平原地下水中氟元素的来源及迁移特征。指出了氟形成的地质，地球化学及自然地理条件，迁移富集的水文地球化学环境和水化学成分特征。通过大量的统计分析，总结和明确了水中含氟量与水环境的碱性特征（总碱度及ＰＨ值）、水中各宏量组分（常规离子）及矿化度的相关性，相关程度，并求得了氟与它们的相关系数，从而明确了氟形成及迁移的水文地球化学特征及相关变化规律。     

南疆山前平原水文地球化学特征与氟的迁移与富集──以玉龙喀什河山前平原为例

已系统地分析了玉龙喀什河山前平原地下水中氟元素的来源及迁移特征。指出了氟形成的地质，地球化学及自然地理条件，迁移富集的水文地球化学环境和水化学成分特征。通过大量的统计分析，总结和明确了水中含氟量与水环境的碱性特征（总碱度及ＰＨ值）、水中各宏量组分（常规离子）及矿化度的相关性，相关程度，并求得了氟与它们的相关系数，从而明确了氟形成及迁移的水文地球化学特征及相关变化规律。     

成都市西部南河水环境容量研究

根据成都市西部南河的水文、水质资料和沿岸排污情况,以水质敏感点(某企业取水口)为节点,对河流进行计算单元划分,采用河流二维水质模型,计算对比不同典型年(偏丰年、平水年、偏枯年)水文条件下南河的COD和NH3-N的环境容量,并对计算结果进行分析,从而计算得到不同典型年各计算单元的污染物入河削减量,尤其是提出偏枯年条件下针对南河实际的排污总量控制建议,以达到南河的水质目标要求.     

新安江-钱塘江流域水环境健康风险评价研究

本文采用美国环境保护署推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对新安江—钱塘江流域水体通过饮水途径导致的人体健康风险进行评价。结果表明:水环境质量监测的11项污染物浓度均符合或优于地表水三类标准。对人体有健康风险的有毒污染物主要是化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ);非致癌物中氨氮的健康风险最大;个人化学致癌物年总风险远大于非致癌物年总风险;2014年新安江—钱塘江流域的三都大桥断面、西区、闸口、七堡断面的水环境健康个人总年风险均超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的标准,分别超标0.03、0.69、0.20、0.23倍,其主要原因是这些断面的Cr(Ⅵ)的风险略高。因此,加强对化学致癌物Cr(Ⅵ)的管控,是降低水环境健康风险的有效途径。     

河流污染的生态治理研究——以甘肃省藉河为例

河流污染是我国水资源的突出问题之一。以甘肃省藉河为例，应用植物群落自然净化水质的原理，采取功能分区的方法，对西北地区城市河流的污染提出了具体的治理方案：将藉河城区段主要分为上游生态过滤区、中游生态景观区、下游生态净水区，然后分区进行具体设计。此研究方案是藉河一期改造工程的一部分，目前“一期”工程已完工，取得了较好的生态与经济效益。     

气候变化对江河源区生态环境的影响评价

根据江河源区16个气象观测台站40a的气候资料，通过分析发现年平均气温呈上升趋势，普遍升高0．2℃-0．4℃；而降水增率较小，几乎不变；再加上干旱多风、剧烈蒸发，使得区内植被退化，水源涵养能力降低、河流径流锐减、土地荒漠化加剧、水土流失严重、冰川退缩。     

拯救母亲河

一条大河波浪宽,风吹稻花香两岸。这是无数长江人对于长江的记忆。那时的感觉是,生活在长江边真幸福。然而,时光轮转,时过境迁,在沿江开发热潮和GDP高歌猛进的冲击下,负重的长江也变脏了。     

Impediments to River Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation of river ecosystems is generally initiated when a river is no longer able to provide benefits to humans and other living beings. The major purposes of river rehabilitation projects are improving water quality, conserving nature, rehabilitating fisheries and riparian habitats, flood mitigation, and creating recreational opportunities. For a river rehabilitation project to be successful, it must have specific and clearly explained objectives, although these objectives will vary for each project depending upon factors such as economics, public demand, ecosystem benefits, and the like. In this article, we provide a critical analysis of the purposes that drive river rehabilitation projects and we identify and discuss impediments that can cause a project to deviate from its intended goals. We also discuss major constraints on rehabilitation efforts that can result in failed projects.     

River Habitat Quality from River Velocities Measured Using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

Prior research has demonstrated the utility of metrics based on spatial velocity gradients to characterize and describe stream habitat, with higher gradients generally indicative of higher levels of physical heterogeneity and thus habitat quality. However, detailed velocity data needed to compute these metrics are difficult to obtain. Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) may be used to rapidly collect detailed representations of river velocity fields. Herein we demonstrate use of ADCP to obtain ecologically relevant data and compute associated metrics. Data were collected from four reaches of the Little Tallahatchie River in northern Mississippi. Sampled reaches were selected to observe velocity regimes associated with three distinctly different conditions: downstream from a major flow obstruction (a low weir), downstream from the apices of each of two bends, and within an extremely long, straight reach created by channelization. Three-dimensional velocity data sets from each site were used to compute metrics of habitat quality proposed by others. A habitat metric based on the presence of rotational flow in the vertical plane proved to be the best discriminator among conditions within the sampled reaches. Two of four habitat quality metrics computed from these measured velocities were greatest for the sharpest meander bend. ADCP hold great potential for study of riverine physical aquatic habitats, particularly at the reach scale. Additional work is needed to develop generally applicable field protocols and data reduction tools. Specifically, guidelines for ADCP settings and configuration appropriate for a range of riverine site conditions must be developed. Advances in instrumentation are needed to allow collection of information in closer proximity to the free surface and solid boundaries.     

Effects of River Restoration on Riparian Biodiversity in Secondary Channels of the Pite River, Sweden

Between 1850 and 1970, rivers throughout Sweden were channelized to facilitate timber floating. Floatway structures were installed to streamline banks and disconnect flow to secondary channels, resulting in simplified channel morphologies and more homogenous flow regimes. In recent years, local authorities have begun to restore channelized rivers. In this study, we examined the effects of restoration on riparian plant communities at previously disconnected secondary channels of the Pite River. We detected no increase in riparian diversity at restored sites relative to unrestored (i.e., disconnected) sites, but we did observe significant differences in species composition of both vascular plant and bryophyte communities. Disconnected sites featured greater zonation, with mesic-hydric floodplain species represented in plots closest to the stream and mesic-xeric upland species represented in plots farthest from the stream. In contrast, restored sites were most strongly represented by upland species at all distances relative to the stream. These patterns likely result from the increased water levels in reconnected channels where, prior to restoration, upland plants had expanded toward the stream. Nonetheless, the restored fluvial regime has not brought about the development of characteristic flood-adapted plant communities, probably due to the short time interval (ca. 5 years) since restoration. Previous studies have demonstrated relatively quick responses to similar restoration in single-channel tributaries, but secondary channels may respond differently due to the more buffered hydrologic regimes typically seen in anabranching systems. These findings illustrate how restoration outcomes can vary according to hydrologic, climatic and ecological factors, reinforcing the need for site-specific restoration strategies.     

三江源生态监测项目中TM影像的几何精校正

文章重点探讨了三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设项目生态监测中遥感监测部分的TM影像几何精校正方法,并为其他更高分辨率卫生影像的几何精校正提出了一些建设性意见。     

Chemical and isotopic compositions of the Minjiang River, a headwater tributary of the Yangtze River

We describe the anthropogenic impacts on the major dissolved elements (Cl(-), NO(3)(-)-N, SO(4)(2-), and Na(+)) in the water from the Minjiang River (a headwater tributary of the Yangtze River) and upper Yangtze River in relation to increasing human activity. The major element chemistry and hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur isotopic compositions were investigated. When the Minjiang River flows through the populated Sichuan Basin, the concentrations of Cl(-), NO(3)(-)-N, SO(4)(2-), and Na(+) gradually increase. The increasing SO(4)(2-) in the highly polluted Minjiang River had high delta(34)S values (+6.3 to approximately +13.6 per thousand), implicating the anthropogenic sources of sulfur from air pollutants, domestic wastewater, industrial effluents, and agricultural fertilizers. The water quality of the upper Yangtze River does not worsen after receiving the Minjiang River because the water from the lightly polluted Jinshajiang River contributes most of the total flux in the Yangtze River. However, these rivers deserve attention and further research because the Yangtze River is the most important river in China in terms of water quality.