对替代方案编写中应考虑环境风险因素的几点建议

提出替代方案对于环境影响评价工作是非常重要的工作内容,但目前环评中的替代方案往往未考虑环境风险因素,对此本文论述了在替代方案编写过程中应考虑环境风险因素的必要性,并对如何将环境风险因素纳入替代方案的编写过程提出了相关建议.     

完善环境影响评价制度的思考

文章分析了环境影响评价制度的价值,我国环境影响评价制度存在的缺陷。提出我国环境影响评价制度的完善措施应为:拓宽环境影响评价对象范围,引进可替代方案,确保公众有效参与。     

对旅游资源开发中环境影响评价的分析

分析了我国旅游开发现状及存在的环境问题，指出战略环境影响评价是有效防止旅游资源开发不当所带来生态的破坏的重要手段，进而对旅游资源开发中的战略环境影响评价进行了探讨，对评价内容、评价重点、评价指标确定及评价结论贯彻执行等方面提出了相应的建议。     

建设项目环境影响评价因子的筛选

建设项目环境影响评价因子应从污染物的等标污染负荷、影响的范围、影响可恢复性、环境质量现状和社会关注度等5个方面综合考虑，采用层次分析法确定这5个因素的权重，对各污染因子进行分级定量打分，综合得分高低进行环境影响评价因子筛选。     

可持续性环境评价指标体系方法分析

可持续性环境影响评价针对政策、规划和计划方案进行评价，同时包括对计划和规划本身的评价。文章结合建设项目环境影响评价，提出可持续性环境影响评价的必要性、思路和评价技术方法的基本构想，针对如何建立可持续性环境影响评价的指标体系及其运用综合指标评价系统的可持续性等进行了初步探讨。     

提高公众参与环境影响评价有效性的研究

公众参与是促进决策科学化和民主化的重要手段。针对当前我国公众参与环境影响评价存在的诸多问题，本文剖析了问题存在的原因，并从立法、确定利益相关者、完善公众参与方式和内容、提高信息交流透明度、完善公众参与监督体系、完善公众意见筛选与评价方法、提高公众环保知识等方面提出了完善公众参与体系，提高公众参与有效性的建议。     

论战略环境影响评价制度的若干主要内容

着重分析《环境影响评价法》有关战略环境影响评价制度的若干主要内容，包括战略环境影响评价的适用范围、公众参与和环境影响后评价制度，认为《环境影响评价法》有关战略环境影响评价制度的内容是先进的，但也指出了相关规定的些许不足。     

浅析建设项目环境影响评价中的公众参与

公众参与是环境影响评价中的重要内容。通过对公众参与建项目环境影响评价现状的简要分析，提出强化公众参与的对策与建议。     

环境影响评价与可持续发展

我国经济发展必须符合可持续发展的战略方针，可持续发展是传统发展方式的一种新变革，它在保证经济增长的同时，要求与生态环境保护相适应，以达到提高人民生活质量和健康水平的目的。我国在过去２０多年来，环境影响评价在协调环境与发展的关系中起了重要作用。本文则着重论述可持续发展的战略观点对环境影响评价在思想、内容和方法上所赋予的新的任务和要求，环境影响评价必须适应这一变革、以迎接人类社会面临的严重挑战。     

规划环境影响评价(PEIA)技术框架与指标体系构建初探

对实施规划环境影响评价的原则进行了分析;重点探讨了实施规划环境影响评价的技术框架和规划环境影响评价指标体系的构建,指出在形成规划方案时,是规划环境影响评价介入的最佳时间,提出建立规划环境影响评价指标体系的两种模式--＂生态-环境-资源与能源利用-社会-经济＂模式和基于DPSIR框架的指标模式,讨论了运用层次分析法（AHP）确定指标权重的过程.     

环境影响评价中生物多样性的影响评价探析

环境影响评价分为规划环境影响评价和建设项目环境影响评价。由于两种环境评价类型的发展情况不同,其生物多样性影响评价的发展情况也有所不同。根据其特点概括分析了生物多样性影响评价的现状,包括评价原则和评价方法,指出不足之处,并初步提出了评价指标的筛选。     

Policies towards proposals for large-scale natural resource projects: Attenuation versus postponement

The authors examine the problem of dealing with the environmental impact of uranium mining in Australia and consider its wider implications. Government, faced with unknown environmental and social damage from the initiation of uranium mining in northern Australia, has initiated an environmental impact assessment procedure. This requires the appellant company to provide information about the proposed project and its alternatives and is often followed by a period of ‘postponement’. This is compared with an alternative procedure, ‘attenuation’, allowing the project to proceed on a reduced scale in order to obtain information. Comparisons are made between the information which might be obtained by the two alternative procedures and the expected relative benefits and costs from a postponed project and an attenuated project.     

Environmental indicators for communication of life cycle impact assessment results and their applications

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is performed to quantitatively evaluate all environmental impacts from products, systems, processes and services. However, LCIA does not always provide valuable information for choosing among alternatives with different specifications, functionalities and lifetimes. The objectives of this study are (1) to propose environmental indicators to evaluate environmental efficiency and value qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of analogies to financial and economic indicators, and (2) to present the application of the indicators. Incremental evaluation using a reference is employed to obtain the environmental indicators. The environmental efficiency indicators are conceptually based on the ratios of reduced environmental burdens returned to environmental burdens required: environmental return on investment, environmental payback period and environmental internal rate of return. The environmental value indicator is the sum of all reduced and required environmental burdens: i.e., environmental net present value. All the environmental indicators can be used to compare and rank the environmental efficiencies or values of alternatives. The environmental efficiency indicators can be applied to a new environmental labeling. The concept of eco-efficiency labeling is developed by combining the environmental efficiency indicators with financial indicators. A case study is performed to illustrate the necessity and importance of the environmental indicators. These environmental indicators can help easily communicate LCIA results in the field of environmental management.     

Risk characterization, assessment, and management of organic pollutants in beneficially used residual products

A wide array of organic chemicals occur in biosolids and other residuals recycled to land. The extent of our knowledge about the chemicals and the impact on recycling programs varies from high to very low. Two significant challenges in regulating these materials are to accurately determine the concentrations of the organic compounds in residuals and to appropriately estimate the risk that the chemicals present from land application or public distribution. This paper examines both challenges and offers strategies for assessing the risks related to the occurrence of organic compounds in residuals used as soil amendments. Important attributes that must be understood to appropriately characterize and manage the potential risks for organic chemicals in biosolids include toxicity and dose response, transport potential, chemical structure and environmental stability, analytical capability in the matrix of interest, concentrations and persistence in waste streams, plant uptake, availability from surface application versus incorporation, solubility factors, and environmental fate. This information is complete for only a few chemicals. Questions persist about the far greater number of chemicals for which toxicity and environmental behavior are less well understood. This paper provides a synopsis of analytical issues, risk assessment methodologies, and risk management screening alternatives for organic constituents in biosolids. Examples from experience in Wisconsin are emphasized but can be extrapolated for broader application.     

环评中不同性质项目工程分析内容的探讨

根据环境影响评价中工程分析篇章的目的及要求,探讨了新建、改扩建、技术改造三种不同建设性质项目的定义,分析了这三类项目工程分析篇章应编写的内容,并重点论述了其中的区别。     

Using triple bottom line metrics and multi-criteria methodology in corporate settings

With the growing importance of environmental sustainability in the corporate sector, businesses are compelled to progress from assessing and benchmarking their environmental impact to making decisions on how to prioritize impact reduction alternatives. Most often, business decisions are driven by financial metrics, but with sustainability improvements becoming a business goal, it is also important to assess metrics from environmental and social spheres; nevertheless, practically and systematically performing such an assessment is challenging. We present an application of a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method that addresses the aforementioned challenges in a corporate setting. Our case study company – one of the largest inland marine freight carriers in the United States – promotes a business culture focused on financially viable, yet socially and environmentally responsible solutions. Thus, we combine life cycle analysis (LCA), financial calculation methods, and corporate surveys to quantify environmental, economic, and social performance measures, respectively. Multiattribute utility theory is integrated with analytic hierarchy processes (AHPs) and fuzzy analysis to create a carefully designed framework for corporations with diverse groups of stakeholders. With company leadership, implementation is feasible and successful at prioritizing alternatives among diverse stakeholders. The process provides a platform for negotiation and promotes discussions on decision drivers. The use of MCDA methodologies promoted the inclusion of a suite of metrics that aligned with the company's sense of social and environmental responsibility, generating an in-depth analysis of the alternatives that factored in other things besides economics. Return-on-investments (ROI) calculations, the typical approach used in the corporate setting, would have required significantly less time and effort from the company, but the results of our MCDA application indicated that inclusion of triple bottom line metrics delve deeper into stakeholder preferences. Thus, our case study company gained a holistic view of the candidate alternatives, in addition to creating a platform for structured discussions about company goals and priorities.     

A review of studies applying environmental impact assessment methods on fruit production systems

Although many aspects of environmental accounting methodologies in food production have already been investigated, the application of environmental indicators in the fruit sector is still rare and no consensus can be found on the preferred method. On the contrary, widely diverging approaches have been taken to several aspects of the analyses, such as data collection, handling of scaling issues, and goal and scope definition. This paper reviews studies assessing the sustainability or environmental impacts of fruit production under different conditions and identifies aspects of fruit production that are of environmental importance. Four environmental assessment methods which may be applied to assess fruit production systems are evaluated, namely Life Cycle Assessment, Ecological Footprint Analysis, Emergy Analysis and Energy Balance. In the 22 peer-reviewed journal articles and two conference articles applying one of these methods in the fruit sector that were included in this review, a total of 26 applications of environmental impact assessment methods are described. These applications differ concerning e.g. overall objective, set of environmental issues considered, definition of system boundaries and calculation algorithms. Due to the relatively high variability in study cases and approaches, it was not possible to identify any one method as being better than the others. However, remarks on methodologies and suggestions for standardisation are given and the environmental burdens of fruit systems are highlighted.     

Environmental strategies: A case study of systematic evaluation

A major problem facing environmental managers is the necessity to effectively evaluate management alternatives. Traditional environmental assessments have emphasized the use of economic analyses. These approaches are often deficient due to difficulty in assigning dollar values to environmental systems and to social amenities. A more flexible decisionmaking model has been developed to analyze management options for coping with beach erosion problems at the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area in New Jersey. This model is comprised of decision-making variables which are formulated from a combination of environmental and management criteria, and it has an accept-reject format in which the management options are analyzed in terms of the variables. Through logical ordering of the insertion of the variables into the model, stepwise elimination of alternatives is possible. A hierarchy of variables is determined through estimating work required to complete an assessment of the alternatives for each variable. The assessment requiring the least work is performed first so that the more difficult evaluation will be limited to fewer alternatives. The application of this approach is illustrated with a case study in which beach protection alternatives were evaluated for the United States National Park Service.Portions of this paper have been excerpted from Sherman and Garès (1978).     

Introducing a streamlined life cycle assessment approach for evaluating sustainability in defense acquisitions

We introduce a methodological approach for conducting a streamlined life cycle assessment (SLCA) of defense systems. The approach is recommended for application in those cases where assessors are faced with alternative options for the design of a defense system and where quantitative data describing the system inputs are limited. Also, it is intended to be used to assist sustainability-minded decision makers, those who recognize the importance of sustaining resources while preventing adverse impacts to mission, human health, ecosystem health, air, water, and land. The approach includes defining the scope and boundaries of the system, and its alternatives, inventory data collection, impact assessment, and interpretation. Results from the SLCA can be used to compare performance of two or more alternatives in terms of impacts to these areas of concern. The unique features of this approach include the screening of system processes using the activity profile, collection of resource input data for the processes with the greatest potential for impacts, and application of scoring factors unique to the impact categories assessed. The approach is rigorous, systematic, and intended to promote informed acquisition decisions that consider principles of sustainable design. Future research activities will include the application of the methodological approach to acquisitions for defense and other industries.