川东北丘区水资源利用结构与利用效率分析

采用洛伦兹曲线、基尼系数和比较水资源生产率三种方法,对川东北典型丘陵区南充的用水规模、用水结构与用水效率进行了分析,探讨了其空间分布的变化特征。结果表明:1近年来南充用水规模总体呈上升趋势,除生活用水量有所减少外,农业、工业、生态用水量呈上升趋势,其中农业用水规模最大,生活用水次之,生态用水最少。2对水资源的空间分布,南充生活用水最均衡,农业用水次之,生态用水相对合理,工业用水差距大,较集中。3南充第一、二产业水资源利用效率已达到四川省平均水平,但第三产业的用水效率差距较大,有待进一步提高;南充第二、三产业比较水资源生产率高,对经济拉动作用较大。     

叶尔羌河流域农业灌溉用水效率分析——基于典型灌区1000农户的调研数据

南疆属极端干旱区,以绿洲灌溉农业为主,随着水资源短缺,过度开采地下水造成水位下降、土壤盐渍化加剧等问题日益严峻,如何最大限度地提高灌溉用水效率是目前亟待考虑的问题。对叶尔羌河流域四大用水结构和农田灌溉用水效率进行分析,选取典型灌区2009—2013年的微观面板调研数据,运用随机前沿生产函数对1000农户小麦生产技术效率与用水效率进行测算。研究发现:1不同作物单方灌溉水产出具有差异,平均为2.25元/m3;典型区农田灌溉用水量差异明显,介于13035—20325m3/hm2之间。2农户的平均灌溉用水效率仅为0.483,生产技术效率为0.6608。3源流区水资源的相对丰裕造成普遍节水意识缺乏,灌溉方式相对单一,农户对节水技术采纳与接受的意愿较低,这些是造成当前农业用水效率不高的主要原因。通过提高农户的节水行为,进一步推广节水灌溉技术,优化种植结构,提高农户对关键种植技术的掌握与管理水平,是实现技术效率与水资源产出效率有效提高的主要途径。     

济南市城区水资源价值模糊综合评价

水资源具有价值和价格，价格杠杆是解决水问题的重要手段。以济南市城区为例，分析了影响水资源价值的主要因素，运用模糊数学方法对水资源价值进行了评价，并计算出了济南市城区的水资源价值。     

声音

正"要统筹考虑价格、税费等综合措施,适当提高农业用水价格,增强节水意识,强化节水措施,推广节水技术和模式,提高水资源利用效率;加强灌区建设和农田节水灌溉工程改造,完善末级渠系等配套设施,着力疏通农田水利‘最后一公里’;抓     

我国矿水资源的分类及其利用

地下水资源为储存和流动在含水系统中、对人类有利用价值的地下水,包括淡水资源和矿水资源两部分。饮用和生活用水、工业用水和农业用水,常以地下淡水资源作为供水源。因此,人们在讨论地下水资源时,往往容易理解为地下水资源就是淡水资源.忽视了地下矿水资源。实质上地下矿水资源是地下水资源的重要组成部分,在国民经济中具有非常重要的理论意义和实际意义。     

塔里木上游灌区的面源污染现状及控制措施

塔里木灌区大灌大排既造成水资源浪费，又加重面源污染。对塔里木流域农业面源污染的现状进行了分析，并提出了控制面源污染的对策。     

宁夏城镇化与水资源利用关系分析

水资源短缺是干旱半干旱地区可持续发展最重要的制约因素之一,加强城镇化发展与水资源利用之间的演变规律及相互作用关系的定量化分析,对新型城镇化进程和水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。基于宁夏回族自治区2000—2012年城镇化、三次产业发展及用水结构等统计数据,首先分析宁夏城镇化与用水结构的发展现状,其次定量比较和分析宁夏城镇化水平与用水效益、产业结构和用水结构的演化过程,并模拟城镇化水平与用水效益、产业结构和用水结构之间的定量关系。结果显示,农业用水总量高但比重在下降,工业用水和生活用水的比重随城镇化的进程呈明显上升趋势。目前城镇人口每增加1万人,城镇居民生活用水量增加20.91万m3;工业增加值每增加1亿元,工业用水量增加13.19万m3,城镇化水平与用水效益之间呈正相关关系,城镇化对用水效益提升起促进作用。预测到2030年,城镇生活用水和工业用水分别将在现状基础上增加0.2124亿m3和3.325亿m3,需要通过农业节水和压缩农业用水,才能满足城镇化、工业化带来的水资源需求。     

水价调整对农业种植结构及用水效率的影响研究以张掖市节水型社会建设试点为例

由于水资源的公共产品或准公共产品特性,导致水价在水资源管理中的作用未受到足够重视。水价作为调节流域水资源配置和利用的主要经济手段,是未来水资源管理的重要研究内容。以张掖市节水型社会建设试点(甘州区、临泽县、高台县)为例,根据1990—2013年该区域农业水价的变化情况,分析了水价调整对农业种植结构和用水效率的影响。结果表明:水价调整虽然未能使农业种植结构发生变化,但却提高了农业用水效率。     

淮河生态经济带农业水资源绿色效率的时空差异与影响因素

基于兼容径向与非径向特点的EBM模型、Malmquist指数法和Tobit面板回归模型,使用淮河生态经济带38个地级市2007—2016年的面板数据,测算淮河生态经济带农业绿色水资源利用的相对效率并检验其影响机制。结果显示:研究期内淮河生态经济带农业绿色水资源效率整体不高,不同地区的效率指数存在显著差异;农业用水效率10年间呈下降的趋势;经济发展水平、农业用水强度、农作物种植结构、有效灌溉指数和资产投资力度对淮河生态经济带农业绿色水资源效率均有一定影响。     

建设项目水资源论证实例分析

本文以北京市某商业金融项目取水水资源论证为例,从建设项目区域水资源现状、取用水量合理性分析、取用水可靠性可行性分析及退水影响等几个方面对商业建设项目水资源利用情况进行详细论述,对比分析业主提出的取水方案,本次按定额计算所得水量分别较业主所提用水方案减少了29.68%和42.03%,达到了较高的节水水平。最终总结归纳出城市市政自来水项目水资源论证的特点及工作中需要注意的问题,对城市市政自来水取用水水资源论证工作具有一定的指导意义。     

A multi-objective optimisation approach to water management

The management of river basins is complex especially when decisions about environmental flows are considered in addition to those concerning urban and agricultural water demand. The solution to these complex decision problems requires the use of mathematical techniques that are formulated to take into account conflicting objectives. Many optimization models exist for water management systems but there is a knowledge gap in linking bio-economic objectives with the optimum use of all water resources under conflicting demands. The efficient operation and management of a network of nodes comprising storages, canals, river reaches and irrigation districts under environmental flow constraints is challenging. Minimization of risks associated with agricultural production requires accounting for uncertainty involved with climate, environmental policy and markets. Markets and economic criteria determine what crops farmers would like to grow with subsequent effect on water resources and the environment. Due to conflicts between multiple goal requirements and the competing water demands of different sectors, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework was developed to analyze production targets under physical, biological, economic and environmental constraints. This approach is described by analyzing the conflicts that may arise between profitability, variable costs of production and pumping of groundwater for a hypothetical irrigation area.     

OUTPUT AND INVESTMENT FRONTIERS OF UNITED STATES IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Economic models sometimes indicate that irrigation water is misallocated in agriculture, especially when it appears that the marginal value product is higher in other uses (such as for hydro-power). Historically, trends tend to contradict this reasoning, however, especially since irrigation has grown from 20 million acres in 1940 to over 50 million acres in 1980. Results of this study tend to indicate that as agriculture becomes more and more intensive (in terms of inputs), irrigation is part of that long term trend. Further, major economic variables, such as output and investments in agriculture, appear to be more highly correlated with irrigated land than with dryland agriculture. Recent data indicate an upper limit of about 320 million acres for dryland farming in the United States, while no such constraint is apparent for irrigated agriculture.     

VALUING IRRIGATION WATER IN PUNJAB PROVINCE,PAKISTAN: A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: Linear programming models of a representative farm in a district of Pakistan's Punjab Province are formulated for the purpose of estimating the value of irrigation water. The models provide for choices among several irrigation levels for each potential crop. Solutions of the model for several water supply situations provide the basis for approximating the total, average, and marginal values of irrigation water. Prices for important crops in Pakistan are controlled at levels below their levels elsewhere in the world, so models are specified for both financial (domestic price) and economic (world price) scenarios. The value of water to society (its economic value) is high relative to the costs of some generally available water-augmenting investments, while financial values, which measure water management and allocation incentives faced by farmers, are less than the corresponding economic values. At current water supply levels, incremental returns to added water estimated from the economic model would justify investments in water-saving or water-augmenting technologies, while such a decision would be barely attractive assuming financial prices. While present government commodity price policies may serve to protect low-income and non-farm members of the population, they also inhibit farmer investments to increase the productivity of scarce irrigation water.     

EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION: THE ROLE OF PRICES AND REGULATIONS

Efficiency in the use of water for irrigation is normally defined in a physical sense - engineering and agronomic; and it is often assumed that higher efficiency is desirable. However, in an economic sense, there is an optimum range in the level of physical efficiency. Normally it can be said that as water prices increase, it becomes more rational to increase physical efficiency by selecting and adopting improved methods of controlling, measuring and applying water, and to design systems of pricing and regulations that will promote optimal allocation and efficient use. However, the value of water is often extremely low, in which case there may be little economic incentive to improve physical efficiency unless forced by physical factors that affect production and productivity such as soil characteristics, waterlogging or nutrient leaching.
The combination of regulations and prices that are used to allocate irrigation water reflect the conflicting goals of redistribution of income in favor of agriculture and needs to encourage efficient use of water. Regulations and pricing systems also depend on the value of water, the dependability of supplies, systems of delivery and the extent to which flows can be regulated.
Using examples and case studies, this paper discusses physical and economic efficiencies and their interrelationships. It emphasizes the role of pricing and regulations and provides general guidelines.     

FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENT OF DEEP PERCOLATION EMISSIONS IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Source control costs for deep percolation emissions from irrigated agriculture are analyzed using a farm-level model. Crop area, irrigation system and applied water are chosen to maximize the net benefits of agricultural production while accounting for the environmental damages and disposal costs of those emissions. Deep percolation is progressively reduced as environmental and disposal costs are increased. This occurs primarily through the adoption of more efficient irrigation technology and reductions in applied water for a given technology Higher surface water prices, such as through irrigation reform and constrained surface supplies, are additionally considered in light of the drainage problem, as are the effects, both short- and long-term, on ground water use.     

WATER-ENERGY LINKAGES IN NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT Nebraska is well endowed with water, particularly groundwater, but has few fossil fuel reserves. However, it is located adjacent to states which have almost no water but have enormous quantities of coal and oil shale. Recent court cases facilitate the movement of water from water-rich states such as Nebraska to water-short states, such as Colorado and Wyoming. The possibility of an energy-water partnership exists and raise numerous policy questions. Within Nebraska, energy consumption patterns are similar to those of the nation's, with consumption of electricity in the agricultural sector growing fastest. Water consumption in the state is dominated by agriculture, and future development of groundwater for irrigation is expected to be intense. Although water and energy are both factors of economic production, an equivalent amount of water consumption provides more jobs in the energy industries than in agriculture. Water and energy are also interdependent. Each is required to produce the other and conservation of one will cause conservation of the other. If both agriculture and electricity are involved, such as in irrigation, the conservation effects are synergistic. Current water policy in Nebraska is biased toward agriculture relative to the energy industries and provides little incentive for water conservation. Given recent court cases and economic conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of the sale of water for export or the use of water with Wyoming coal for energy development need to be compared systematically with those of using water only for agriculture.     

ON‐FARM WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA1

ABSTRACT: In southern Alberta, as elsewhere, pressures on limited water supplies are increasing. Not surprisingly, a great deal of attention has been focused on irrigated agriculture, which accounts for the largest share of water consumed in the region. In order to meet broadly accepted water conservation goals, some commentators have suggested that irrigation water use should be metered and that irrigators should be charged based on the amount of water used. An alternative proposal would have water management authorities rely upon the perceived adaptability of irrigators. This paper offers a perspective on the willingness of irrigators to conserve water. Based on a survey of 183 irrigation farmers conducted over the summer and early fall of 1998, we found that irrigators are generally aware of the need to conserve water and soil moisture, and that a variety of water conserving strategies were being employed. Water saving technologies specific to irrigation agriculture were less widely adopted. The findings suggest that there is considerable potential to reduce the amount of water consumed by the irrigation sector through increased efficiency, but that change will be limited if current economic circumstances and institutional arrangements persist.     

TRENDS IN WESTERN UNITED STATES AGRICULTURE: IRRIGATION ORGANIZATIONS1

ABSTRACT: From 1940 to 1978, irrigated acreage in the Western United States increased by over 150 percent, irrigated acres per farm increased by 204 percent, and the number of irrigation organizations grew by 31 percent. Understanding the factors affecting these trends (in the structure of irrigated agriculture) is the key to formulating policies for efficient allocation and transfer of water in the west. Four variables that impact the composition of irrigation organizations are farm size changes, organizational efficiency, intersectoral competition for water, and governmental policies. The conclusions show that from 1940 to 1978, the total number of irrigated farms and organizations declined, and the average farm size increased, and larger management oriented organizations such as districts and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation have become more prevalent. With respect to total quantities of water delivered, districts have increased over 50 percent since the 1959 Census and over 100 percent since the 1950 Census, while unincorporated mutuals have declined by approximately 20 percent. Future organizational structure tends to be moving in the direction of more management control as opposed to user control. Changes in water use, delivery, investment, transfers, and laws will continue to change the structure of irrigation organizations and institutions in the west.     

CASE STUDIES OF AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSERVATION1

Farmers from four irrigation districts in Texas and California were questioned about water conservation practices they are now using, those they plan to adopt, and potential incentives that government might offer to induce still further water conservation on their part. While responses differed somewhat from place to place and among individual farmers, the general results were: a) farmers reported that “water conservation” is not new to them, it is something they practice regularly; b) recent innovations such as laser controlled land leveling devices have permitted some substantial water use reductions in recent years; and c) even greater incentive mechanisms that government could provide and that farmers would accept as useful incentives, such as long term low interest loans for water saving equipment, would probably not be able to reduce water use in agriculture much further than 15 percent below current levels. It is recommended nonetheless that Federal agencies and local water districts and individuals should nonetheless pursue water conservation training and education programs, demonstrations of conjunctive use and water banking opportunities for water saving, and increased loan programs for installation of water saving equipment.     

Regional planning for the siting of local evaporation basins for the disposal of saline irrigation drainage: development and testing of a GIS-based suitability approach

In order to prevent salinisation of the streams of the Riverine Plain of the Murray-Darling Basin in southern Australia, evaporation basins are used to dispose of saline irrigation drainage water. Local on-farm (individual landholder) and community (shared between multiple landholders) basins are increasingly being used to prevent export of salt outside irrigation districts. There are questions regarding the availability of land suitable for these basins and their impact on the surrounding environment. We describe the use of currently available spatial data to assist in regional planning for the environmentally safe use of these basins. A GIS-based approach was developed using suitability criteria expected to minimise the risk of off-site effects of basin leakage. The criteria were proximity to surface water features, urban areas and infrastructure, water table depth and salinity, and soil hydraulic conductivity. The approach was applied to all of the major irrigation districts at 1:250,000, the scale at which data are available over the entire Riverine Plain. Confidence in well-defined parameters such as proximity to infrastructure, urban areas and surface water features was higher than for those involving interpolated point data such as water table depth, salinity, and hydraulic conductivity. Most critically, hydraulic conductivity, the most important factor for basin leakage, was found to be unreliable at this scale. Use of higher resolution data (up to 1:100,000) available for two of the irrigation districts improved confidence in both water table depth and salinity but not in hydraulic conductivity. Despite these limitations, it was found that: (i) on-farm basins can only be used on an opportunistic basis in the eastern irrigation districts, but can be widely used in the western districts; (ii) community basins can be used anywhere there is suitable land; and (iii) the results raise serious questions as to whether there is enough suitable land in the eastern districts to dispose of all of the drainage water that is produced.