实现污泥深度脱水和重金属去除的生物沥浸处理技术

阐述了生物沥浸处理技术的基本原理、工艺流程及主要技术特点,通过典型应用工程实例表明,采用生物沥浸预处理方法不但可大幅度提高污泥脱水性能,而且可去除污泥中的重金属、恶臭,杀灭病原物,脱水后的污泥水分含量很低(60%以下),无臭、卫生、无害,可广泛应用于城镇污水处理厂及工业行业的污泥处理,市场前景十分广阔。     

基于地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价广西某蔗田土壤重金属污染

采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对广西某蔗田土壤中重金属污染进行评价。结果表明：4种重金属元素的地积累指数污染程度由强到弱依次为：Cd〉Zn〉Pb〉Cu,潜在生态危害指数污染程度由强到弱依次为：Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn,其中zn的影响程度发生了变化。2种评价方法的结果存在差异,蔗田土壤的地积累指数污染程度处于无污染情况,而潜在生态危害指数污染程度处于低度危害程度。潜在生态危害指数考虑外源重金属的富集程度和不同重金属的生物毒性的影响,使其评价结果更准确。     

污泥中重金属污染现状及处置方式研究

对城市污水处理厂污泥中重金属来源、危害及处置进行讨论。采用火焰原子吸收法及原子荧光法对某城市污水处理厂污泥中重金属进行测定,结果表明:Zn、Pb、Cr、Hg含量均符合我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》污泥农用控制标准,Cd、Cu含量略高于该标准;依据重金属元素在污泥中的主要存在形态,讨论了污泥排放对环境的潜在风险;提出固定或沥滤处理可用于污泥处置,固定处理法相对经济,操作简便,更易推广。     

扬州市工业用地重金属污染潜在生态危害分析

应用潜在生态危害指数法,分析扬州某工业开发区土壤重金属污染状况,结果表明,由于工业排放造成的重金属潜在生态危害十分明显:综合各金属危害来看,有6个点位潜在生态危害指数处于中等到强水平,占比30%;区分各重金属造成的潜在生态危害面积,Cd占比95%,Hg占比45%,Pb占比5%.需引起足够重视.     

泸州市蔬菜种植地土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为了解泸州市蔬菜种植地土壤重金属的污染状况,分析了泸州市蔬菜地土壤中的p H值、有机质以及重金属(Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu)含量,并用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法、地积累指数法以及潜在生态危害指数法对该地区土壤重金属污染状况以及生态风险进行评价。结果表明,该地区土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu的平均含量水平未超过四川土壤背景值土壤。利用农业行业标准(NY/T391-2000)中土壤污染元素的浓度限值进行评价,泸州市蔬菜种植地土壤重金属均未超标。地积累指数及潜在生态危害综合指数评价结果表明,泸州市蔬菜种植地土壤中重金属污染处于轻微污染或无污染以及轻微的潜在生态风险水平,Cd的潜在生态危害系数最高,贡献最大。     

新疆沙漠腹地东道海子土壤中重金属污染评价

本文以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠腹地的东道海子为对象,研究东道海子沿岸土壤中重金属(Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu和Zn)污染特征,并用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属的潜在生态危害进行分析评价。结果表明:东道海子沿岸土壤中重金属含量均满足我国土壤环境质量一级标准,除Hg(49%)和As(54%)外,其余几种重金属含量差异不大,变异系数均小于30%。10个采样点的7种单一元素潜在生态危害系数均为轻微生态危害,10个采样点的潜在生态危害指数也为轻微生态危害,表明东道海子沿岸土壤受到重金属污染较小。     

杭州市临安区农田土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对杭州市临安区农田土壤采用蛇形随机布点法采集63个土壤混合样,对土壤重金属现状进行调查与评价。利用内梅罗综合污染指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对该区域农田土壤重金属的污染程度与潜在的生态危害进行评价。结果表明:研究区域内Hg、As、Cu、Cd变异系数较大,可能存在人为影响。从单因子污染指数数据分析,土壤中重金属Hg超标最为严重、其次是As、Cu;內梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,研究区域内大部分土壤污染水平属于尚清洁以上,小部分土壤重金属呈现不同程度污染,主要是由于Hg、As、Cu污染导致。单个元素潜在生态危害指数评价显示,Hg表现为较强风险,其他元素均呈现较低风险,单个元素潜在生态危害指数均值依次为Hg Cd As Cu Ni Pb Cr Zn;多种重金属综合潜在危害指数总体上为轻微风险,极小部分为中等风险,主要由于Hg污染。研究区域部分地区出现单个金属总量出现超过风险筛选值且低于风险管控值,下一步应加强对该土壤及农产品的协同监测。     

西宁污水处理厂污泥中重金属测定及生态风险评价

采集城镇污泥,微波消解法对样品进行前处理,原子吸收分光光度法测定。污泥中铜38.7mg/kg、铅18.0mg/kg、锌127mg/kg、镉0.074mg/kg、镍9.5mg/kg。排放和农用时,重金属浓度均符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)、《城镇污水处理厂污泥处置农用泥质》(CJ/T309-2009)中的相关限值要求。计算的潜在生态危害指数RI值小于150,具有轻微生态危害,但可以作为农业肥料使用。     

西安市生活污水厂污泥中重金属特性及再利用风险评价

通过评价西安市污水厂污泥理化性质、重金属含量和潜在生态风险，探究污泥再利用的可行性。分析了西安市7个具有代表性的生活污水处理厂污泥的基本理化性质和6种重金属(Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn)在不同时期的含量变化，并对污泥再利用做了可行性评价和潜在风险评价。结果表明，各污水厂污泥除XA3污水厂Cd未达标外，其余污水厂均符合再利用标准要求。西安市农用地和绿地可承载污泥量远高于污泥产生量，潜在生态风险评价显示，XA3污水处理厂污泥危害为中等风险，其他污水处理厂污泥均属于低风险。     

四川石棉工业园区周边土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价研究

为了解工业园区周边土壤重金属污染状况,选取园区周边12个采样点,测定土壤样品中重金属含量,采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险对土壤重金属污染现状进行了评价。结果显示,园区周边土壤重金属平均含量高于背景值(除Cu和Ni),Hg、Pb、Zn最多超出背景值4.040、3.005、3.900倍。部分点位Pb和Zn含量超超过国家土壤环境质量标准限值。地累积指数法表明,园区Hg、Pb、Zn的多数点位介于中度污染和重度污染水平之间,部分点位处于重度以上污染水平,其余重金属多为中度及以下污染水平。潜在生态风险评价表明,单个金属生态风险程度为:HgCdPbAsZnNiCuCr。由于Hg和Cd元素的毒性系数较大,潜在的生态危害的可能也较大,其余6种重金属均处于轻微低风险级别。整体的潜在生态风险来看,工业园区周边土壤多数处于中等风险级别状态。可见,工业园区周边土壤整体状况较差,存在中等的潜在生态危害。     

Bioproduction of ferric sulfate used during heavy metals removal from sewage sludge

Toxic metals removal from wastewater sewage sludge can be achieved through microbial processes involving Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The oxidation of ferrous ions by A. ferrooxidans, cultured in sewage sludge filtrate, was studied in both batch and continuous flow stirred tank reactors. Sewage sludge filtrate containing natural nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) was recovered as effluent following the dehydration of a primary and secondary sludge mixture. Batch and continuous flow stirred tank reactor tests demonstrated that A. ferrooxidans were able to grow and completely oxidize ferrous iron in a culture medium containing more than 80% (v v(-1)) sewage sludge filtrate with 10 g Fe(II) L(-1) added. Toxic levels were reached when total organic carbon in the sewage sludge filtrate exceeded 250 mg L(-1). The ferric iron solution produced in the sludge filtrate by A. ferrooxidans was used to solubilize heavy metals in primary and secondary sludge. The solubilization of Cu, Cr, and Zn yielded 71, 49, and 80%, respectively. This is comparable with the yield percentages obtained using a FeCl(3) solution. The cost of treating wastewater sewage sludge by bioproducing a ferric ion solution from sewage sludge is three times less expensive than the conventional method requiring a commercial ferric chloride solution.     

西溪湿地底泥质量现状与生态风险初步评价

为了解西溪湿地底泥质量现状,2012年9月采集保护区内不同干扰类型的底泥样本,测试了底泥中重金属和POPs中PCBs、OCPs和PAHs的含量,并对湿地底泥污染进行了生态风险初步评价。结果表明,底泥中未检出PCBs和OCPs,但检测出14种EPA优控PAHs,总PAHs的浓度范围为115.9～217.8 ng·g^-1,低于潜在生态风险的效应区间低值ERL,其中列入中国＂水中优先控制污染黑名单＂的7种PAHs均有检出并且其总量占∑PAHs 1/2左右（平均为50.08%）;底泥中8种重金属含量平均值低于《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618—1995）的二级标准,但Hg、Zn、Pb、Ni含量在多个位点已超过一级标准;分别采用土壤背景值和国家一级标准为参比值对湿地底泥中重金属进行单因子污染风险指数评价,发现分别有7种和4种元素的污染指数大于1;综合分析不同干扰类型的底泥质量,发现底泥疏浚能有效降低有机质含量、全氮和PAHs含量,但对全磷、重金属含量则无明显效果,封闭水体的干塘措施能显著减少污泥量和有机物含量。研究结果表明,西溪湿地底泥中高环PAHs和重金属污染水平可能对西溪湿地生物具有潜在的生物毒性作用及不利的生态影响效应,其疏浚底泥农用则无生态风险。     

Bioleaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge: A review

During the treatment of sewage, a huge volume of sludge is generated, which is disposed of on land as soil fertilizer/conditioner due to the presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrients. However, the presence of toxic heavy metals and other toxic compounds in the sludge restricts its use as a fertilizer. Over the years, bioleaching has been developed as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective technology for the removal of heavy metals from the sludge. The present paper gives an overview of the various bioleaching studies carried out in different modes of operation. The various important aspects such as pathogen destruction, odor reduction and metal recovery from acidic leachate also have been discussed. Further, a detailed discussion was made on the various technical problems associated with the bioleaching process, which need to be addressed while developing the process on a larger scale.     

Ecotoxicity assessment of slag generated in the process of recycling lead from waste batteries

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxicity of the leachate produced by the residues generated in the process of recycling lead from waste batteries. These residues are slag, which once formed, is characterised by its content in ferrous sulphide, sodium carbonate as well as residual coke from the process. It also contains, as minor components, lead and other heavy metals. The slag was stored and watered periodically over a period of 6 months, its composition changing until finally becoming inert, with no exothermal activity. The slag was leached, and its ecotoxicity was determined by means of the bioluminescence test, along with its content in heavy metals. The results obtained indicate a greater degree of toxicity in the residues with a shorter storage period than the established one, and which were therefore still in the phase of decomposition. However, in the samples taken on completing 6 months of storage, the EC₅₀ value of the leachate was found to be higher than 3000 mg/l. Hence, a storage period under suitable environmental conditions which leads to inactivity of the residue as well as a decrease in its ecotoxicity, is considered absolutely essential. At the same time, a direct relationship was observed between the lead content and the ecotoxicity value.     

低含油污泥固化处理技术研究*

针对辽河油田欢采水厂低含油污泥,采用固化处理方法,测定了固化剂用量对抗压强度的影响和促凝剂用量对固化时间的影响,得到含油污泥:固化剂:促凝剂最佳配比为100:12:1.5。对含油污泥固化块进行浸出液毒性监测,分析结果表明:含油污泥固化块浸出液中重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Zn、Ni、Cd的含量明显降低,远低于GB5085.3-2007《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》;浸出液中COD降低了77%。     

Leaching characteristics of heavy metals from sewage sludge by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans MET

An acidophilic, sulfur-oxidizing Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans MET bacterium was isolated from anaerobically digested, dewatered sewage sludge. This bacterium showed sulfur-oxidizing ability at both acidic and neutral conditions, and allowed metal leaching even at a high (130 g L(-1)) sludge solids concentration. We found that low metal leaching efficiency at high solids concentration was mainly due to an increase in buffering capacity resulting in retardation of pH reduction. Therefore, metal leaching was mainly influenced not by sludge solids concentration, but by the pH (or sulfate concentration per unit sludge mass) of the sludge solutions. The relationship between the pH of the sludge solution and the efficiency of metal leaching was obtained by quantitatively investigating the effect of pH reduction or the amount of sulfate produced per unit sludge mass on leaching of each metal. Furthermore, the relationship between total metal content in the sludge and metal leached to the solution was obtained for each metal. Such a relationship allowed estimation of leachable metal at various amounts of total metal content in sludge.     

Solubility of phosphorus and heavy metals in potting media amended with yard waste-biosolids compost

The potential risk of surface and ground water contamination by phosphorus (P) and heavy metals leached from compost-based containerized media has become an environmental concern. Solubility and fractionation of P and heavy metals were evaluated in media containing 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% compost derived from biosolids and yard trimmings for potential impacts on the environment. As compost proportion in peat-based media increased from 0 to 100%, concentrations of total P, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Mn in the media increased whereas concentrations of total Co and Cr decreased. Except for Cu, all heavy metals in the water-soluble fraction decreased with increasing compost proportion in the media, because of higher Fe, Al, and Ca concentrations and pH values of the composts than the peat. When the media pH is controlled and maintained at normal range of plant growth (5.5-6.5), leaching of the heavy metals is minimal. Incorporation of compost to the peat-based media also decreased the proportion of total P that was water-soluble. However, concentrations of bioavailable inorganic phosphorus (NaHCO3-IP), readily mineralizable organic phosphorus (NaHCO3-OP), potentially bioavailable inorganic phosphorus (NaOH-IP), and potentially bioavailable organic phosphorus (NaOH-OP) were still higher in the media amended with compost because of higher total P concentration in the compost. Further study is needed to verify if less or no topdressing of chemical P fertilizer should be applied to the compost-amended media to minimize P effect on the environment when compost-amended potting media are used for nursery or greenhouse crop production systems.