粉末活性炭在饮用水处理中应用的研究进展

介绍了粉末活性炭（PAC）的基本性质，并对其在饮用水处理应用中的重要影响因素进行了探讨；综述了PAC去除原水中嗅味物质、藻毒素、消毒副产物前驱物以及农药等痕量有机污染物的研究现状；分析了粉末活性炭（PAC）与其他工艺的组合技术在饮用水处理中的应用效果，并对其应用前景做出展望。     

饮用水中嗅味物质-土臭素和二甲基异冰片去除技术

本文介绍了引起饮用水臭味的痕量污染物土臭素（geosmin，GSM）和二甲基异冰片（2-methylisoborneol，MIB）的来源和危害，分析了吸附、臭氧氧化、光催化氧化、生物氧化等工艺对它们的去除效果。针对原水中不同种类和不同浓度的嗅味物质，应采取不同的处理工艺，达到良好的处理效果，满足居民对水质的要求。     

原水嗅味与处理措施

针对日益普遍的以地表水为原水的饮用自来水中的嗅味问题,结合秦皇岛市水源地富营养化和水厂运行的实际情况,分析了嗅味产生的原因,给出了水源地和水厂需要采取的措施,特别是在当前水环境条件下,水厂需因地制宜地采取气浮及臭氧、活性碳等深度处理工艺.     

氧化塘技术处理采油废水运转效果监测及分析

氧化塘技术是处理工业废水常用的方法之一。对桩西采油厂的氧化塘设置了5个监测点位,每月监测4～8次。由监测数据可知,氧化塘温度决定藻类、细菌和其他水生物优势种属的演替;COD的去除效果受季节影响较小;塘内水流受风向影响较大;对石油类物质的去除效果比较稳定;挥发酚的去除与季节有较大关联;硫化物的去除率很高。分析结果表明,该氧化塘运转状况良好,但应注意来水状况。     

吹扫捕集气质联用测定水中嗅味物质的研究

文章建立了一种用吹扫捕集—气相色谱质谱联用技术测定饮用水中土臭素(GSM)和二甲基异冰片(2-MIB)等嗅味物质的分析方法,确定了最佳的色谱条件、质谱条件和水样处理方法。当取样量为25mL时,回收率分别为96%和89%,RSD<10%,检出限为0.002mg/L。     

活性炭的吸附机理及其在水处理方面的应用

本文从活性炭表面的物理性质和化学性质,介绍了活性炭吸附的一般机理。综述了活性炭在城市给水、工业废水及城市污水深度处理中的研究进展;混凝—活性炭吸附工艺在净水工程中的应用;臭氧—生物活性炭技术去除水中有机污染物的工艺;MBR/PAC组合工艺及工业上使用石灰石与活性炭联合去除污染物的技术;从活性炭吸附性能指标的选择、有机物分子量的分布、活性炭的改性等方面,提出了活性炭在水处理应用上的问题和展望。     

固定化藻类去除氮、磷的研究进展

综述了近20年来固定化藻类去除氮、磷的主要研究,归纳分析了相关的研究数据和结果,分别从固定化技术、藻类的生理特征、去除机理、影响因素、生物反应器等方面做了具体介绍.     

水体中硝酸盐污染治理材料研究进展

硝酸盐是我国水体中主要的污染物之一,其去除方法主要包括离子交换法、反渗透法、电化学法、吸附法、化学法、生物法等。其中因吸附法操作简便、设计简单,近年来各种吸附材料被广泛研究和应用;在化学法中,纳米材料因其体积小、表面积大、反应活性高,在水体中硝酸盐的处理中具有广泛的应用前景。介绍了吸附和纳米材料在水体中硝酸盐的去除中的研究现状,并对水体中的硝酸盐去除技术趋势做综述。     

一种经济有效的含油地下水预处理方法——吹脱法

吹脱法应用于低浓度废水处理,可有效去除水中的溶解性气体和挥发性油类,同时还可增加水中的溶解氧,为进一步的生物处理创造有利条件。利用现场动态实验对影响除油的因素进行了试验研究,确定最佳处理条件为：气水比５∶１、淋水密度５．０ｍ３／（ｍ２·ｈ）,实验表明在最佳运行状态下,吹脱法对地下水中油类物质的去除率能够达到５０％,还能去除水中的铁、氨氮等污染物质,是一种非常有效的预处理方法。为了弄清目前炼油厂废水的处理水平,通过对三个典型炼油废水处理厂的调查,分别对其处理流程、处理效果、采用的主要处理药剂及处理工艺进行了介绍,分析了每套处理设施的长处以及与先进设施对比存在的不足。     

水,生命之源

正今年暑假,我们东营市胜利第四中学的绿色小记者组织了一次水质检测活动,对两处水质进行了检测,一处是烟台昆嵛山的溪水,另一处是东营广利河的河水。我们首先对色度、嗅和味、浑浊度、肉眼可见物进行了目测,然后用化学法对PH值、矿物质、余氯、化学需氧量COD、NH_4~+-N含量、PO_4~3-P含量六项指标进行了测定。经过水质检测分析,昆嵛山的水无色无味、清澈见底、矿物质含量丰富,PH值为6.6,余氯含量为     

Costs of the electrochemical oxidation of wastewaters: a comparison with ozonation and Fenton oxidation processes

In the work described here the technical and economic feasibilities of three Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been studied: Conductive-Diamond Electrochemical Oxidation (CDEO), Ozonation and Fenton oxidation. The comparison was made by assessing the three technologies with synthetic wastewaters polluted with different types of organic compounds and also with actual wastes (from olive oil mills and from a fine-chemical manufacturing plant). All three technologies were able to treat the wastes, but very different results were obtained in terms of efficiency and mineralization. Only CDEO could achieve complete mineralization of the pollutants for all the wastes. However, the efficiencies were found to depend on the concentration of pollutant (mass transfer control of the oxidation rate). Results obtained in the oxidation with ozone (at pH 12) or by Fenton's reagent were found to depend on the nature of the pollutants, and significant concentrations of oxidation-refractory compounds were usually accumulated during the treatment. Within the discharge limits that all of the technologies can reach, the economic analysis shows that the operating cost of Fenton oxidation is lower than either CDEO or ozonation, although CD\EO can compete satisfactorily with the Fenton process in the treatment of several kinds of wastes. Likewise, the investment cost for the ozonation process seems to be higher than either CDEO or Fenton oxidation, regardless of the pollutant treated.     

饮用水中砷去除技术综述

自从1996年孟加拉国和印度报道慢性砷中毒事件以来，饮用水砷污染和砷中毒问题就受到全世界的关注。如何解决这一难题，研究人员进行了大量研究。本文综述了饮用水中砷的去除方法，包括混凝／沉淀、吸附、离子交换技术等，对各种除砷技术进行了总结和比较。     

水环境中挥发性有机物的监测方法

挥发性有机物具有种类多、含量少以及毒性大等特点,已成为我国水质监测优先控制污染物。本文叙述了近年来水中挥发性有机物在环境监测中的研究现状,主要介绍了4种预处理技术和两种分析方法,同时简单介绍了水环境中挥发性有机物的发展方向。     

The impact of sensory learning modalities on children’s sensitivity to sensory cues in the perception of their school environment

Learning style models recognised that individuals differ in the sense learning modality of stimuli from which they best absorb, retain and process new information. The effect of sensory learning modalities on individual children’s sensitivity to sensory cues has so far been neglected. This paper reports on a study that sought to establish whether individual differences in children’s sensitivity to sensory cues in their perception of their school environmental features is influenced by their sensory learning modalities. Participants included Key Stage 1 and 2 pupils (N = 151) from four primary schools in South Gloucestershire, UK. The study used a child-friendly Visual, Auditory and Kinaesthetic questionnaire to establish children’s learning style modality. All children, independent of their learning style category, were exposed to three types of sensory cues, consisting of photo-safari, speech frequency and Global Positioning System. The analysis revealed that children’s sensitivity to sensory cues in their perception of school environmental features varied significantly between the three sensory learning modalities: visual, auditory and kinaesthetic. The implications of these findings on research, policy and practice are discussed.     

地下水DNAPLs污染的研究进展

地下水有机污染特别是DNAPLs污染是当前国际上地下水污染控制的热点问题。本文综述了DNAPLs的监测技术、DNAPL在含水层的迁移及DNAPb污染场地修复技术的研究进展。     

Reduction of malodorous compounds from a treated swine anaerobic lagoon

There is a need for treatment technologies that can eliminate environmental problems associated with anaerobic lagoons. These technologies must be able to capture nutrients, kill pathogens, and reduce emissions of ammonia and nuisance odors. To meet these needs, a full-scale wastewater treatment plant was installed as a demonstration project on one of three 4360-pig (Sus scrofa) production units in a finishing farm in Duplin County, North Carolina. Once the treatment plant was operational, flow of raw manure into the unit's corresponding lagoon was discontinued and the lagoon was used to store treated wastewater. Water quality was monitored in the converted lagoon and in the two conventional lagoons. A gas chromatographic method was developed to measure concentration of five selected malodorous compounds (phenol, p-cresol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, and skatole) in liquid lagoon samples. Dramatic improvements in the water quality parameters TKN, NH3-N, solids, COD, and BOD in the converted waste lagoon paralleled reductions in malodorous compounds. Nine months after conversion, identified malodorous compounds in liquid extractions averaged 6.6 and 38.8 ng mL(-1) in water from the converted lagoon and the conventional lagoons, respectively. The reduction was particularly marked for p-cresol, 4-ethylphenol, and skatole, all of which make important contributions to swine waste odors due to their characteristic odors and low detection thresholds.     

LCA study of photovoltaic systems based on different technologies

This work deals with the application of a Life Cycle Assessment approach for evaluating the environmental and energy impacts ascribed to the production of photovoltaic (PV) cells of first and second generations. PV technologies based on silicon and CuInSe₂ (CIS) thin films were taken into account herein. PV systems prepared with amorphous silicon (a-Si) showed a low environmental impact and short energy payback time when compared to those ones obtained using crystalline silicon (c-Si). PV technologies associated with mono-crystal (mono-Si) and polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si) showed large emissions of CO₂, nitrogen oxides, non-methane volatile organic compounds, particulates, and SO₂ into air per square meter of PV panel processed. In addition, these technologies displayed a significant fossil fuel demand, biological oxygen demand, and global warming potential, which make them eco-unfriendly. Ribbon silicon (ribbon-Si) and CIS thin films showed intermediate impact scores, but further improvements in their production chain are needed before these devices are commercially used. The technologies examined herein were categorized in first- and second-generation technologies in order to compare their environmental impact and conversion efficiency. Much attention was also paid to the development of third-generation PV cells with improved conversion efficiencies and lower environmental impacts.     

有机磷类农药残留分析检测技术研究进展

用样品前处理、样品分析检测两个方法,阐述近几年常用的有机磷类农药残留分析检测技术原理及优缺点,并提出未来样品前处理技术及有机磷类农药检测技术的发展趋势。     

油气田挥发性有机物管控源项及排放系数研究

对美国油气田挥发性有机物(VOCs)管控要求、排放系数、可行技术及相关治理费用进行梳理总结,为我国油气田VOCs排放标准、排污许可申请技术规范、污染源核算技术指南等制定以及油气田企业VOCs治理提供借鉴。美国新建污染源控制标准主要对油气田油气井完井、储存、气动阀、气动泵、压缩机、设备泄漏、无组织逸散等VOCs污染源提出管控要求。参照我国当前石油化学工业VOCs管控理念,可将上述污染源归为设备和管道组件密封点、物料转移和输送、工艺无组织、储存4个源项进行管控。     

畜禽养殖废水处理技术探讨

介绍了畜禽养殖废水有机物和氨氮含量高、可生化性好等特点及其污染现状,从物化法和生物法两个方面综述了近年来国内外有关畜禽养殖废水处理技术的研究进展,并分析了现有处理方法的优缺点和存在的问题。在此基础上提出了现阶段厌氧（缺氧）一好氧组合工艺技术是处理较大规模畜禽养殖废水的主要方法。并建议畜禽养殖废水的治理应从“防”、“治”两个方面入手。