两性猕猴桃株系“龙山红”的生物学特征

“龙山红”是从四川省龙门山南段的野生彩色猕猴桃中筛选出的一个两性花品种，平均单果重65．59g，可溶性固形物含量14．6％、总糖含量10．2％，果实酸甜适口，香气浓厚。果实成熟后中柱外围（即种子外侧）的果肉成淡红色，果实较耐贮运。首次发现雌雄同体且充分发育的两性花猕猴桃品种，在理论上和生产上都具有重要的意义。     

芦笋可乐饮料的加工

芦笋可乐饮料的加工严鸿芦笋被誉为世界十大名菜之一，其嫩茎营养丰富，每１００ｇ鲜笋含蛋白质１．８ｇ、糖３．３ｇ、胡萝卜素０．３４ｍｍ、维生素Ｃ１２ｍｍ，以及０．７１％～０．９６％的非蛋白含氨物质──天冬酰胺；此外，还含有大量的细织蛋白、叶酸和核酸。这些...     

生长于铬污染土壤上石榴产品铬污染评价

研究了攀西地区铬污染土壤和正常土壤铬含量分布及其石榴样品铬污染情况。结果表明攀枝花大田石榴基地土壤铬含量在23．1—504mg／kg，平均值高达184mg／kg，超标率为26％，而对该基地的石榴果实进行两年连续监测结果表明，铬含量在0．0012—0．067mg／kg之间，平均为0．016mg／kg，大大低于相应产品标准（0．5mg／kg），超标率为0％；会理石榴基地土壤铬含量在34．5—99．1mg／kg，平均值为69．0mg／kg，超标率为0％，该基地的石榴果实铬含量在0．0075—0．104mg／kg之间，平均为0．024mg／kg，大大低于相应产品标准（0．5mg／kg），超标率为0％。形态分析表明土壤中铬99％以上都是以不被植物利用的残渣态存在，因此土壤总铬再高，其被植物可吸收部分却很少，这就导致了受铬污染的土壤却不一定能生产出污染石榴的原因。     

优质葡萄——金优葡萄

金优葡萄又叫黄金香葡萄，由日本植原葡萄研究所育成，是乒乓藤稔葡萄的最佳搭配和补充品种。一般粒重１２ｇ，最大粒重１８ｇ，平均穗重４５０ｇ，含糖１８％～２０％。据南昌县小兰葡萄良种场种植经验证明：①金优葡萄果肉厚，味道纯甜，果实在着色前就可食用，在我国葡萄优良品种评比中居欧美杂交种第一名。②抗病、抗湿能力极强，病虫害少，适宜南北各地种植。③早熟，比乒乓藤稔葡萄早熟１０天左右，可尽快占领市场，价格较高。④不裂果、不脱粒，采果后果穗在１ｍ～２ｍ高处抛下不脱粒，可解决葡萄在长途运输中的裂果和脱粒现象。⑤种…     

黄河上游地区云雨宏观特征分析

利用１９９２～１９９６年４～９月，黄河上游河曲段部分气象站，逐日０２、０８、１４、２０时云量，２０～０８时、０８～２０时降水资料，计算分析了４～９月黄河上游河曲地区云层特征，阴天、雨天出现频率，地理分布，总云量、低云量与降水的关系。结果表明：黄河上游河曲地区，４～９月阴天出现频率约４５％。地理分布以久治为高值中心，由南向北呈递减趋势。≥０１ｍｍ降水日数占阴天日数的比例约７０％，≥５．０ｍｍ的比例约２３％，≥２５．０ｍｍ的比例不足１％。并指出黄河上游地区以低云降水为多，但降水强度小，持续时间短，夜间降水多于白天     

示差脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定中药川附子痕量铅镉

本文报道了以ＨＮＯ３－ＨＣｌＯ４湿法消化、醋酸盐介质法差脉冲阳极溶出伏安法测定中药川附子中的铅镉。样品中铅镉含量分别在０．２－０．４μｇ．ｇ＾－１、０．０３－０．１６μｇ．ｇ＾－１,回收率９０－１１０％。     

樱桃李

樱桃李属特晚熟品种,于8月中下旬成熟,挂果密集,无大小年之分。果皮呈深褐色,果实呈樱桃形(心脏形),酷似桃形李和油奈李,橙黄色;核似核桃,核肉分离,核重06ｇ～11ｇ;单果重以70ｇ～90ｇ为多,最大的180ｇ。樱桃李属高糖份水果,成熟果含糖量达19%,果实香味浓郁,肉质稍硬而脆...     

简易流动注射仪化学发光法测定水环境中的铵态氮

在０．１Ｍ的碱性条件下，ＮＢＳ（Ｎ—溴代丁二酰亚　胺）在荧光素的增敏作用下氧化氯化铵，产生强的化学发光。基于此本文详细研究了其反应　的特性和影响因素，在优化的实验条件下体系对氯化铵的测定范围为１．０×１０－７～１　．５×１０－５ｇ／ｍＬ，检出限为３．６×１０－８ｇ／ｍＬ，对５．０×１０－６ｇ／ｍＬ氯化铵　进行１１次平行测定，其ＲＳＤ为２．８％。将本法用于环境水样中ＮＨ＋４的分析，并与常规的　方法进行对照，获得了满意的结果。     

特色资源

枣中珍品──无核脆枣山东省薛城区，盛产无核脆枣。该品种果实甜脆可口，宜鲜食，且果实无核，食用不用吐核，可谓是枣中珍品，其无核性状具有较高的商品开发价值。果实特征：果实长园形，果面平整洁净，纵横径２.４cm－３.１cm×１.６３cm－２.４２cm，平均单果重１６.９g，最大果重３９g，大小较整齐。果肩平园，梗洼平中深。果顶园，顶洼小，中深。果柄较长，果皮中厚，色泽鲜红，有亮泽，不裂果。果肉黄白色，质地致密，汁液中多，味甜，含可溶性固形物３５.６％，总糖１９.１３％、酸０.２１％、ＶＣ４.８６g/kg、核退化或革质，可含…     

2002年环保板块业绩略有下降

２００２年前三季度环保行业业绩保持了平稳的态势。１至９月６家公司的平均净利润为１００４２．４２万元，比今年１至６月份的６８８１．８４万元增加了４５．９３％。行业的加权平均每股收益为０．１７３２元，加权平均净资产收益率为７．３７９％；而２００２年中期的每股收益为０．１２０１元，净资产收益率为５．３６％。从环保行业的６家上市公司来看，龙净环保的原有电除尘器业务基本正常，而脱硫项目今年年内恐怕不会有成效；菲达环保今年７月新发股票，募集资金投资项目到明年才可以陆续完成，今年全年的业绩将比去年增长１０％左…     

Direct utilization of kitchen waste for bioethanol production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) using locally isolated yeast

Kitchen wastes containing high amounts of carbohydrates have potential as low-cost substrates for fermentable sugar production. In this study, enzymatic saccharification of kitchen waste was carried out. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the enzymatic saccharification conditions of kitchen waste. This paper presents analysis of RSM in a predictive model of the combined effects of independent variables (pH, temperature, glucoamylase activity, kitchen waste loading, and hydrolysis time) as the most significant parameters for fermentable sugar production and degree of saccharification. A 100 mL of kitchen waste was hydrolyzed in 250 mL of shake flasks. Quadratic RSM predicted maximum fermentable sugar production of 62.79 g/L and degree of saccharification (59.90%) at the following optimal conditions: pH 5, temperature 60°C, glucoamylase activity of 85 U/mL, and utilized 60 g/L of kitchen waste as a substrate at 10 h hydrolysis time. The verification experiments successfully produced 62.71 ± 0.7 g/L of fermentable sugar with 54.93 ± 0.4% degree of saccharification within 10 h of incubation, indicating that the developed model was successfully used to predict fermentable sugar production at more than 90% accuracy. The sugars produced after hydrolysis of kitchen waste were mainly attributed to monosaccharide: glucose (80%) and fructose (20%). The fermentable sugars obtained were subsequently used as carbon source for bioethanol production by locally isolated yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida parasilosis, and Lanchancea fermentati. The yeasts were successfully consumed as sugars hydrolysate, and produced the highest ethanol yield ranging from 0.45 to 0.5 g/g and productivity between 0.44 g L^–1 h^–1 and 0.47 g L^–1 h^–1 after 24-h incubation, which was equivalent to 82.06–98.19% of conversion based on theoretical yield.     

Highly efficient conversion of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with liquid hot water into ethanol at high solid loading

Liquid hot water (LHW), an environmental-friendly physico-chemical treatment, was applied to pretreat the sugarcane bagasse (SCB). Tween80, a non-ionic surfactant, was used to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated SCB. It found that 0.125 mL Tween80 /g dry matter could make the maximum increase (33.2%) of the glycan conversion of the LHW-pretreated SCB. A self-designed laboratory facility with a plate-and-frame impeller was applied to conduct batch hydrolysis, fed-batch hydrolysis, and the process of high-temperature (50°C) fed-batch hydrolysis following low-temperature (30°C) simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) which was adopted to overcome the incompatible optimum temperature of saccharification and fermentation in the SSF process. After hydrolyzing LHW-pretreated SCB for 120 h with commercial cellulase, the total sugar concentration and glycan conversion obtained from fed-batch hydrolysis were 91.6 g/L and 68.3%, respectively, which were 9.7 g/L and 7.3% higher than those obtained from batch hydrolysis. With Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y2034 fermenting under the non-sterile condition, the ethanol production and theoretical yield obtained from the process of SSF after fed-batch hydrolysis were 55.4 g/L and 88.3% for 72h, respectively, which were 15.5 g/L and 24.7% higher than those from separate fed-batch hydrolysis and fermentation. The result of this work was superior to the reported results obtained from the LHW-pretreated SCB.     

Long-Term Monitoring and Prediction for Settlement and Composition of Refuse in Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill

Parameters about composition of refuse such as mass percentage of biodegradable matter, volatile solid, organic carbon, cellulose, total sugar, and settlement were monitored and analyzed in a large-scale experimental unit. The empirical formulas between composition and refuse age were established in terms of the data obtained from the experimental unit and verified by comparing with the corresponding parameters of refuse in the closed landfill units from 1991 until 1994 in the Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill. Furthermore, the long-term prediction for the composition of refuse was made, and it was predicted that the half-life is 7 to 11 years for biodegradable matter, 9 to 12 years for organic carbon or volatile solid, 7 to 16 years for cellulose, and 4 to 6 years for total sugar. In addition, a mathematical model, based on the mechanism of refuse biodegradation in the landfill, was developed to simulate the relationship between the settlement and the refuse age and manifests the secondary settlement potential. The mathematical model was proved not only to be reliable but also should be accurate for predicting the settlement of the landfill. The secondary settlement, which mainly results from the slow and gradual biodegradation of refuse, is linear with respect to the exponent of refuse age. Finally, according to the settlement model and empirical biodegradation formulas, it may be predicted that, 79.4% of biodegradable matter, 92.9% of total sugar, 72.7% of volatile solid and organic carbon, and 73.1% of cellulose will be biodegraded and that 79% of the maximum secondary settlement potential will occur before the Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill is in a high stabilization situation, i.e., approximately 21 years after final closure.     

Optimization of activated carbon production from empty fruit bunch fibers in one-step steam pyrolysis for cadmium removal from aqueous solution

The fast growth of the palm oil industry in Malaysia is associated with various waste products, namely the empty fruit bunches (EFB), which have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, these wastes were utilized as a cheap raw material for the production of activated carbon (AC) with less energy consumption. One-step steam pyrolysis was used to produce AC from oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers (EFBF) by varying the operating parameters of temperature, steam flow rate, and activation time using two-level full factorial experimental design (FFD). Ten samples of AC were prepared and the optimized production conditions were chosen based on the ability to adsorb and remove cadmium. Physical activation comprised of carbonization for 30 min using nitrogen gas (N₂), followed by activation with steam at different flow rates (2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 ml/min), temperatures (600, 750, and 900°C) and times (15, 30, and 45 min). The AC sample produced at an activation temperature of 900°C with a steam flow rate of 2.0 ml/min and activation time of 15 min was selected as the best adsorbent with a total yield of 21.7%. It had adsorbed more than 97% of total cadmium from aqueous solution within 2 min of the contact time. Characterization of EFBF-based AC by SEM and BET surface area analysis had shown a good-quality adsorbent with highly active sites and well-developed pores with BET surface area of 635.16 m²/g. Experimental results indicated that the prepared AC from EFBF provide a promising solution in water and wastewater treatment.     

A review of studies applying environmental impact assessment methods on fruit production systems

Although many aspects of environmental accounting methodologies in food production have already been investigated, the application of environmental indicators in the fruit sector is still rare and no consensus can be found on the preferred method. On the contrary, widely diverging approaches have been taken to several aspects of the analyses, such as data collection, handling of scaling issues, and goal and scope definition. This paper reviews studies assessing the sustainability or environmental impacts of fruit production under different conditions and identifies aspects of fruit production that are of environmental importance. Four environmental assessment methods which may be applied to assess fruit production systems are evaluated, namely Life Cycle Assessment, Ecological Footprint Analysis, Emergy Analysis and Energy Balance. In the 22 peer-reviewed journal articles and two conference articles applying one of these methods in the fruit sector that were included in this review, a total of 26 applications of environmental impact assessment methods are described. These applications differ concerning e.g. overall objective, set of environmental issues considered, definition of system boundaries and calculation algorithms. Due to the relatively high variability in study cases and approaches, it was not possible to identify any one method as being better than the others. However, remarks on methodologies and suggestions for standardisation are given and the environmental burdens of fruit systems are highlighted.     

基于源流域水量水质模型研究小流域营养物管理方案

采用澳大利亚源流域水量水质模型模拟东山小流域内2001-2010年9种不同土地利用类型产生的降雨径流及总氮和总磷的污染负荷,模拟结果为:流域内多年平均径流量为6 150万m3/a,总氮输出负荷为270 t/a,总磷负荷为22 t/a。模拟结果表明:水产养殖塘和高地茶果树是东山地区主要的营养物来源。通过三个情景方案的模拟,说明当地环境管理方案可以有效地削减入湖的营养负荷,其中第二个情景方案的削减量最大,总氮和总磷负荷分别削减了18%和25%。     

Ethanol production from alkali-pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with mucor indicus

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a potential raw material for production of lignocellulosic bioethanol. The OPEFB was pretreated with 8% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 100°C for 10 to 90 min. Enzymatic digestion was carried out using cellulase and β-glucosidase at 45°C for 24 h. It was then inoculated with Mucor indicus spores suspension and fermented under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 96 h. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment effectively removed 51–57% of lignin in the OPEFB and also its hemicellulose (40–84%). The highest glucan digestibility (0.75 g/g theoretical glucose) was achieved in 40-min NaOH pretreatment. Fermentation by M. indicus resulted in 68.4% of the theoretical ethanol yield, while glycerol (16.2–83.2 mg/g), succinic acid (0–0.4 mg/g), and acetic acid (0–0.9 mg/g) were its by-products. According to these results, 11.75 million tons of dry OPEFB in Indonesia can be converted into 1.5 billion liters of ethanol per year.     

Erosion control at construction sites on red clay soils

Five single-treatment methods used to stabilize seeded areas at urban and highway construction sites (asphalt-tacked straw, jute netting, mulch blanket, wood chips, excelsior blanket) were tested for their ability to control erosion of red clay soils by comparisons with exposed sites and multiple treatments. Sediment in runoff from experimental plots was characterized during low and high intensity precipitation from natural rainfall episodes during April, May, and June. Reductions in the total sediment concentration of runoff ranged from 28 percent (asphalt-tacked straw, 50 percent slope) to 90 percent (multiple treatments, 40 percent slope), with 85 percent of the eroded material composed of particles <0.04 mm in diameter. Larger size fractions were effectively reduced by all treatments tested regardless of slope (70 percent decrease). Established grass cover exceeded 90 percent on all plots after 60 days, but sediment release remained similar, attributable to high intensity rainfall, poor establishment of root systems, and piping on plots treated with tacked straw or jute netting. Results indicate that current stabilization methods shift sediment compostion toward a smaller particle size, causing single treatments to be minimally effective for controlling erosion of the major component of red clay soils. Because small particles have the greatest direct effect on aquatic biota, certain impacts of sedimentation may not be measurably lessened by single treatments in regions where red clays predominate even though the total sediment load is reduced by as much as 75 percent. Clearly, a multiple-treatment approach offers significantly greater control of erosion on red clay soils, however, current economic and construction policy represents a substantial deterrent to implementation.     

The Effect of Sublethal Concentrations of Crude Oil on the Growth and Metabolism of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seedlings

Summary The effect of crude oil contaminated soil at various sublethal concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0%) on the growth and metabolism of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seedlings was studied. The results showed that crude oil induced environmental stress in the seedlings. This is indicated by the increase in free sugar, total protein and amino acids and a decrease in chlorophyll contents of the leaves of 12-day-old seedlings. The activities of total amylase and starch phosphorylase from the cotyledon and mitotic activity of the meristems of the root of 4-day-old seedling were inhibited by the various concentrations except at 0.5%, which showed stimulation of cellular and metabolic activities relative to seedlings in the control treatment.