生态市建设的战略环境影响评价初探——以淮南市为例

生态市建设是一项系统工程，是实现可持续发展的必然途径。通过对战略环境影响评价理论、方法的探讨，开发出了针对生态市建设的战略环境影响评价技术框架，并以淮南市为例，构建了一套完整的战略环境影响评价指标体系。最后分析了淮南生态市建设SEIA的主要内容：土地利用规划、产业政策结构调整以及各项战略的环境影响评价，为生态市建设SEIA提供方法和技术支持。     

土地一级开发环境影响评价初探

衔接土地利用规划和建设项目的土地一级开发伴随着土地政策的改革而出现。目前土地一级开发环境影响评价处于起步阶段，缺乏对这项工作系统的研究。本文结合工作中的实践经验，从土地一级开发环境影响评价实施的意义、作用和评价目的等方面对土地一级开发的环境影响评价进行了论述，分析了其环境影响评价存在的问题，总结了土地一级开发环境影响评价的技术要点，并对完善土地一级开发环境影响评价制度提出建议。     

基于熵权可拓模型的土地利用规划环境影响评价——以黄河三角洲高效生态经济区为例

土地利用规划环境影响评价对配置土地资源起到显著的优化作用,可为新一轮的土地利用规划修编提供科学基础。针对黄河三角洲高效生态经济区土地开发与利用状况,运用DPSIR(Driving-Pressure-State-Impact-Response)模型构建土地利用规划环境影响评价指标体系,结合熵权法和可拓学理论构建土地利用规划环境影响评价模型,分析自规划实施以来(2006—2015年)该区域土地利用与环境质量的变化过程。基于分析结果,对该地区规划目标年(2020年)的土地利用程度和环境质量水平进行了预测。结果表明:自新一轮土地利用规划实施以来,黄河三角洲高效生态经济区的自然环境质量整体上呈正向发展趋势,但人均水资源量、人均耕地面积、人均工业废气排放量等指标是影响该地区环境质量进一步改善的主要短板因素。     

土地利用规划环境影响评价的技术方法

评价方法的选择是实现土地利用规划环境影响评价的重点。借鉴项目环评和规划环评的某些方法，根据土地利用规划的层次、类型和阶段的特点，给出一个土地利用规划环评的方法集，并对几种主要方法的适用范围、优缺点进行分析，最后指出方法选择应注意的事项。     

我国农业规划环境影响评价的问题与对策

综述了我国规划环境影响评价制度体系建设、评价技术方法以及评价实践现状的概况。针对当前开展农业规划环境影响评价工作所面临的问题，从建立农业规划环境影响评价相关政策措施体系及配套管理办法、研究突破评价方法及关键技术、制定颁布农业规划环境影响评价导则与技术规范等方面，提出了推进我国农业规划环境影响评价工作的对策措施。     

论战略环境影响评价制度的若干主要内容

着重分析《环境影响评价法》有关战略环境影响评价制度的若干主要内容，包括战略环境影响评价的适用范围、公众参与和环境影响后评价制度，认为《环境影响评价法》有关战略环境影响评价制度的内容是先进的，但也指出了相关规定的些许不足。     

构建土地利用规划环境影响评价的指标体系

20世纪90年代中期,土地科学界和生态学界曾提出:"无论将土地作为生产性利用还是非生产性利用,都会形成一种干扰,使生态环境的不确定性增大,从而降低土地利用规划的科学性和合理性".在这一背景条件下,尝试性地按照土地利用类型对其所带来的环境变化影响与效应进行了分析,并在此基础上构建土地利用规划环境影响评价指标体系及可采用的评价方法.     

土地利用总体规划的环境影响评价指标体系研究

科学合理的土地利用总体规划环境影响评价指标体系既可提高规划的科学性,又可为新一轮规划的修编提供科学依据。运用系统分析法、归纳演绎法、专家咨询法等方法研究建立土地利用总体规划的环境影响评价指标体系,初步将其构建为目标层、准则层和指标层3个层次,包括社会指标、环境指标及资源指标。     

生态适宜度评价在开发区环评和环境规划中的应用——以江苏常熟东南开发区为例

本文以江苏省常熟东南开发区为研究对象，在开发区的环境影响评价和环境保护规划中引入土地利用生态适宜度评价的方法，建立开发区生态适宜度评价指标体系，并借助GIS技术将数值计算和图形叠置有机结合，实现了对经济开发区土地利用进行生态适宜度评价的定量化研究方法，为经济开发区的合理规划提供决策依据。     

战略环评与长三角科学发展

自上世纪提出战略环境影响评价以及规划环境影响评价以来,全世界已有40多个国家提出战略环评的要求,世界环评制度正在向政策环评逐步推进。以我国长三角地区的发展需求为例,说明要发展,就必须走出先污染、后治理的老路,发挥后发优势,需要的是先规划、后发展的战略环评理念。     

EIA application in China's expressway infrastructure: clarifying the decision-making hierarchy

China's EIA Law came into effect in 2003 and formally requires road transport infrastructure development actions to be subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). EIAs (including project EIA and plan EIA, or strategic environmental impact assessment, SEA) have been being widely applied in the expressway infrastructure planning field. Among those applications, SEA is applied to provincial level expressway network (PLEI) plans, and project EIA is applied to expressway infrastructure development 'projects' under PLEI plans. Three case studies (one expressway project EIA and two PLEI plan SEAs) were examined to understand currently how EIAs are applied to expressway infrastructure development planning. Through the studies, a number of problems that significantly influence the quality of EIA application in the field were identified. The reasons causing those problems are analyzed and possible solutions are suggested aimed at enhancing EIA practice, helping deliver better decision-making and ultimately improving the environmental performance of expressway infrastructure.     

Regional electricity transmission planning and SEA: The case of the electricity company ScottishPower

Since 21 July 2004, formal strategic environmental assessment (SEA) requirements are in place for certain plans and programmes in European Union member states. Many public plans and programmes have been identified to fall under these requirements, and there has been a range of research activities particularly in land use and transport planning. However, the way in which SEA is to be applied in the private sector has remained largely unclear. Furthermore, to date there has been comparatively little reported private sector experience and the concrete benefits that SEA may deliver to private companies have not yet been discussed to any large extent. In order to address this shortcoming, the paper looks at SEA application in electricity transmission planning, taking the specific case of the privatized company ScottishPower as an example. Based on the evidence obtained, it is suggested that a structured SEA process can strengthen the environmental component and improve private sector decision-making processes. Corporate governance can be improved, if SEA is applied in a tiered system, addressing different issues and tasks at distinct stages in a clearly defined decision making hierarchy.     

战略环境影响评价中公众参与方法研究与案例分析

公众参与有效性是衡量战略环境影响评价质量的一个重要指标,它对于提高环境管理水平具有重要的意义。本文在对比项目环境影响评价的基础上,系统阐述了战略环境影响评价公众参与的内容、对象、方式、时机、实施主体、数据处理及信息反馈,初步建立了战略环境影响评价公众参与的方法与体系,并结合典型案例进行了战略环境影响评价公众参与的过程分析。     

Development of a Methodology for Strategic Environmental Assessment: Application to the Assessment of Golf Course Installation Policy in Taiwan

Some countries, including Taiwan, have adopted strategic environmental assessment (SEA) to assess and modify proposed policies, plans, and programs (PPPs) in the planning phase for pursuing sustainable development. However, there were only some sketchy steps focusing on policy assessment in the system of Taiwan. This study aims to develop a methodology for SEA in Taiwan to enhance the effectiveness associated with PPPs. The proposed methodology comprises an SEA procedure involving PPP management and assessment in various phases, a sustainable assessment framework, and an SEA management system. The SEA procedure is devised based on the theoretical considerations by systems thinking and the regulative requirements in Taiwan. The positive and negative impacts on ecology, society, and economy are simultaneously considered in the planning (including policy generation and evaluation), implementation, and control phases of the procedure. This study used the analytic hierarchy process, Delphi technique, and systems analysis to develop a sustainable assessment framework. An SEA management system was built based on geographic information system software to process spatial, attribute, and satellite image data during the assessment procedure. The proposed methodology was applied in the SEA of golf course installation policy in 2001 as a case study, which was the first SEA in Taiwan. Most of the 82 existing golf courses in 2001 were installed on slope lands and caused a serious ecological impact. Assessment results indicated that 15 future golf courses installed on marginal lands (including buffer zones, remedied lands, and wastelands) were acceptable because the comprehensive environmental (ecological, social, and economic) assessment value was better based on environmental characteristics and management regulations of Taiwan. The SEA procedure in the planning phase for this policy was completed but the implementation phase of this policy was not begun because the related legislation procedure could not be arranged due to a few senators’ resistance. A self-review of the control phase was carried out in 2006 using this methodology. Installation permits for 12 courses on slope lands were terminated after 2001 and then 27 future courses could be installed on marginal lands. The assessment value of this policy using the data on ecological, social, and economic conditions from 2006 was higher than that using the data from 2001. The analytical results illustrate that the proposed methodology can be used to effectively and efficiently assist the related authorities for SEA.     

An approach to environmental assessment within the land‐use planning process: Northern Spanish experiences

The problems involved in environmental assessment of land‐use plans are discussed. A methodology is proposed for incorporating into the assessment of a plan the modifications that the physical environment would experience as a result of the plan's implementation. Thus, EIA can be integrated into the planning process. Impact assessment and comparison between alternative plans can be made using quantitative and qualitative indicators, some of which are proposed. Several case studies in northern Spain are used as the basis for the suggestions made.     

The Consideration of Sustainability Aspects in Transport Infrastructure Related Policies,Plans and Programmes: A Comparative Analysis of North West England,Noord-Holland and Brandenburg-Berlin

This paper is based on research conducted in 1997 and 1998 at the EIA Centre, University of Manchester. It examines the extent to which transport infrastructure related policies, plans and programmes (PPPs) in the three EU regions of North West England, the provincie (administrativeregion) of Noord-Hollandand the engerer Verflechtungsraum (EVR, planning region) of Brandenburg-Berlinconsider (environmental) sustainability issues in the form of objectives, targets and related options/measures for action. Furthermore, the role strategic environmental assessment (SEA) appears to play in this context is elaborated. The analytical framework for comparison is based on the sustainable development strategy of the European Commission, the Fifth Action Programme (Commission of the European Communities, 1993).     

Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Effects of European Union's Regional Development Plans in Doñana National Park (Spain)

The European Union's Structural Funds are implemented by means of Regional Development Plans (RDP), whose regionally scoped environmental assessment is required. We highlight the deficiencies faced by this approach when subregional areas with high conservation natural values are involved and illustrate it with the case of the RDP of Andalusia region on Doñana National Park area (Spain). Commissioned by the World Wildlife Fund, a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Andalusian RDP was carried out focusing on Doñana and its area of influence. This is a complex space where some of the most environmentally valuable features in the continent coexist with a surrounding intense and multi-sector economic activity, threatening its conservation. In the absence of an established sustainability framework in the Region, a “trickle-down” SEA approach evidenced the need to produce a set of environmental, economic and social guidelines for sustainable management of land, against which the RDP objectives were tested for coherence. An “incremental” SEA approach was also tested, which involved the identification of 79 measures and actions stemming from the RDP provisions and other concurrent planning documents reviewed and the qualitative assessment of their individual and cumulative potential impacts on Doñana environments. In the light of the results, a set of complementary mitigating measures was proposed for inclusion in tiered stages of the planning process. Measures to avoid, reduce, remedy and monitor the major types of impact were proposed, including provisions for public participation. SEA emerges as an instrument for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to carry out independent assessment of public development initiatives.