保氮增效剂调节氮肥施用量和利用率的研究 Ⅱ.保氮增效剂在小麦生产中的应用效果

利用田间试验研究了氮肥与保氮增效剂共施的效应函数和保氮增效剂促进小麦省肥增产的比较效果。同的供氮水平,保氮增效剂均能改善小麦植株经济性状,促进籽粒增产,提高氮肥报酬和施肥利润。保氮增效剂用量为氮肥实物量的5%作小麦基肥,旱地增产45～52.5kg/亩,稻田增产54.5～74.5kg/亩,氮肥报酬提高41.4～68.6%。     

淤地坝在生态建设中的重要作用

淤地坝在黄土高原地区促进生态建设与修复功能上具有重要的作用。它可拦泥蓄水，增加良田，减少江河泥沙；还能改善农业生产条件，防洪减灾，进一步优化土地利用结构，促进农村经济发展。     

微乳有机酸体系的研究与应用

微乳有机酸体系的研究与应用有利于油气井稳产、增产,注水井稳注、增注。以自研多氢酸(五级电离缓速酸)为内相,柴油作为外相,通过优选表面活性剂、助表面活性剂,酸化助剂等,配置成均一、稳定的微乳酸体系,并对其性能和酸岩反应效果进行评价。通过评价,该体系与传统的缓速酸体系相比,具有抗高温、缓速性能好、稳定性能与配伍性好等特点;在采油作业区应用近100口酸化井,平均有效率达90%以上,平均有效天数大于150d,注水压力下降5～20MPa。微乳酸体系具有很高的稳定性,油/水界面超低,具有一定驱油作用,表面油包酸结构能够缓慢释放酸液,达到深部酸化目的。     

农用地膜

用作地面覆盖栽培农作物的塑料地膜,是一种专用、极薄的聚乙烯薄膜。现品种繁多,五光十色,它们对农作物具有增温防冻、保水防旱、抗雨防涝、灭草防虫、保肥、省工、早熟、增产等作用,是农作物栽培的一项新技术。常见的地膜品种与用途有以下几种。     

蘑菇在稻油鱼菇生态田中的合理布局及作用

蘑菇在稻油鱼菇生态田中的合理布局及作用刘祖贵，赵先男为提高土地的利用率，增加农民的收入，我们从１９９１～１９９４年进行了“三高”农业种植模式之—──稻油鱼菇生态结构的研究。研究结果表明，蘑菇插入田间后对水稻、油菜均具有较大的增产作用。研究方法：研究工...     

应用C~(14),N~(15)研究氮肥增效剂在小麦和土壤中的残留及提高氮肥利用率的试验初报

氮肥增效剂能有效地抑制土壤中的硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的活动减少氮肥流失,提高氮肥利用率,增加农作物产量。国外已以“N—Serre”商品名进行注册。据报道于一九七五年得到美国环境保护局批准,允许在玉米、小麦、高梁和棉花等四种作物上应用。在水稻和蔬菜上的应用也正在试验中。近几年来我国通过各地试验证明氮肥增效剂对水稻,小麦,棉花,玉米均有不同幅度的增产作用。但是氮肥增效剂是一种化学合成物质具有一定的毒性,施入土壤后在土壤及作物中的残留状况尚缺少研究,而这个问题     

粮食产量预测理论、方法与应用Ⅴ.粮食潜力实现率及其评价方法

为说明粮食潜力与估产的关系,定义了“粮食潜力实现率”的概念,它是与粮食潜力预测值相比,当年实际达到或能够达到的百分比,它将潜力值和当年估产值或实际产量结合在一起,可用来评价潜力实际达到的程度,并可反映气候年型。应用结果表明：2010年各省单产和总产潜力平均实现率围绕100％波动,说明科技进步对增产仍然起到支撑作用,而1999-2008年各省单产和总产潜力平均实现率低于100％,说明科技进步对增产作用在减小。因此,粮食潜力实现率可以用来评价粮食增产趋势和科技进步的贡献,其方法实用、误差小。     

2000年前水利发展战略目标和方针

2000年前水利发展的战略目标和任务为:①以充分发挥现有水利工程和水资源的作用为核心,加强水利固定资产管理,巩固改造现有工程设施。②以加强江河治理为目标,提高江河防洪能力,保障社会安全,进行水资源综合利用与开发(包括灌溉、除涝、发电、供水、航运、水产等目标开发).③以创造农业增产条件为目标,大力进行农田水利基本建设,发展灌排事业和水土保持工作。④以解决华北水资源紧缺问题为中心,缓解水资源紧张状况,解除在一些地区水源供应成为社会、经济发展限制条件的问题;同时要抓好水源保护工作,防止水质继续污染。     

石油污染土壤原位生物修复的强化实验研究

为研究添加营养物质和高效降解石油微生物对油污土壤生物修复的作用,通过分层土柱的方法,连续监测了不同条件下不同土层的含水率、石油烃含量、细菌数量及脱氢酶活性。结果表明:添加营养物质同时接种高效微生物可使降解效果明显改善,降解率比在自然条件下提高近50%,而单纯添加营养物质不接种高效微生物可使降解率比在自然条件下提高约25%。降解初期,上层土壤降解效果较好,而到中后期,中下层降解效果好于上层。微生物数量和脱氢酶活性与石油降解率之间存在良好的相关性,脱氢酶活性比微生物数量更能反映修复过程中微生物的存活状态。添加营养物质和高效降解石油微生物对油污土壤原位生物修复具有强化作用。     

绿色植物生长调节剂

本品是由宽叶独行菜、微量元素和水制成。由于它是从天然植物资源中提取制备 ,属无毒、高效、价廉的调节剂 ,可促进种子萌发、根粗苗壮 ,增强植物分孽、分枝能力 ,增加千粒重 ,具有稳定的增产、增质效果。本品性能稳定 ,可拌种、浸种、喷放 ,并能和其它农药、除草剂、微量元素肥料等混合使用 ,可使小麦产量增产 5 %～ 10 % ,蔬菜产量增产 10 %～50 %左右。 (ＣＮ 12 2 380 1Ａ)绿色植物生长调节剂     

广西桂林市全州县测土配方施肥水稻“3414”肥料效应田间试验结果分析

在广西桂林市全州县中等肥力土壤上的5年试验结果表明：水稻栽培增施N、P、K三要素肥料均具有增产效果,增产增幅N〉K〉P;全州县水稻栽培推荐的最大施肥量分别为N12.7 kg·666.7 m^-2,P 4.0 kg·666.7 m^-2,K 9.5 kg·666.7 m^-2;最佳施肥量分别为N11.7 kg·666.7 m^-2,P 3.5 kg·666.7 m^-2,K7.5 kg·666.7 m^-2。本研究结果为全州县测土配方施肥成果应用提供了依据。     

Alternate wet and dry irrigation technology as a sustainable water management and disease vector control tool

Rising population and demands for rice as a staple food have created severe stress on freshwater availability for paddy cultivation. The literature suggests that conventional irrigation techniques are inadequate to overcome the water constraints arising from drought and extreme weather conditions. In the past few decades, there is an upsurge of scientific exploration of agricultural techniques in reinventing traditional methods of irrigation. Recently, alternate wet and dry irrigation (AWDI) method has shown great promise regarding profitable rice cultivation with limited water supply. The AWDI method is a trending water management system, which inundates rice fields with intermittent wet conditions followed by a dry period. This not only ensures adequate water supply but increases crop yield and water productivity index (WPI). The AWDI also helps in reducing parasitic mosquito population in the rice fields by minimizing the field flooding period and curtailing a major part of their life cycles. This review proposes a novel approach of emphasizing AWDI method as an important agricultural tool for supplementing rice fields with limited freshwater, increasing crop yield, and monitoring parasitic mosquito populations. The major objective of this study is to report the state-of-the-art scenario of AWDI method, critically analyze the research gaps related to conventional methods of irrigation and appreciate the futuristic long-term benefits of AWDI method. Literature survey was performed using search engines like Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Comprehensive appraisal of resources (both offline and online) and critical evaluation of AWDI technicalities revealed that the AWDI reduced water usage by 45%, enhanced crop yield and improved WPI in paddy fields in the Asian sub-continent. The AWDI also curtailed the propagation of lethal mosquito species (Cx. tritaenorhynchus, Cx. vishnui, and Cx pseudovishnui) in rice fields. Therefore, the current study endorses AWDI as a promising substitute of conventional irrigation and a novel approach towards fulfilling water constraints that may be practiced anywhere in the world.     

室内挥发性有机化合物综合散发量及其特征

基于室内建筑污染源散发特性与汇效应机制分析,给出了建筑室内挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）综合散发量的计算模型,并进一步分析了材料内部扩散系数、气固界面分离系数和材料厚度对室内VOCs综合散发量的影响特征。研究结果表明,在近似稳定阶段室内VOCs综合散发量会随源材料内部扩散系数的增大而升高,而随源材料气固界面分离系数和材料厚度的增加而减小,且以源材料内部扩散系数的影响最为显著;同时,室内汇表面三类参数的增大均会使室内VOCs综合散发量降低;此外,在相同的环境参数条件下,室内VOCs综合散发量会因室内汇效应的存在而减小。     

PLANNING OF URBAN BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES1

ABSTRACT: A “user-friendly” computer program has been developed for application in personal computers for preliminary design, evaluation, and cost effectiveness analysis of various best management practice (BMP) measures to control stormwater quantity and quality. The algorithms utilize the SCS TR-55 method for calculating runoff hydrographs for a single storm event and a first order pollutant washoff equation to generate pollutographs. Sensitivity analyses based on different policy scenarios is performed on a hypothetical watershed for the purpose of illustration. Three types of BMP measures, namely detention ponds (dry, wet, and extended wet ponds), infiltration trenches, and porous pavements are considered. It is found that the extended wet ponds have the best cost effective performance of the measures evaluated.     

An effective approach to improve ethanol productivity by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of rice straw

Fuel ethanol was produced using rice straw with the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) method. The influence of cellulose liquefaction pretreatment and Fe²⁺ quantity on ethanol productivity was investigated in detail. At the same time, the optimized conditions including fermentation temperature, Fe²⁺ amount, yeast inoculation quantity, and the inoculated cellulose enzyme dosage in the SSF process were systematically investigated by analyzing fuel ethanol yield. The result indicated that fuel ethanol yield was 0.319 g per gram rice straw by SSF approach when appropriate amount of Fe²⁺ was added into the reaction system. The optimal technology parameters were: fermenting temperature of 36°C, Fe²⁺ amount of 4 mg · g^?1, inoculating proportion of 20%, cellulose enzyme of 20 IU · g^?1, and Pachysolen tannophilu/saecharomyces cerevisiae of 1:2 ratio. The ethanol yield under the best conditions was larger than that of the control group. We hope that this research can facilitate to achieve large-scale comprehensive utilization for rice straw.     

Rice and Bricks: Environmental Issues and Mapping of the Unusual Crop Rotation Pattern in the Kathmandu Valley,Nepal

The Kathmandu Valley in Nepal has experienced a very rapid increase in population resulting in considerable land use/land cover change and also a series of environmental problems. One of the results of the population increase is an expansion of brick manufacturing within the Valley because most structures are brick. The brick kilns are intense in several locations of the Valley and have an interesting pattern of using the same lands for bricks during the dry season and then conversion to rice during the wet, summer monsoon months. The increase in brick production has contributed to environmental problems including decreased soil productivity, lowered ground water levels, and particularly air pollution. Brick manufacturing has little, if any, effective regulation. There is a lack of current, accurate data on brick production that could be resolved by remote sensing methods. Controls should be established and more information acquired on the location and impacts of brick production.     

Thermodynamic coupling characteristics in hybrid (dry/wet) cooling system

A hybrid cooling system consisting of both a dry section and wet section is proposed in this paper as a means to conserving energy and water by combining the benefits of both dry and wet cooling modes. A new thermodynamic coupling characteristics computing model was established to identify the best combination of dry and wet cooling subsystems in the hybrid tower throughout year-round operation based on its air thermodynamic state under the “no plume” principle. A hybrid cooling tower in Inner Mongolia, China, consisting of an elliptical tube heat exchanger with rectangular fins and counter-flow wet packing, was designed as an example under the no plume principle. The minimum number of heat exchanger units in service and the corresponding thermodynamic operating parameters were obtained under a year-round operation. The tower exhibited notable advantages in regards to water conservation compared to the traditional evaporative cooling tower at an estimated yearly savings of 3.74 × 10⁷ kg water.     

关于我国当前水质自动监测站管理机制的探讨

随着水质自动监测站数量的不断增加，水质自动监测站的管理问题日渐突出，由于缺乏必要的管理经验和管理制度，出现了各种各样的管理模式。水质自动监测站的建成实现了间断性人工监测向连续性自动监测的转变，实现了水质监测实时远程控制的连续性，高频次的监测结果更能客观、准确地判断断面水质的质量状况，使得河流水质评价更具科学性、准确性，能更好地服务于环境管理工作。     

Implications of Land Use/Land Cover Change in the Buffer Zone of a National Park in the Tropical Andes

The impacts of land use and land cover (LULC) change in buffer zones surrounding protected ecological reserves have important implications for the management and conservation of these protected areas. This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of LULC change along the boundary of Rio Abiseo National Park in the Northern Peruvian Andes. Landscape change within four ecological zones was evaluated based on trends expected to occur between 1987 and 2001. Landsat TM and ETM imagery were used to produce LULC classification maps for both years using a hybrid supervised/unsupervised approach. LULC changes were measured using landscape metrics and from-to change maps created by post-classification change detection. Contrary to expectations, tropical upper wet montane forest increased despite being threatened by human-induced fires and cattle grazing of the highland grasslands inside the park. Within the park’s buffer zone, tropical moist forest remnants were fragmented into more numerous and smaller patches between 1987 and 2001; this was in part due to conversion into agricultural land. The methods used in this study provide an effective way to monitor LULC change detection and support the management of protected areas and their surrounding environments.     

长年关水稻田耕作改制的选择

试验研究表明,当早稻收获时间作晚稻才开始幼穗分化,即适宜早、晚稻出穗开花之间有60多天的时间,种植双杂间作稻就可获得好的收成,效果、效益都很显著。1992年用D 优287间汕优63,在达县永进乡的示范田中个别田块产量已达15t/ha,而盆地丘陵区适宜早、晚稻出穗开花之间的时间多数地区不到70天,种植双杂连作稻有困难。且双杂间作稻在抗灾增产,合理利用农村劳动力,提高稻田复种等方面优于双杂连作稻。因此,四川盆地丘陵区的中稻→冬水田在耕作改制中发展部分双杂间作稻是恰当的,其范围在巴中、盐亭、简阳一线以南海拔400m 以下的广大丘陵区。