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2021年9月,世界卫生组织发布了《全球空气质量指导值(2021)》,在国际上引起了政府、社会组织和公众的广泛关注。本文梳理了全球空气质量指导值2021版相较于2005版的主要更新内容,以及全球空气质量指导值与我国环境空气质量标准之间的差异。基于我国2017年以来地级及以上城市的空气质量监测数据,比较了使用我国环境空气质量标准和全球空气质量指导值对我国空气质量进行评价的结果差异。同时,分析了全球不同国家空气质量现状和全球空气质量指导值要求的差距,以及我国空气质量在全球国家中的位次。评价结果显示:如果将2021版指导值作为评价标准,则2021年我国地级及以上城市日评价值达标比例仅为19.8%,所有城市的年评价指标均不能达标;我国PM2.5和O3暴露水平在全球203个国家中均处于世界中后水平。本文建议结合全球空气质量指导值的新要点,适时启动我国环境空气质量标准修订及相关大气环境质量管理制度的研究工作,引导我国城市空气质量持续改善。 相似文献
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《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2012,55(8):1266-1283
This paper reports the pros and cons of co-management (i.e. concerted actions towards climate change and air quality management) through local sustainability initiatives using three case studies, each encompassing the planning and management issues at local government levels. Case study I is policy-based and reports the outcome of a consultation exercise while case studies II and III have greater scientific bearing. These case studies pave the way for development of a more integrated Climate Change Strategy Action Plan at local scales, specifically regarding policies on emissions sources from transportation and decentralised energy. They highlight the merits and the trade-offs of implementing local scale co-management practices, using a more integrated planning framework than what is currently under offer. We recognise that delivery of such ambitious, cross-cutting agenda may be impeded, primarily owing to limited expertise in assessing the synergies and the expected outcomes from cross-fertility between these two arenas. This calls for a step-change through more cohesive, cross-disciplinary policy frameworks, going beyond the local administrative spheres to maximise the co-management potentials while mitigating the wider environmental impacts. 相似文献
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A值法研究大气总量控制的环境质量达标保证率 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
在总量控制区用A值法实行总量控制后,总量控制区在符合污染物年允许排放总量限值时,污染物的日平均浓度和小时平均浓度不一定能达到国家或地区大气环境质量标准。为了反映总量控制区环境质量达标情况,本文提出了A值法研究大气总量控制的环境质量达标保证率的概念,通过总量控制A值法的基本原理,给出小时/日环境质量达标保征率的量化公式,经过分析得到;环境质量达标保证率与污染物种类有关,同一污染物的保证率与A值的年分布情况密切相关。同时利用长江下游某地的2000年气象资料分析该地区A值的变化趋势,求得该地区SO2和N02的小时保征率分别为97.4%、90.2%,日保征率分别为90.2%、79.5%。 相似文献
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Streets DG Chang YS Tompkins M Ghim YS Carter LD 《Journal of environmental management》2001,61(4):345-365
When environmental regulatory bodies formulate control plans, it is incumbent upon them to try to achieve the stated goals in an economically efficient manner. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is presently developing regulations to limit the influence of transported ozone on areas that are having difficulty meeting the ambient air quality standard. EPA has proposed stringent control measures for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in 22 states of the eastern US. The strategy would necessitate the use of selective catalytic reduction or similar high-performance technology on almost all major power plants in the region, as well as extensive controls on industrial sources. This paper suggests several alternative approaches that would achieve equal or better environmental improvement at lower cost. These include focusing control efforts on sources closer to the North-east Corridor, pushing controls on close-in sources to a higher level of technology performance, and relaxing the stringency of requirements for states remote from ozone problem areas. All the approaches examined are two to three times more cost-effective than EPA's proposed approach in the North-east Corridor. 相似文献
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M. B. Bayer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1977,13(6):1141-1152
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a modelling method which simplifies the evaluation of water quality policies for nonserial (branching) river systems. The method introduces dummy facilities at the junctions of the major tributary branches with the mainstream as replacements for the facilities and activities on the tributaries. The cost functions for the dummy facilities and the DO and BOD concentrations at the junctions as determined for each tributary are introduced into the mainstream serial system model which is then solved for the optimal values of the mainstream treatment plant efficiencies, the dummy facility effeciencies, and the tributary system DO and BOD concentrations using nonlinear programming. Given the optimum values for the dummy facility efficiencies and the values for the tributary system DO and BOD concentrations, the optimum values for the tributary treatment plant efficiencies are found using nonlinear programming. The method is applied to a river system with a mainstream and one major tributary which contain industrial and municipal organic and thermal polluters and their associated wastewater treatment plants. 相似文献
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《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2012,55(14):2421-2444
The construction industry involves heavy machine usage which contributes a large amount of air pollutant emissions, including greenhouse gases (GHG), particulate matter, and diesel exhaust. These emissions cause serious environmental issues and climate change. This paper provides a systematic review of the existing research efforts and challenges on measuring air pollutant emissions and assessing the environmental impact from the construction industry. The advantages and disadvantages of various methodologies used in measuring emissions and assessing the environmental impacts of construction are compared. The existing air dispersion models used in the construction field are also reviewed. The results from the review help to identify cost-effective environmental planning and management processes. Consequently, future trends towards improving existing emission assessments and management processes are put forward, and a new framework is proposed for the effective assessment and management of air emissions and environmental impacts from the construction industry. 相似文献
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Ivar Lyhne Matthew Cashmore Hens Runhaar Frank van Laerhoven 《Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning》2016,18(1):121-140
The spectre of regulatory reform carried out in a range of Western countries has generated concern amongst parts of the environmental policy community. Quality and effectiveness are said to be at stake, but empirically there is a dearth of data on the relationship between provisions for quality control and the effects on quality and effectiveness. This research addresses this lacuna by analysing the effects of different quality control provisions in the Netherlands and Denmark for a globally institutionalized environmental appraisal tool—Environmental Assessment (EA). Extensive technical provisions for quality control in the Netherlands have led to it being described as the ‘Rolls Royce’ of EA systems, while in Denmark the polity is expected to take charge of quality control. The effects of quality control are investigated through surveys and in-depth interviews with actors centrally engaged with EA implementation. The results show that quality control provisions are poorly related to the perceived quality and effectiveness of EA. Only the appropriateness of the scope of EA reports is perceived to be strongly related to quality control provisions. The findings are relevant for environmental policy communities concerned with quality control systems and effectiveness of policy appraisal tools and policy-makers contemplating regulatory reforms. 相似文献
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为了实现农业政策的生态化,即农业政策以环境保护为导向,减少农业政策对环境的影响,需要对农业政策进行环境影响评价。通过深入分析农业政策的环境影响评价对法治建设和生态文明建设的意义,认为在当前我国环境影响评价制度缺少相关政策层面环评的情况下,应当先对农业政策进行环评,通过确立政策环评范围、主体,对其进行阶段性设置,从而完善环评的法律体系,实现农业政策与环境保护的统一。 相似文献
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为了实现农业政策的生态化,即农业政策以环境保护为导向,减少农业政策对环境的影响,需要对农业政策进行环境影响评价。通过深入分析农业政策的环境影响评价对法治建设和生态文明建设的意义,认为在当前我国环境影响评价制度缺少相关政策层面环评的情况下,应当先对农业政策进行环评,通过确立政策环评范围、主体,对其进行阶段性设置,从而完善环评的法律体系,实现农业政策与环境保护的统一。 相似文献
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本文结合重庆市空气质量限期达标规划编制案例,介绍了城市空气质量达标规划编制中的几个关键技术及其具体应用,包括本地化污染源排放清单编制、污染物来源解析、污染物排放形势预测与减排潜力分析以及大气环境容量核算等。本地化污染源排放清单是城市空气质量达标规划编制的基础,针对现有污染源制定科学合理的减排方案是达标规划的核心内容。分析不同区域的污染物组分浓度特征、污染源贡献以及未来污染排放形势预测,有助于识别出制约未来空气质量达标的关键因素及污染源。基于污染源减排潜力和污染传输矩阵制定的污染源减排方案更具合理性和可行性,应用空气质量模型估算大气环境容量可为规划目标可达性提供依据。 相似文献
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《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2012,55(8):1287-1305
Residential biomass burning is estimated to cause 29,000 premature deaths in Europe and North America annually. A number of studies show that existing regulations, primarily affecting new stoves, in the European Union and North America are effective in reducing emissions. However, it is not clear from these studies if there is a net welfare gain from regulation, nor how regulations should be designed in order to maximise the net welfare gain. We use an integrated assessment model to compare the net welfare gains of different schemes for regulating existing wood-burning stoves in Denmark. Most schemes we asses generate a net welfare gain, but a geographically differentiated tax on stove use generates the largest net gain. The results for Denmark suggest that there could be substantial welfare gains from imposing geographically differentiated regulation of existing residential wood-burning stoves in parts of North America and the EU. 相似文献
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我国大气细颗粒物污染防治目标和控制措施研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
我国面临着严重的细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染问题,PM2.5对人体健康、能见度、气候变化、生态系统等均产生了不良影响。本文旨在提出我国PM2.5污染防治目标和控制措施,为从根本上改善空气质量提供科学依据。首先,本文提出了2020年和2030年我国PM2.5污染防治目标。其次,采用能源和污染排放技术模型,分情景预测了我国未来一次大气污染物排放量的变化趋势。基于情景预测结果和此前研究建立的一次污染物排放与PM2.5浓度间的非线性关系,确定了2020年—2030年与PM2.5浓度改善相适应的全国和重点区域大气污染物减排目标。最后,利用能源和污染排放技术模型,提出了实现大气污染物减排的技术措施和对策建议。研究表明,2030年全国二氧化硫、氮氧化物、一次PM2.5和挥发性有机物的排放量应分别比2012年至少削减51%、64%、53%和36%,氨排放量也要略有下降。对于污染严重的重点区域,必须采取更严格的控制力度。要实现上述减排,应加快能源结构调整,推进煤炭清洁高效集中可持续利用,建立\"车-油-路\"一体的移动源控制体系,并强化多源多污染物的末端控制。 相似文献
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Andrew S. Laughland Lynn M. Musser Wesley N. Musser James S. Shortle 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(2):291-299
ABSTRACT: A survey of individuals during a Giardia contamination incident provided data to calculate the cost of boiling, hauling, or purchasing water to avoid infection. Three different approaches to the valuation of time were used to assess the implications of the opportunity cost of time for the measurement of averting costs. Mean monthly household averting costs were $33.47 using family income to value time, $13.07 using the minimum wage to value time, and $5.60 using zero opportunity cost of time. Comparisons of the mean costs for different sources and household characteristics indicated the value of time from family income was too high and that the other methods of valuing time were superior. 相似文献
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临沂市大气污染控制状况与对策 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文全面介绍了临沂市大气污染控制状况,根据许多事实与数据,详细分析了清洁生产、生活节能用煤、城市低空煤烟治理,机动车尾气治理、高新技术、设备的开发推广及政府舆论部门的监督管理等多个方面,提出了建议。 相似文献
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对钢铁行业超低排放政策进行费用效益分析研究,可为政策的优化调整提供科学支撑。本文对“十四五”期间钢铁行业超低排放改造政策实施的费用、效益进行了预评估,建立了费用、效益与经济社会影响计量模型方法,对全国、重点区域及31个省(区、市)进行了计算分析。结果显示,2021—2025年实施钢铁行业超低排放改造投入的费用约为3392亿元,由于环境改善带来的健康效益约为10 043亿元,净效益为6651亿元,费效比为3.0,具有显著的外部经济性和可行性。政策实施预计可分别增加GDP、税收、居民收入约4206亿元、740亿元、1698亿元。建议对钢铁行业超低排放施行分区域、分工艺、分污染源差异化管理,对超低排放改造措施实行全周期综合评估其减排效益,建立健全钢铁行业超低排放改造技术方案更新机制。 相似文献
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刘峻岩 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2017,(4):19-22
京津冀地区是我国大气污染防治重点区域,在大气污染治理的过程中存在防控体系缺乏、监测数据传递不足等问题。依据环保大数据在大气污染防治管理创新中标准、共享、开放、融合等特点,重构大数据环境下大气污染治理机制,建立京津冀横向生态补偿机制,为京津冀三地的大气污染治理联防联控提供了一种新的尝试。 相似文献