溢油分散剂效果测试指标的研究进展

溢油分散剂通过降低油水界面张力,促进溢油分散于水体,在溢油事故应急处理中被广泛使用。文章介绍了视觉评估观察法、油水界面张力测量法、水体分散油滴浓度分析法、分散油滴的粒径分布测试法和量化模拟波浪能量的能量耗散率评估法等5项常用的分散剂效果测试指标,总结了基于这些指标国内外进行的分散剂效果测试和溢油模拟研究,并对各项指标的考察视角进行评述,为分散剂的研发和效果评价提供思路和借鉴。     

波浪作用下海上溢油潜入水体的动力学研究进展

海上溢油经过风化和海洋动力等多重作用下,会发生沉潜,进而异地上浮,其海上行为和环境危害已引起国内和国际上的关注。文章介绍了波浪作用下溢油潜入水体的不同过程,其包括油滴的夹带、分散、聚集和上浮;并对各国学者不同规模的研究方法、研究成果及近年来溢油潜浮动力学模型的推进情况进行介绍。最后,根据潜浮动力学模型建模要求,对当前研究进行评述,并提出建议。     

废轮胎多孔隙消波结构物特性之初期研究

基于废旧轮胎再利用及研发简易且低廉的施工方法与维护成本,本研究以规则波水工模型试验研究提出应用于港口码头的多孔隙弹性帷幕的初步理念。利用模型车轮胎以模块化方式组装成弹性帷幕后安装于码头前壁,研究多种周期波浪作用及不同消波室纵深对波浪反射率的影响。实验结果表明,简单的单一消波室多孔隙弹性帷幕对短周期波浪的消波效果较显著,消波室纵深较大者反射率较低,但可能引致水体振荡,后续可再强化消波室的消能效果。未来如能妥善研究废旧轮胎应用于多孔隙弹性帷幕消波结构物的施工与维修方法,除可缓解废旧轮胎处理给环境带来的压力外,也提供一种可用于简易渔港的施工简单、维修容易且资源再利用的消能结构物,该工程技术亦可输出至发展中国家,符合可持续发展观。     

高效海洋溢油降解菌降解海洋溢油条件的优化研究

针对海洋溢油污染问题,采用实验室筛选的海洋溢油降解菌HJ01和HJ02开展海洋溢油微生物降解优化研究,采用单因素实验和多因素正交实验进行降解率测定。结果表明,单因素实验条件下,当pH值为7、培养温度35℃、石油初始浓度7 500mg/L、NaCl含量20 000mg/L时,HJ01和HJ02对海洋溢油的降解效果最佳。正交实验条件下,HJ01在pH值为7、培养温度35℃、石油初始浓度7 500mg/L、NaCl含量10 000mg/L时降解效果最佳;HJ02在pH值为7、培养温度30℃、石油初始浓度11 000 mg/L、NaCl含量10 000mg/L时降解效果最佳。     

海湾战争造成的特大石油污染灾难

1991年1月下旬,因海湾战争导致的大量原油涌入海湾,造成了人类有史以来最大的一起石油污染,给海洋生态环境和沿岸人民带来了沉重的灾难。为此,海湾沿岸国家在国际社会的援助下展开了除污大战并取得了显著的进展。目前,虽然海湾战火已停息多年,但水域的油污还难以彻底消除。一些科学家乐观地预测,治理工作要持续10年之久,其费用需要上百亿美元。而更多的专家则认为,油污对海洋生态的破坏程度,至少上百年也难以恢复。本文以文献资料为依据,综述了海湾溢油的起因、溢油形态、对环境的影响及清污过程等。     

溢油应急综合研究进展

从溢油应急管理体系、溢油应急物资、溢油应急处置技术、溢油综合评估、溢油预测预警和应急决策支持系统等方面,系统梳理了国内外海上溢油应急处置的研究现状,并对溢油应急管理作出展望。提出未来我国应在溢油风险防控、溢油综合应急平台、溢油应急处置和溢油生物修复等方面加强管理和技术研发工作,不断提升我国溢油应急综合能力。     

A港区海上溢油事故数值模拟预测

为研究A港区溢油事故的影响,通过MIKE21软件建模、并综合考虑风向、风速和潮流等因素设定6种不同情景进行模拟预测。结果显示,在不利风条件下,72 h油膜扩散距离为0.7~39.50 km,扫海面积可达0.03~142.97 km²,风场对油粒子的漂移和扩散起决定性作用,潮流场次之。通过模拟预测,为加强区域溢油应急联动、充分利用周边溢油应急资源,做好溢油应急防范提供参考。     

海上石油设施溢油风险管理与防控研究

对海上溢油风险进行了分析,介绍了海上石油设施溢油风险管理方法与溢油防控技术。提出综合考虑设施本身情况、海域特点、天气海况以及人员素质等多方面因素及其各因素之间的相互关系,建立溢油风险源数据库和风险评价体系,加强溢油风险分析和管理,是预防海上石油设施溢油事故的有效措施;提高溢油监控技术、溢油预测预警技术和溢油清除技术是降低溢油污染损害的关键。     

碟形越浪式波能发电装置的三维数值模拟

基于计算流体力学软件的三维数值模拟技术,分析了碟形越浪式波能发电装置的越浪性能,通过构建基于水气两相VOF(Volume of Fluid)模型的三维数值波浪水槽对该装置进行三维数值模拟研究,数值计算结果与物理试验结果相互对比验证较为吻合,验证了所构建的三维数值波浪水槽的可靠性,通过考察装置的坡度、导流叶片个数、干舷高度对越浪性能的影响确定装置的最优结构参数。结果表明,在装置的斜坡面边缘增加回流板可减少波浪的反射,提高装置的越浪性能。在数值模拟中将装置的斜坡面边缘处安装回流板对碟形越浪式波能发电装置参数进行优化,通过分析回流板的长度对装置越浪性能的影响来探索最优回流板长度。     

整治航段江面溢油对取水口的风险预测

进入21世纪,随着我国国民经济的飞速发展,内河航道线路整治和优化的力度明显加大,而伴随着通航能力的改善,航运及工程船只使得周边水域的溢油风险不断加大。加强溢油事故风险预测,针对事故发生采取切实可行的防护控制措施尽可能地降低溢油事故的危害是非常必要的。基于闽江段航道整治工程,设定可能发生的事故溢油泄漏点,利用二维非稳态水环境模型就施工整治航段溢油事故对下游取水口的影响进行预测分析,记录油品入江后的油膜漂移轨迹及最快到达取水口的时间、油膜厚度和持续污染状况,为溢油风险防控提供了相应的理论依据。     

国外快速测定化学消油剂消油效果的几种方法

化学消油剂消油效果的现场评定方法必须满足适合现场操作、材料价廉易得、结果可靠准确等条件。对国外现有的现场快速测定消油剂效果的5种方法进行比较,结果表明,英国的佩内特鉴别法、挪威的菲勒溢出油检测装置和加拿大的梅蒂现场测定法存在一定的缺陷,不推荐使用。美国环保局的现场测定法(EPA FDET)简单、快速、准确。加拿大渥太华一家环境研究机构研制出的现场试验法比EPA FDET法耗时多,但原材料价格低廉,操作简单,结果可靠,值得推广应用。     

Estimation of “environmentally sensitive” dispersal ratios for chemical dispersants used in crude oil spill control

The toxicities of two dispersants (Biosolve and OSD 9460), Forcados light crude oil and their mixtures based on ratios 6:1, 9:1, and 12:1 (v/v) were evaluated against the juvenile stage of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, in laboratory bioassays. On the basis of the derived toxicity indices, Biosolve (96-h LC₅₀ = 0.211 μl/l) was found to be about 27,284 times more toxic than crude oil (96-h LC₅₀ = 5.757 ml/l) and 6,450 times more toxic than OSD 9460 (96-h LC₅₀ = 1.361 ml/l). OSD 9460 was also found to be four times more toxic than crude oil when acting alone against C. gariepinus. Toxicity evaluations of the mixtures of crude oil/dispersants mixtures varied, depending largely upon the proportion of addition of the mixture components. The interactions between mixture of crude oil and Biosolve at the test ratios of 6:1, 9:1, and 12:1 were found to conform with the model of synergism (SR = 7,655, 14,876, and 8,792, respectively), and the mixtures were therefore more toxic than the crude oil acting singly. Similarly, the interactions between mixture of crude oil and OSD 9460 at the test ratios of 6:1 and 9:1 also conformed to the model of synergism (SR = 2.2 and 1.84, respectively). Interactions between the dispersant OSD 9460 and the crude oil at test ratio 12:1, however, conformed to the model of antagonism (SR = 0.84), indicating that the mixture was less toxic than crude oil acting alone. The results of the emulsification potential of OSD 9460 and Biosolve [measured in terms of optical transmittance (%)] prepared at the dispersal ratios 6:1, 9:1, and 12:1 revealed that the dispersal ratio of 6:1 achieved the highest emulsification of the crude oil with optical transmittance value of 4% and 6%, respectively. Estimation of an “environmentally sensitive” dispersal ratio for OSD 9460 and Biosolve revealed the optimum dispersal ratio for OSD 9460 range between ratios 7.5:1 and 9:1, while for Biosolve such an optimum dispersal ratio was indeterminate within the range of test dispersal ratios. The implications of these results in setting manufacturer’s and regulatory dispersal ratios for chemical dispersants used for oil spill control were discussed.     

Synthesis of a novel humic acid-based polycarboxylic dispersant for coal water slurry

A novel humic acid-based polycarboxylic-type (HAP) dispersant for coal–water slurry (CWS) was successfully synthesized in aqueous solution from the copolymerization of HA, acrylic acid and maleic acid. The structure of HAP was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG) and ¹H NMR. With HAP as a dispersant for Linfen coal slurry, the effects of the mass ratio of HA and monomer, initiator concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time on the HAP dispersant performance were discussed by examining the apparent viscosity of CWS. The results showed that CWS prepared withHAP dispersant performed excellent dispersity and stability. When the dosage of HAP was up to 0.5 wt.%, the apparent viscosity of CWS was 505 mPa·s. Experiments on the stability of CWS containing 0.5 wt.% HAP demonstrated that the penetration ratio reached 85.45 % after 96 h, which was higher by 12.87 % than that of CWS prepared with HA. And the CWS produced with HAP had lower dewatering rate within the storage time, which was less 1.85 % than that of CWS with HA when the storage time was 72 h. Furthermore, the maximum coal content of CWS with 0.5 wt.% HAP may reached 70 wt.%. This work found a new route for utilizing humic acid and enlarged the selecting range of the dispersant for CWS. It has a positive significance for protection of environment.     

DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN THE STRAIT OF CANSO1

ABSTRACT By using the method of successive approximations, the one-dimensional diffusion equation was solved for the distribution of pollutant from an instantaneous point source in a semi-infinite body of water under the influence of wind-generated waves. The solution was obtained with the aid of an expression developed in this study to relate the dispersion coefficient to wind speed, characteristics of a wind-generated wave, and drift current velocities. The results indicate that the wave causes the local concentration to oscillate with respect to time around a mean concentration distribution curve. The period of the oscillation is about that of the wave, and its amplitude is always less than 7 percent of the mean. The effect of a chemical reaction is to reduce the level of pollutant concentration, the magnitude of the reduction being dependent upon both the rate constant and the order of reaction. The case of simultaneous dumping of one pollutant at different sites was also considered.     

川西地区压裂返排液破胶处理工艺研究

油田压裂返排液是油气田开发中产生的一种复杂的多项分散稳定体系,需进行破胶预处理后才能进行下一步处理。文章以川西地区压裂返排液为研究对象,选用次氯酸钠（NaCIO）、过氧化氢（H2O3）、高锰酸钾（KMnO4）为破胶剂进行化氧化破胶剂实验研究,结果表明：高锰酸钾（KMnO4）的破胶效果最好,工艺条件简单,运输、保存方便。COD去除率达77％以上,破胶后水色最好。     

胜利油田井下压裂废水处理实验研究

井下压裂施工工艺复杂,压裂废液对环境会造成污染。针对压裂废水特点,采用絮凝-隔油法对其进行预处理,再用次氯酸钠结合紫外光对废水进行深度处理,可氧化降解难处理的部分高分子有机化合物。结果表明,在适宜的处理条件下,该法可有效去除水中CODCr和石油类,去除率分别为98.6%、98.1%,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)二级标准。     

3D geomechanical modelling for CO2 geologic storage in the Dogger carbonates of the Paris Basin

CO₂ injection into a depleted hydrocarbon field or aquifer may give rise to a variety of coupled physical and chemical processes. During CO₂ injection, the increase in pore pressure can induce reservoir expansion. As a result the in situ stress field may change in and around the reservoir. The geomechanical behaviour induced by oil production followed by CO₂ injections into an oil field reservoir in the Paris Basin has been numerically modelled. This paper deals with an evaluation of the induced deformations and in situ stress changes, and their potential effects on faults, using a 3D geomechanical model. The geomechanical analysis of the reservoir–caprock system was carried out as a feasibility study using pressure information in a “one way” coupling, where pressures issued from reservoir simulations were integrated as input for a geomechanical model. The results show that under specific assumptions the mechanical effects of CO₂ injection do not affect the mechanical stability of the reservoir–caprock system. The ground vertical movement at the surface ranges from ?2 mm during oil production to +2.5 mm during CO₂ injection. Furthermore, the changes in in situ stresses predicted under specific assumptions by geomechanical modelling are not significant enough to jeopardize the mechanical stability of the reservoir and caprock. The stress changes issued from the 3D geomechanical modelling are also combined with a Mohr–Coulomb analysis to determine the fault slip tendency. By integrating the stress changes issued from the geomechanical modelling into the fault stability analysis, the critical pore pressure for fault reactivation is higher than calculated for the fault stability analysis considering constant horizontal stresses.     

电脱盐含油废水除油工艺应用研究

原油电脱盐含油废水由于乳化带油严重,破乳分离困难,处理难度大。文章对目前工业化应用技术成熟的旋流油水分离、化学破乳及电化学3种电脱盐含油废水除油工艺,在工艺流程、工业应用现状、应用效果等几方面进行了对比研究。结果表明,电化学除油工艺具有除油率高、效果稳定、费用低、设备简单、抗冲击力强、占地面积小等优势,除油率和COD去除率大于90%,对悬浮物、胶体、重金属等也有一定的去除效果,具有较好的应用前景。     

稠油罐底泥碳化处理技术研究与应用*

为解决油田生产过程中产生的稠油罐底泥的环境污染和资源浪费问题,在分析含油污泥性质和特点的基础上开发了稠油罐底泥碳化处理工艺及配套装置。介绍了该技术的原理及工艺流程,在小试、中试研究的基础上,进行了工业化应用,稠油罐底泥的处理效果表明:油气回收率可达90%以上,轻质油品占回收油总量的78%以上,焚烧处理后的残渣未检出矿物油;烟气和废水相关项目的监测值符合相关标准。