基于GIS的寒地黑土区农业气候资源评价——以绥化市为例

以黑龙江省降水量、日照时数和≥10℃积温多年平均值等气象资料为数据源,利用地理信息系统技术对绥化市的农业气候资源进行了评价。评价结果表明,绥化市的降水量、日照时数和≥10℃积温变化具有明显的纬度地带性,但降水量的空间变化趋势是随着纬度的增高而增加,这与日照时数和≥10℃积温的空间分布趋势相反;从光热水的组合来看,绥化的光热水等农业气候资源的综合评价指数范围为3.4—6.6,且该值有从南向北逐渐递减的趋势。     

青海省兴海地区的降水分布格局及变化特征分析

降水作为高海拔气候敏感因子之一,其对植被生态分布格局和功能具有重要作用。因此,利用兴海地区1961～2015年实时降水观测资料,采用最小二乘法对该区降水量、降水日数和降水强度的年代际变化特征进行了分析探讨。结果表明,小雨降水日数呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0. 8d/10a,中雨和大到暴雨的降水日数呈增加趋势,气候倾向率分别为0. 19d/10a和0. 17d/10a,小雨和大到暴雨的降水强度呈增加趋势,而中雨降水强度呈下降趋势。另外,冬半年降水量呈增加趋势,气候倾向率为1. 1mm/10a;冬半年降水日数均呈减少趋势,气候倾向率为-0. 3d/10a,冬半年降水量和降水日数均未通过显著性检验。由此可见,兴海地区年降水量和降水日数变化并不明显。     

秦皇岛市近63年自然降水资源变化特征

利用秦皇岛市1954—2016年逐日降水资料,运用线性趋势法、累计距平、方差分析等数理统计方法,分析了近63 a来秦皇岛市年、季、月自然降水总量与雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明:秦皇岛市年降水量总体呈减少趋势,气候倾向率-15.5 mm/10 a;夏、秋季降水量呈减少趋势,春季呈增加趋势,冬季变化不明显;1月、2月降水变化趋势不明显,7月—10月呈减少趋势,2月—4月、11月—12月呈增多趋势。年雨日明显减少,平均每10 a减少3.05 d,雨日的减少主要表现为小雨日数的减少。年降水强度变化不大,夏、春季降水强度呈增加趋势,秋季呈减小趋势,冬季变化不大。由上可知,年降水量和雨日的同步减少是秦皇岛市近63 a降水变化的明显特征,因此,秦皇岛市自然降水资源呈减少趋势,夏、秋两季变干明显。     

近57年格尔木市气候变化特征

利用格尔木市气象台观测站1961—2017年年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温及降水资料,采用气候倾向率的方法及Mann-Kendall突变检验,分析格尔木市近57a气候变化趋势及突变年份。结果表明:近57a来,格尔木市年平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈极显著的增温趋势,最低气温增温最明显,冬季增温对年平均气温增高贡献率最大。年代际变化中最低温度是历史温度升温最快的一项。最高温度在1996年发生了明显的突变。近57a的年降水量呈增加趋势,气候倾向率为2.2mm/10a。季节变化中冬季降水量增加显著。年代际中表现为21世纪降水量增加最明显。降水日数呈弱增加趋势,冬夏比春秋增加略多,夏半年和冬半年气候倾向率均为0.6d/10a,说明57a来降水日数无论冬半年还是夏半年变化一致,且变幅较小。     

秦皇岛市50年气候变化与可持续发展战略研究

秦皇岛市50年来气候变暖变干，年平均气温提高2．3℃，≥10℃年积温增加11．4％，无霜期延长22天，但年平均降水量却减少12．6％。这对农业和工业的影响弊大于利，对旅游业的影响则有利有弊。为此应趋利避害，加强水资源的开源节流，发展节水经济和循环经济，发展休闲度假旅游，延长旺季。     

秦皇岛地区气候资源及农业气候资源特征分析

利用近50 a秦皇岛气象资料,对该地区气候资源及农业气候资源特征进行了分析总结。结果表明:秦皇岛地区年降水量650～700 mm左右,呈减少趋势。全年80%保证率的降水量为425 mm,存在供需矛盾。蒸发量较降水量明显偏多,直接决定了该地区土壤在自然状态下绝大部分时段处于干旱状态。年平均气温10℃左右,呈上升趋势。平均年太阳辐射总量为5 154 MJ/m2,太阳辐射资源较丰富。秦皇岛地区农时较长,气温稳定通过10℃期间历时192 d,可以实行短生育期作物一年二熟或套作二熟。     

52年来三江源区气候变化及其环境效应分析

利用"三江源"地区18个气象台站1961—2012年的气温、降水、蒸发以及相对湿度的气象资料,分析了该地区的气候暖湿变化情况。分析发现:1961—2012年期间,三江源整体向暖转化,平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温均在升高,且平均最低气温上升速率明显快于平均气温和平均最高气温;降水量和降水日数均呈增加趋势,说明三江源地区正逐步变湿。由于暖湿变化而产生了一系列的环境改变。     

乌兰县近35年气候变化及对生态环境的可能影响分析

利用乌兰气象观测站1981~2015年气温、降水资料,运用气候诊断分析方法,分析近35年来乌兰气温、降水变化特征。结果表明:1981~2015年间乌兰气温存在变暖趋势,年气候倾向率为0.363℃/10a;春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的气候倾向率为0.3℃/10a(秋季)~0.5℃/10a(春季)。春季增温最为明显,冬季和夏季增温较为明显,秋季增温较缓;年平均气温在1996~1997年间发生突变。年降水量主要集中在5~9月份,此时降水量(172.0mm)占年降水量(194.1mm)的88.61%,其余月份的降水量(22.1mm)仅占年降水量的11.39%。1982~1985年、1990~2003年出现降水连续偏少年份,2004~2012年为降水持续偏多年份。从20世纪80年代起,乌兰降水呈现出增多趋势,但突变检验表明:降水虽有增加趋势,但未发生突变性增加。平均气温的增加趋势,在一定程度上能够有效扩大农作物种植面积,延长农作物生长季节,增加农作物品种和产量,提高农作物品质,但也可能会增加干旱、洪涝、冰雹、雷电、雪灾等农牧业气象灾害出现机率。     

西宁市近50年气候变化特征分析

利用西宁市气象观测站1961~2010年的气温和降水资料,分析了西宁市近50年的气候特征及周期变化。结果表明:50年来西宁市年平均气温呈现非连续性上升趋势,线性倾向值为0.09℃/10a,各季的变暖趋势和变暖幅度不尽相同,增幅依次为冬季、春季、秋季、夏季。50年来降水总体为波动中明显增加的趋势,增长率为16.3mm/10a,各季降水量也呈增加的趋势。西宁市降水和气温的年代分布具有明显的阶段性,显示气候变化具有阶段性、季节差异性特征。近50年来,西宁市年气温和降水变化均以27a为第1主周期。     

黄河、湟水河谷和环青海湖地区以及柴达木盆地40年气候变化的统计分析

文章利用1961年以来40a的气温、降水、20cm口径蒸发量和地表蒸发量等资料，对青海省黄河、湟水河谷和环青海湖地区及柴达木盆地的气候进行分析，结果表明，3地的气温在1971～2000年的气候均值比1961～1990年的要高，降水量和蒸发量呈减少的趋势，地表蒸发量增加。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

我国城市生态评价研究进展

城市建设带来了越来越多的生态环境问题，生态城市建设是解决这些问题的良好途径。生态城市的建设要有一定的评价体系作为支撑，本文综述了国内基于AHP方法建立的应用较为广泛的城市生态评价体系和方法，并对国内城市生态评价的现状做了分析。     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.