劣质原油常减压加工过程中重金属分布特点分析

以某加工高硫劣质原油的石油炼制企业为研究对象,采集该企业原油、常减压装置电脱盐废水和主要馏分等样品,利用原子吸收技术对其所含的镍、钒等六种重金属含量进行分析测定。结果表明:该原油样品中的重金属元素经常减压过程后.主要分布在减压渣油、减三和减二蜡油中,其含量超过原油中含量的99.5%.而电脱盐废水中重金属含量不到原油中含量的0.5%。     

钻井及油气田废水重金属检测干扰消除探讨

钻井废水和油气田采出废水成分复杂,在使用原子吸收分光光度法测定废水中重金属时,干扰严重。为获得准确可靠的检测数据,以硝酸、盐酸、高氯酸和氢氟酸综合消解法代替传统消解法,对废水进行预处理,试验所得回收率达90%以上,准确度达99%,质控样品100%合格。结果证明:此消解方法可行,可应用于钻井及油气田废水中重金属检测。     

气相分子吸收光谱法测定废水中的氨氮

文章应用气相分子吸收光谱仪测定废水中的氨氮,对其工作曲线、准确度、精密度、稳定性以及加标回收率进行了实验,测得该生活污水处理厂进、出口浓度分别为1.176,0.181mg/L,7次重复测定的标准偏差分别为0.448%,0.674%。在两种实际样品中分别加入0.5mg/L的标准浓度样品进行加标回收率测试,回收率分别为99.54%,99.58%。结果表明,该实验方法简便、快捷、易操作、准确度及精密度良好。与纳氏试剂法相比较具有自动化程度高、测定速度快等优点。     

水质污染及对作物的危害

(1)有害物质及致害机制水质污染对农作物造成的危害作为重大社会问题而被提出,已是由来已久的事,在日本这可以追溯到一八七九年足尾铜山废水中所含的铜造成危害的事例。近来引起注意的除矿山废水之外还有工业废水和城市生活污水所引起的危害。水质污染按污染源来说可以分为重金属污染、盐类污染、有机物污染和其他中性洗涤剂污染。灌溉水中所含有的这些物质,有时是直接被作物吸收而使其受害,有时则在土壤中积累,然后被作物吸收而使其受害,有时是通过与其他作物接触才对某种作物造成危害。特别是对于重金属     

印染废水反渗透膜处理回用技术

介绍了印染废水反渗透膜处理回用的原理、运作流程,并对膜处理产水进行了水质测试,评估其回用于生产的可行性。结果证明,印染废水经反渗透膜处理后含盐量和电导率大大降低,回用水的各项指标均达到印染生产用水要求,可满足中高档印染产品的生产需要。     

重量法测定含动、植物油和矿物油废水应注意的问题

废水监测中，用重量法测定污（废）水中的动、植物油和矿物油是常用方法之一。为了保证测试结果的准确性，减少误差，提高分析测试质量，作者以多年的实践经验结合塔里木油田采油厂生产污水和餐饮行业生活废水的测定，对测定两种不同含油类废水应注意的问题进行探讨。供同行在实际工作中参考。     

生物化学法处理含酚废水的研究进展

含酚废水来源广、数量多，对人体和动植物都有很大的危害，因此．．必须对舍酚废水进行有效的处理。综述了含酚废水的处理技术和处理结果，特别是对生物法处理含酚废水的现状与发展进行了介绍和评述。     

印染废水中苯胺类化合物的测定

采用国标(GB 11889-1989)方法测定印染废水中的苯胺类化合物,发现测试结果不理想。改进实验方法以(1+1)的硫酸溶液代替硫酸氢钾来调节样品的酸度,用PHB-3型酸度计控制样品溶液酸度使其pH=1.2,此法可以准确控制酸度并且最大限度地减小盐度引起的实验偏差,用聚己内酰胺粉末对样品溶液进行脱色处理,然后样品溶液再按国标方法进行处理。与标准方法相比较,操作方便,精密度和准确度高,样品测试数据相对偏差为1.0%,加标回收率为98.5%。将该方法用于强碱性印染废水中苯胺类的测定,测试结果准确可靠。     

平流隔油法的应用及效果

一、含油废水的来源及其特性我厂含油废水的主要来源于机械加工零部件的洗涤和冲压酸洗废水,每天排放这类废水在110顿左右,废水中油的主要存在状态是油滴的粒径大,浮于水面上,有少量的粒径小的油滴浮于水中经测试分析含油量     

锑电极测试油田污水pH值方法的试验研究

为了在线测试中原油田污水水质改性后碱性废水的ｐＨ值,进行了锑电极酸度计测试油田污水ｐＨ值方法的试验研究。该酸度计主要由刮板电机、清洗刮板、温度测量电极、锑电级、参比电极、防护罩等组成。室内实验中锑电极测定两种标准缓冲液的ｐＨ值,当温度小于６０℃时,最大绝对误差为０．２３;温度为７０℃时为０．４６。在采油二厂濮二联合站进行半年的现场监测对比实验,相对于标准电极,该电极测量的最大绝对误差为０．３２,相对误差３．９％,比玻璃电极和复合电极精密度略低,但能够满足现场监测要求,且寿命较长。     

含高可溶性盐油田废水中悬浮物的测定

实验研究了可溶性盐对滤纸过滤法测定水中悬浮物的干扰，讨论了蒸馏水洗涤法消除可溶性盐干扰的不足。提出用双滤法消除可溶性盐干扰，通过室内和现场试验证明很有效。该法不改变原有的测定条件，具有较高的准确度和精密度。     

提高测定含油污水中COD准确度的探讨

根据自身工作实践,介绍了测定水中COD应注意的几个主要问题,如水样pH的调整、溶解氧含量的调整及确定稀释倍数的方法。特别提出:对于含石油类较高的水样时,应先用重铬酸钾法测定CODCr ,再确定稀释倍数。     

微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定土壤中的总磷

采用热效率高的微波消解系统对土壤中的总磷进行消解,建立了微波消解-流动注射分光光度法测定土壤中总磷的方法,该方法对比HJ632-2011碱熔-钼锑抗分光光度法具有快速、简便、节约试剂等特点。本文用两种分析方法对实际土壤样品及标准样品进行定量测定,所得结果表明微波消解法能快速测定大量土壤样品的总磷。     

WATER POLLUTION AS AFFECTED BY STREET SALTING1

The use of salt to melt ice and snow on streets and roads has become prevalent throughout the Northeast. Several states apply as much as 20 tons per lane-mile. Salt runoff may be sorted in various locations within the hydrologic system. Eventually the salt reaches streams and lakes. In Meadowbrook, it was observed that the chloride content reached a high of 11,000 ppm in December 1969. The runoff from the watershed was emitted in several surges. Chloride concentrations declined with the onset of summer, but still remained high, suggesting that some of the salt applied during the past winter appeared in the summer stream flow. Salt runoff entering a small lake, flowed directly to the lake bottom. The buildup of high density saline water in the lower portion of the lake prevented complete mixing in the spring. Incomplete mixing led to anoxic conditions in the lower lake strata. The population of bent hic fauna of the lake was changed by the flow of salt water into the lake. From a total of 10 species of dipteran larva and oligochaetes, only 4 species of the latter remained.     

萃取富集火焰原子吸收法测定香菇棒中的铅镉

用HNO3-HClO4消解香菇茵棒样品，以DDTC为络合剂，四氯化碳为萃取剂萃取消解液，用HNO3-H2O2混合液反萃取，火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定水相中的铅镉，结果令人满意。     

The geoenvironmental cycle of cadmium: a case study

Amidst the hue and cry about anthropogenic sources of pollution, there are regions in the world facing silent metal discharges purely due to geochemical factors. The present investigation relates to such a situation and deals with the non-anthropogenic discharge of cadmium into the local environment. The phosphorite rocks of the Roorkee area of India contain cadmium and, particularly as these are used in the manufacture of superphosphate, the rocks could lead to the large-scale disbursement of cadmium into the open environment. The area under study has soil rich in cadmium-containing minerals, as a result of which water is likely to leach out mobile cadmium and the ground water and crops could become contaminated. This is evident from the high values of cadmium in the tap water and food samples in the area. The Ganga and the Yamuna, the two major rivers traversing the area that originate in the central crystalline rocks of the Himalayas, show high cadmium values at Rishikesh and Dakpathar. Moreover, the sediments of these rivers have cadmium in easily bioavailable form. Food samples and milk analysed from the area show, in some cases, cadmium levels above the safety limits. This high exposure to cadmium is probably causing ailments so far unreported.     

Polyacrylamide distribution in columns of organic matter-removed soils following surface application

Knowledge of how polyacrylamide (PAM) penetrates and distributes in a soil profile after application in irrigation water is important for understanding PAM conditioning depth and evaluating its environmental effects. Little is known, however, about PAM distribution in soil because of the difficulty in quantifying PAM content in natural soils. By using a recently modified substrate-borne PAM quantification method, PAM distribution in columns of organic matter-removed soils was determined. Results showed that penetration of PAM into the soil was affected by salt level of irrigation water, soil texture, initial soil water content, water application method, and other factors. Polyacrylamide penetration depth was about one-eighth to one-half of the water penetration depth, with a particularly high PAM retention in the top few centimeters of the soil. Under different experimental conditions, the PAM retained in the top 0 to 2 cm of soil ranged from 16 to 95% of the total applied amount. More favorable solution-soil contact conditions, longer solution-soil contact time, and lower initial soil moisture caused much more PAM retention in the top few centimeters of the soil. High sorptive affinity of PAM on soil is the main reason for its low penetration into the soil. Although these results were not obtained from natural soils, they are still helpful in improving our understanding of PAM transport behavior in soils.     

浅谈利用地下盐穴处理废钻井液

利用地下盐穴进行各种工业废物的埋藏处理目前在国外已得到很好的应用。文章针对油田废钻井液的填埋处理技术,详述了建设盐穴所需要选择的地质条件:必须具有良好的封闭性;造穴方式主要通过水溶洗盐形成地下溶洞;埋藏废物需要通过一系列的特定工艺才能完成;废钻井液埋藏处理后需要进行监测以防止产生污染事故。一般来说,由于地下盐穴埋深大、盐穴封闭性好,具有较高的安全性。利用盐穴进行废钻井液的埋藏具有费用低、容量大、占地少、安全性高等优点。     

回转窑在处理危废铬渣中的应用

铬渣主要指铬盐厂生产过程中产生的有毒废渣,属于危险废物,其危害源自于所含的毒性很大的六价铬。文章介绍了危险废物处理行业中采用回转窑焚烧处理铬渣,及后续烟气净化、彻底无害化处理的工艺设计过程。为铬渣的处理提供了一套系统高效的处理方式。     

利用浑浊度推算含沙量方法的限制性与适用性研究

通过对利用浑浊度与含沙量的相关关系来推算含沙量的方法的研究，发现此方法有两个限制因子，一是泥沙粒径，二是水中盐等其他杂质。研究结果表明，浊度法对于低含沙量、粒径小的水样测量精度高。