不同酸消解方法在土壤重金属测定中的比较研究

分别用三种不同的酸消解方法进行土壤标准样品的前处理,用原子吸收分光光度法测定其中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰、总铬元素的含量。结果表明,电热板/硝酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸消解方法耗酸量少,消解时间短,适用于土壤中铜、铅、锌、镉、镍、锰元素的前处理,相对标准偏差为1.0%～5.0%;而使用电热板/硝酸-硫酸-氢氟酸方法针对土壤中总铬元素进行消解前处理,准确度更高,相对标准偏差为2.7%～5.1%。     

拟开发场地的土壤重金属污染调查与评价实践

土壤污染调查乃"土壤修复"的前期。在某市郊拟开发建设的场地,按8个点分三层采集了24个土壤样品,用原子吸收光谱法测定样品中汞、铅、镉、铜、锌、镍、铬等7种重金属元素的含量,汞呈现对数正态分布,其他元素为正态分布,各元素在土壤层水平分布状态和垂直分布水平的差异性不显著,锌含量水平现状值在《土壤环境质量标准》GB15618-1995二级标准的指标限值内,汞、铅、镉、铜、镍、铬含量水平现状值均在土壤环境质量一级标准的指标限值内,且各元素浓度水平现状值均与场地所在区域土壤背景值一致。由此,本调查的场地土壤环境现状没有受到铅、汞、镉、铜、锌、镍、铬金属元素污染。     

广东徐闻县绿色食品（菠萝）基地土壤重金属状况研究与评价

对广东省徐闻县5个乡镇土壤样品中重金属（镉、汞、砷、铅、铬和铜）含量进行了检测,采用单因子指数法对其结果进行评价。结果表明,徐闻县绿色食品原料（菠萝）基地土壤中6种重金属元素含量均在标准规定范围内,5个乡镇的土壤环境质量均为一级,达到安全清洁水平。     

农村土壤环境质量监测与评价研究——以广东省某村庄为例

以广东某村庄为实例,介绍了农村土壤环境质量监测和评价方法。对该村庄菜地、基本农田、曾经污灌农田和怀疑受污染的农田土壤进行了12个样品砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、硒、锌等元素全量和六六六、滴滴涕等有机氯农药含量监测,并分别采取单因子指数法和综合污染指数法分析了该村土壤污染状况。该村土壤中铜、镉、砷、硒、锌和铅超过GB 15618—1995二级标准和环保部《全国土壤污染状况评价技术规定》评价标准,主要以铜、镉和砷污染为主,其超标率分别为75.0%、58.3%和58.3%;重污染土壤样品数占总监测样品数的41.7%,受中度污染的土壤样品数占25.0%,受轻度污染土壤样品数占8.3%,处于警戒水平的土壤样品占25.0%。不同类型土壤污染程度各异,其中曾经污灌的土壤和怀疑受污染的土壤铜、镉、砷、锌、硒、铅含量较高,基本农田土壤次之,菜地最低。     

杭州城区河道底泥重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

对杭州城区34条河道45个点位河道底泥进行采样,分析了pH及汞、砷、铅、铬、镉、铜、锌、镍等重金属含量,并进行污染及潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,监测点位的底泥为中性偏碱性,重金属含量分布不均,且范围波动很大,部分河道底泥重金属中汞、铅、镉、铬、锌、镍等有不同程度的超标,少数河道镉、铬、锌污染严重;按《农用污泥中污染物控...     

碘化钾——甲基异丁酮络合溶剂萃取火焰原子吸收法测定土壤中镉、铅等

在测定土壤中铜、铅、锌、镉、钴、镍等元素时,需要各种前处理,如(强酸消化、熔融法等),使待测成分完全释放出来以利测定,对于某些含量过低的元素如(镉、铅)还需要通过萃取富集。在前人工作的基础上,我们选择了王水—高氯酸、硝酸—双氧水消化土样;碘化钾—甲基异丁酮络合及二乙基二硫代甲酸钠—     

畜禽养殖场废水中铜铁铬镉元素测定的研究

用原子吸收光谱法对畜禽养殖废水中总铜、总铁、总铬、总镉进行测定，使用自制的改进液体进样装置，直接在线加入硝酸镧一十二烷基磺酸钠复配溶液，提高了铅和铬元素的灵敏度，降低了干扰。方法回收率较好，能够达到检测要求。     

用火焰原子吸收法测定粮食样品中五种元素含量

本文研究采用空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收法测定粮食中铜、锌、镍、铅、镉的含量,对样品消解方法、背景干扰和测定结果的准确度和精密度均进行了比较试验,获得了满意的分析结果     

石河子市主要农业土壤中若干元素的环境背景值

按照背景值的采样要求,采集了石河子市主要农业土壤——灌耕灰漠土和潮土30个采样点的66个样品,用火焰原子吸收法和原子荧光法测定了铜、铅、锌、锰、铬、镍、汞元素的含量,得出了灌耕灰漠土和潮土的元素环境背景值。     

青海某水库底泥中重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

通过对青海某水库底泥进行取样检测,评价分析,研究重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险。铜、锌、镉、铅、铬、镍和锰7种元素采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定,汞和砷采用原子荧光光度计测定;利用检测数据,参考《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(试行)(GB15618-2018)和土壤背景值,分别采用单元素污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和地质累计指数进行污染特征评价,根据潜在危害单项指数进行风险评价,并提出综合建议。     

黄河三角洲重金属分布状况及分析评价

通过调查监测了解黄河三角洲地区四种主要重金属分布状况，结果表明，目前该地区河水、底质、土壤中基本未受到铜、铅、镉、六价铬的污染，但必须严格控制上游流域工业污染源的“三废”排放，以防止潜在的污染威胁。     

EVALUATION OF PHILODINA ACUTICORNIS (ROTIFERA) AS A BIOASSAY ORGANISM FOR HEAVY METALS1

ABSTRACT: A technique for using the rotifer Philodina acuticornis as a bioassay organism is described. The rotifer was exposed to a range of concentrations for each of 14 toxicants. The effects of the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc were studied. Based upon 96 hours exposure in soft water the sensitivity of the rotifer to the metals from the most toxic to least toxic was: cadmium, mercury and copper, zinc, silver, nickel (chloride), chromium, nickel (sulfate), lead and colbalt. In hard water with 96 hours exposure the most to least toxic respectively were: cadmium, copper, mercury, chromium and lead. The 48 hour EC₅₀ value suggests that zinc will follow mercury in relative toxicity when Philodina is tested in hard water. In a comparison of the toxicity of the chloride and sulfate salts of cadmium, nickel and zinc in soft water cadmium sulfate and zinc sulfate were more toxic after 96 hours; nickelous chloride was more toxic than nickelous sulfate. Increased water hardness decreased the toxicity of the heavy metals studied. The results suggest that this rotifer may be more sensitive than the bluegill sunfish to the salts of cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc and chromium and less sensitive to lead. Data for cobalt, silver and mercury were not available. Philodina was extremely tolerant of ammonium chloride and phenol. The feasibility and economics of using an inexpensive, readily cultured and available organism such as Philodina acuticornis as a bioassay organism were discussed.     

某区域内矿区土壤重金属污染与生态风险评价

探究区域内矿区土壤重金属变化并对其进行污染评价,旨在为该区域环境保护及污染治理提供一定的理论依据,以期实现矿山地质环境保护与矿产资源开发并行的矿业绿色发展。以铅、锌、镉、砷含量为评价指标,结合《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—2018),采用重金属单因子污染指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法进行重金属污染评价,并对该区域矿区潜在生态风险作出评定。结果表明,A矿区土壤各重金属含量的变异系数为149.05%~211.42%,B矿区土壤各重金属含量变异系数为60.88%~118.58%;A矿区土壤重金属均出现超标现象,其中铅、锌和镉含量超标较为严重,超标率在72%以上,而砷含量超标现象则相对较轻,超标率为36.36%;B矿区土壤铅和锌含量均未出现超标,超标率为0,而砷和镉含量则出现不同程度的超标,其中砷含量超标率为92.31%,镉含量超标率为65.38%;两个矿区土壤各重金属含量均超背景值的现象,超背景值比例为42.31%~100.00%。A矿区土壤以铅、锌和镉污染为主,而B矿区土壤中砷和镉的污染较为严重。两个矿区土壤重金属综合污染指数均属重度污染,A矿区生态风险综合指数为很强生态风险危害,而B矿区为中等生态风险危害。     

GOLD-MINING EFFECTS ON HEAVY METALS IN STREAMS,CIRCLE QUADRANGLE,ALASKA1

Placer gold mining, which extracts gold from buried or exposed alluvia, is often conducted on or near streams. Such mining has the potential to adversely affect water quality. Other heavy metals associated with the gold (such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper) may be freed to enter streams. Mercury may also enter streams if miners are using it to recover fine particles of gold. These heavy metals are toxic and thus may be harmful to the aquatic life of the streams receiving effluent or runoff from placer mines. In 1982 we sampled two streams intensively - one heavily mined and one unmined - for total recoverable arsenic, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Only mercury was not significantly higher in concentration in the mined streams. In 1983 we sampled two stream pairs three times, and 10 other sites at least once, for total and dissolved arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Mercury and cadmium were not significantly elevated in mined streams, but the concentrations of total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, and dissolved arsenic and zinc were significantly higher in streams below active placer mining sites than in these that were not being mined or those that had never been mined. Additionally, total arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper and dissolved arsenic and copper became elevated after mining began in 1983 on a previously unmined stream.     

会理污灌区重金属污染的调查,评价及防治对策

本文调查、评价了会理县锌矿污灌区内水、土、作物的重金属污染状况。调查结果表明：污灌区内土壤、作物重金属污染严重,尤以镉污染突出。作物中镉含量与距污染源距离呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．９９５）。镉在水稻植株各部位的分布,以根系含镉量最高,茎叶次之,谷粒最少。评价结果表明农灌水的污染程度不大,土壤中Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ污染是土壤污染的主要表现,水稻的污染较玉米更为严重。Ｃｄ已对人体健康构成潜在危害。本文还针对污染区的重金属污染提出了相应的防治措施     

ACCUMULATION OF SELECTED TRACE METALS IN SOILS OF URBAN RUNOFF SWALE DRAINS1

ABSTRACT: Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C., area to detect the accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the soils of roadside grassed swale drains that had been receiving urban stormwater runoff. Two sites were residential areas and one site was an intensively used highway. The research results seem to indicate that the use of swale drains to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with respect to the study metals. With the exception of zinc, typical roadside patterns of decreasing metal concentrations with increasing distance from roads were observed for the upper 5 cm of study soils. Zinc accumulated in residential grassed swales due to leachate from galvanized curverts. Sampling to a depth of 60 cm revealed no evidence of subsurface trace metal enrichment in the study swales. Although the percentage of soil zinc in leachable form was as high as 20 percent of total zinc concentrations, the other study metals had small leachable components. Leachable lead was always less than 1 percent of the total lead.     

ACCUMULATION OF SELECTED TRACE METALS IN SOILS OF URBAN RUNOFF DETENTION BASINS1

ABSTRACT Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C., area to detect accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the soils of urban stormwater detention basins. The research results seemed to indicate that the use of detention basins to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with respect to the study trace metals. Although the trace metals, especially lead and zinc, were found to accumulate in the surface soils of the basins, little significant downward movement of metals in the soil profiles had occurred. Accumulations of metals in the surface soils appeared to be a function of microtopography and the resultant residence time of standing water. The fractions of trace metals that were present in a leachable form in surface soils and stormwater solids were small, with median values ranging from 7.7 percent of the total concentration for Cd to 0.01 percent for Pb.     

Metals distribution and interactions in tissues of shrews (Sorex spp.) from copper- and zinc-contaminated areas in Poland

To assess the risk from heavy metal accumulation to insectivorous species exposed to different pollutants, shrews [Sorex araneus (Linnaeus 1758) and Sorex minutus (Linnaeus 1766)] were collected in the Olkuski Ore Region (OOR; a Zn and Cd smelter area), Legnicko-G?ogowski Copper Mine Region (LGCR; a copper ore-mining area), and Bia?owieza Forest (BF; a control area). A few sites were chosen in each region and a total of 57 animals were collected from them. The liver and kidneys were dissected from the animals, dried, and digested in a 4:1 mixture of HNO3 (nitric acid) and HClO4 (perchloric acid). Cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, and iron were determined in the samples by flame or flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. The interactions between toxic and essential metals were calculated for each tissue. The data showed that accumulation of metals by insectivores is high; shrews accumulated much higher amounts of cadmium and lead than bank voles, studied by other researchers, from the same areas. The expected high tissue accumulation of copper at LGCR and zinc at OOR was not seen, but the levels of both elements were higher in the tissues of shrews from OOR than from LGCR. The lowest copper concentrations were in the tissues of shrews from BF. The highest cadmium and lead concentrations were found in the tissues of shrews from OOR. Some significant correlations were found between the tissue concentrations of xenobiotic and essential metals (e.g., between cadmium and zinc and between lead and iron).     

土壤重金属污染现状与植物修复研究

概括了中国土壤重金属污染现状以及危害,总结了土壤重金属污染的植物修复类型和优缺点,超富集植物的研究进展重点阐述了植物对土壤重金属耐性和富集机制,以及超富集植物的种质资源,最后指出了植物修复未来的研究趋势。