杭州市临安区农田土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对杭州市临安区农田土壤采用蛇形随机布点法采集63个土壤混合样,对土壤重金属现状进行调查与评价。利用内梅罗综合污染指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对该区域农田土壤重金属的污染程度与潜在的生态危害进行评价。结果表明:研究区域内Hg、As、Cu、Cd变异系数较大,可能存在人为影响。从单因子污染指数数据分析,土壤中重金属Hg超标最为严重、其次是As、Cu;內梅罗综合污染指数评价显示,研究区域内大部分土壤污染水平属于尚清洁以上,小部分土壤重金属呈现不同程度污染,主要是由于Hg、As、Cu污染导致。单个元素潜在生态危害指数评价显示,Hg表现为较强风险,其他元素均呈现较低风险,单个元素潜在生态危害指数均值依次为Hg Cd As Cu Ni Pb Cr Zn;多种重金属综合潜在危害指数总体上为轻微风险,极小部分为中等风险,主要由于Hg污染。研究区域部分地区出现单个金属总量出现超过风险筛选值且低于风险管控值,下一步应加强对该土壤及农产品的协同监测。     

洞庭湖表层底泥重金属污染及其生态风险评价

对洞庭湖表层底泥样进行了Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As、Hg和Cr等7种元素含量分析,并采用潜在生态风险指数法和土壤环境质量标准首次对各河流入湖口和各子湖区(段)表层底泥重金属的污染状况进行了评价。结果显示,洞庭湖各子湖区(段)表层底泥中以Cd污染最为严重,所有样点Cd含量均超过国家土壤质量三级标准限值;其次为Pb、Cu和Zn,各子湖区该三种金属含量均属于国家土壤质量二级标准;再次为As和Hg,东洞庭湖和西洞庭湖等湖区As、Hg均属于国家土壤质量二级标准;而Cr对洞庭湖表层底泥的污染最轻。主要河流入湖口中,湘江和资江入湖口表层底泥的Cd、Pb、Zn和As污染最为严重,沅江入湖口表层底泥的Hg污染最为严重,资江和汨罗江表层底泥的Cu和Cr污染最为严重。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明:西洞庭湖表层底泥重金属污染对生态潜在危害极高,南洞庭湖、东洞庭湖、城陵矶和大通湖的重金属污染潜在生态风险指数分级为高。根据潜在生态风险综合指数(RI)值大小,洞庭湖各子湖区(段)重金属复合污染程度由重到轻次序为:西洞庭湖大通湖城陵矶东洞庭湖南洞庭湖。     

广西贵港柑桔产区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

以广西贵港柑桔产区土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sc、Pb、Zn 8种重金属含量及污染特征,基于农用地土壤污染评价标准(GB15618-2018),利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了该产区重金属的综合潜在生态风险。结果表明:Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb 7种元素含量均值低于土壤污染风险筛选值,Cd元素含量均值(1. 22mg/kg)高于风险筛选值(0. 3mg/kg)。Pb、Zn元素与Hg、Ni元素各自具有相似的空间分布规律,Cd元素含量有从中心向四周扩散的趋势。Cd元素处于较强的风险水平,很强与极强级别样本所占比例分别为17. 5%和45%。Hg元素中度、强风险级别占比分别为39. 5%、29. 5%,说明该研究区土壤中Cd、Hg元素污染较严重。综合潜在风险指数RI均值为342. 4,属于强生态风险,主要受Cd、Hg元素污染影响。     

我国南方桉树人工林区水库沉积物重金属垂向分布及污染评价

为研究我国南方桉树人工林区水库沉积物中重金属污染程度及垂向分布特征,选取南宁市那降水库和天雹水库为研究对象,采用ICP-AES测定沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb 7种重金属在垂向上的含量分布,并采用地累积指数法对重金属污染进行风险评价。结果表明,天雹水库沉积物中重金属污染较那降水库严重,且7种重金属平均含量远远高于南宁市土壤重金属元素背景值。重金属垂向分布特征显示,重金属Cu和Pb平均含量呈波动增长趋势,Zn和Cd呈持续增长趋势,而Cr、As和Hg呈波动下降趋势。由重金属含量变异系数垂向变化来看,重金属Hg含量变异系数最大,不同深度处均大于0.45,离散程度较高。地累积指数法评价结果表明,重金属污染程度由大到小顺序为:HgCdZnCuPbCrAs,重金属Hg累积最严重,属于中度污染程度,且有逐年加重趋势,两个水库的相似点是重金属Hg和Cd也有明显累积,处于中度污染水平。     

南充市农村土壤重金属污染现状调查与评价

本文对南充市不同区域农村土壤中重金属污染状况进行了调查和分析,参照《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995),运用单污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤质量进行了评价。结果表明,南充市农村土壤重金属平均内梅罗综合污染指数为1.01,受到了重金属轻污染。主要重金属污染物为Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn。52.8%样点受Cu轻污染,41.7%Zn轻污染,8.3%Hg轻污染,36.1%Ni轻污染,2.8%Ni中度污染。不同区域和不同土地利用方式下土壤中重金属污染状况有一定的差别。     

新疆沙漠腹地东道海子土壤中重金属污染评价

本文以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠腹地的东道海子为对象,研究东道海子沿岸土壤中重金属(Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cd、Cu和Zn)污染特征,并用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对土壤中重金属的潜在生态危害进行分析评价。结果表明:东道海子沿岸土壤中重金属含量均满足我国土壤环境质量一级标准,除Hg(49%)和As(54%)外,其余几种重金属含量差异不大,变异系数均小于30%。10个采样点的7种单一元素潜在生态危害系数均为轻微生态危害,10个采样点的潜在生态危害指数也为轻微生态危害,表明东道海子沿岸土壤受到重金属污染较小。     

准噶尔盆地南缘大气降尘中重金属的季节性规律和来源分析

本文选择准噶尔盆地南缘的荒漠绿洲交错带作为研究区,利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光谱法测定降尘样品中的Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cd、As重金属含量,对比分析不同季节重金属含量的变化规律。并通过单因子污染指数法判断大气降尘对土壤重金属污染情况,通过富集因子法探讨不同重金属污染来源。结果表明,Pb和Cd在采样期间均对土壤有一定程度的污染,Zn和Cu分别在秋季和冬季对土壤有较重污染。除了Cr、Mn、As和Ni来源于自然源,其他重金属均受到人为源的影响。分析表明,大气降尘的重金属含量较高,可以通过减少燃煤消耗量、调整工业生产等措施降低大气降尘对土壤的污染。     

四川马边某磷矿区土壤重金属特征及形态分析

为研究四川马边某磷矿区土壤重金属分布状况及特征,采集矿区土壤样品,用ICP-MS测定了重金属As、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr的含量及其形态,并用潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染程度进行评价。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属中的Cd和Pb含量高于四川土壤背景值的10. 00、7. 14倍,高于全国土壤背景值8. 14、8. 48倍,其余元素均略高于各背景值,经相关性分析,As、Zn、Cd 3种重金属具有同源性。形态分析显示,Cd的形态分布以可还原态为主,易迁移释放,其余元素均以残渣态为主,Pb除残渣态外,可还原态与可氧化态占一定比例,具有一定的潜在风险。潜在生态危害指数法分析表明,重金属的单一潜在生态危害程度E_r~i顺序为Cd Pb As Cu Cr Zn,各样点重金属潜在生态危害指数RI平均值为378. 87,属于强生态危害,其中又以Cd贡献率最大,为78%。     

泸州市蔬菜种植地土壤重金属污染特征及生态风险评价

为了解泸州市蔬菜种植地土壤重金属的污染状况,分析了泸州市蔬菜地土壤中的p H值、有机质以及重金属(Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu)含量,并用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法、地积累指数法以及潜在生态危害指数法对该地区土壤重金属污染状况以及生态风险进行评价。结果表明,该地区土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu的平均含量水平未超过四川土壤背景值土壤。利用农业行业标准(NY/T391-2000)中土壤污染元素的浓度限值进行评价,泸州市蔬菜种植地土壤重金属均未超标。地积累指数及潜在生态危害综合指数评价结果表明,泸州市蔬菜种植地土壤中重金属污染处于轻微污染或无污染以及轻微的潜在生态风险水平,Cd的潜在生态危害系数最高,贡献最大。     

甲鱼养殖底泥中重金属含量及生态风险评价

为评价东林镇甲鱼养殖底泥中重金属的生态风险,利用ICP、石墨炉和原子荧光法分别测定了Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的含量,并根据地累积指数和Hakanson指数进行了生态风险评价。结果显示,甲鱼养殖底泥已受严重的重金属污染,且处于强生态风险等级。     

Levels of lead in blood in residents of Kuwait

Following an examination of blood samples from 1000 persons from Kuwait, a number of important differences in the levels of lead in the blood were noted. There were significant differences between the sexes living in the same residential area. Certain significant lead in blood differences were also found between females and males who dyed their hair, and between smokers and non-smokers. Lead in blood concentrations were also tested for the various blood groups of the respondents. It was noted that O⁺ blood group respondents were found to have higher lead levels than those of other major blood groups.     

Closure of Disputes in Assessments of Climate Change in The Netherlands

2 greenhouse gases in assessment studies. For the cases studied, we identify variability in the assessment reports in the Netherlands during the pre-IPCC period. In the Netherlands arena, the assessments in this period can be seen as exponents of two different lines, a Netherlands line and an international line. We seek to identify what factors were decisive in the selection processes that resulted in the closure of visible disputes (visible in or across the assessment reports) for both cases. Our analysis reveals a remarkable difference in the adoption behavior of two Dutch assessment groups despite a large overlap in membership. We provide evidence that it is not the paradigmatic predisposition of the experts in the committee that was decisive for the closure of visible disputes, but it was the context in which the experts operated and the commitments they had made in each setting.     

Assessment of flooding impacts in terms of sustainability in mainland China

An understanding of flood impact in terms of sustainability is vital for long-term disaster risk reduction. This paper utilizes two important concepts: conventional insurance related flood risk for short-term damage by specific flood events, and long-term flood impact on sustainability. The Insurance Related Flood Risk index, IRFR, is defined as the product of the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) and Vulnerability. The Long-term Flood Impact on Sustainability index, LFIS, is the ratio of the flood hazard index to the Sustainable Development Index (SDI). Using a rapid assessment approach, quantitative assessments of IRFR and LFIS are carried out for 2339 counties and cities in mainland China. Each index is graded from ‘very low’ to ‘very high’ according to the eigenvalue magnitude of cluster centroids. By combining grades of FHI and SDI, mainland China is then classified into four zones in order to identify regional variations in the potential linkage between flood hazard and sustainability. Zone I regions, where FHI is graded ‘very low’ or ‘low’ and SDI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’, are mainly located in western China. Zone II regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘medium’ or ‘high’, occur in the rapidly developing areas of central and eastern China. Zone III regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘very low’ or ‘low’, correspond to the resource-based areas of western and north-central China. Zone IV regions, where FHI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’ and SDI is ‘very low’ to ‘low’, occur in ecologically fragile areas of south-western China. The paper also examines the distributions of IRFR and LFIS throughout mainland China. Although 57% of the counties and cities have low IRFR values, 64% have high LFIS values. The modal values of LFIS are ordered as Zone I < Zone II ≈ Zone III < Zone IV; whereas the modal values of IRFR are ordered as Zone I < Zone III < Zone IV < Zone II. It is recommended that present flood risk policies be altered towards a more sustainable flood risk management strategy in areas where LFIS and IRFR vary significantly, with particular attention focused on Zone IV regions, which presently experience poverty and a deteriorating eco-system.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

国土资源开发利用的综合效益分析

用定量与定性相结合的方法 ,系统分析了国土资源在开发过程中所表现出来的各种社会、经济和生态方面的数量关系和指标 ,并用经济学的基本模型 ,从国土资源开发的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益上总结了这种关系。最后提出了国土资源开发利用的综合效益就是社会效益、经济效益、生态效益的统一 ,经济效益是社会效益和生态效益基础的观点。     

生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的应用

在分析县域可持续发展指标体系特点的基础上,从生态功能区划依据的原则、目标等方面,深入论述了生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的三方面作用,提出了应用生态功能区划结果对某一区域内不同县域的可持续发展状况分类别进行评价的观点。     

高校参与社区精神文明建设的思考

高等院校汇集了多方面的人才,是社会主义精神文明建设的重要阵地。如何发挥其优势为社区精神文明建设服务?本文从多方面论述了高校主动参与社区精神文明建设的指导思想、意义、优势、思路和途径。     

Role of Wild Game in the Diet of Recreationists in South Carolina

Risk assessors have devoted considerable attention to the consumption of fish in the diet of recreational and subsistence anglers, but little attention has been directed toward the percentage that wild game contributes to total protein intake for people who engage in hunting and fishing. While recall studies have limitations, the relative errors should be similar for different types of fish and game. We interviewed 454 people attending the Palmetto Sportsmen's Classic in South Carolina to determine their consumption patterns of domesticated animals, fish (both wild-caught and commercial) and wild game. The percentage of people who consumed each type of meat was: chicken (98%); beef (95%); wild-caught fish (79%); deer (79%); restaurant fish (73%); pork (71%); dove (47%); commercial fish (41%); wild turkey (40%), duck, squirrel and self-caught quail (about 25% each); restaurant quail (10%); and raccoon (11%). Although a similar proportion of white respondents and black respondents consumed wild game overall (90%), there were ethnic differences in the number of meals of wild-caught fish and game. Black respondents ate more wild-caught fish, rabbit, raccoon and squirrel, and less deer, than did white respondents. Wild-caught fish and game made up 50% of the meat and fish diet of black sportsmen, but only 32% for whites. Wild-caught fish and game were being eaten disproportionately more by low-income black respondents, while more deer was consumed by higher-income black respondents. The data suggest that managers and planners should take into account age, ethnicity and income when (1) conducting exposure assessments, (2) considering consumption patterns for wild-caught fish and game and (3) managing risk from wild-caught fish and game. The data will be especially useful to policy makers and risk managers who are designing consumption advisories, for risk communicators in identifying the target audience and for managers designing long-term stewardship for sites with contamination.     

攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤Zn污染调查研究

根据各水果、蔬菜基地的分区定点采样结果的对比分析，研究了四川省攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤中Zn含量。结果表明，该区土壤Zn平均值范围在75．0～160mg／kg之间。各基地土壤平均锌含量顺序为：撒莲蔬菜基地〉攀莲蔬菜基地〉会理石榴基地〉大田石榴基地〉西区芒果、桂圆基地〉仁和芒果基地〉盐边芒果、枇杷基地。7个基地中有3个基地的土壤锌含量不同程度超过土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准，其中以大田石榴基地超标最高（16％），平均值却是两个蔬菜基地最高。     

Tendencies in the Development of Tracks in Open Areas

area cells (the areas between the tracks) increased geometrically in the unprotected area, while the increase in the protected area was linear; and (3) most area cells (50%–70%) in the protected area in each of the years analyzed (except 1944) were smaller than 10 ha in size. However, an area cell greater than 100 ha has always been observed. In contrast, in the unprotected site the number of area cells increased with time while their area size decreased. Twenty-seven percent of the unprotected area is composed at present of area cells smaller in size than 1 ha. The development of a track system in the protected site changed moderately with a few peaks during the past 50 years. This trend is a result of land management policies that actively promote sustainable ecotourism. However, in the unprotected open area, the track system has changed continuously and drastically due to a lack of land conservation management.