冰雪中持久性有机污染物（POPs）的研究现状

冰雪是地球生态系统中重要的环境组分，它们不仅直接影响着全球的水循环，而且也直接影响着一些物质在不同纬度和海拔上的分布。随着气候的变化，在中低纬度使用和排放的POPs能够挥发到大气中，并伴随着大气的运动向高纬度高海拔地区迁移，这对生态环境造成了极大的威胁。本文主要介绍了持久性有机污染物的危害、历史排放数据，并详细阐述了国内外研究人员对冰雪中POPs的研究现状。     

废弃杀虫剂类POPs的识别、分类和包装——重庆市的经验总结

废弃杀虫剂类POPs(持久性有机污染物)会对人体健康造成严重而持久的危害。目前,中国主要采用高温焚烧技术来处理杀虫剂类POPs,而有效识别、分类和包装技术则是确保高温焚烧消除率的关键前提。重庆市率先开展的杀虫剂类POPs的处置试点工作,在识别、分类和包装技术上取得了进步,也为全国范围内的清运处置工作提供了良好的借鉴作用。     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)对人类健康的危害及其治理技术进展

大部分持久有机污染物persistent organic pollutants(POPs)具有致癌性、致突变和致畸变作用，对人类健康造成严重危害。本文阐述了POPs的各种性质、对人类健康的危害、主要的污染来源、国内外面临的污染现状及其处理和销毁技术进展，着重阐述了对被POPs污染的土壤进行物理、化学和生物修复的技术，以及关于废气、污染土壤和水中二恶英类物质的治理技术。     

DDT缘何禁而不绝

《关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约》(简称POPs公约)于2004年12月11日正式对我国生效,我国将全面履行该公约所规定的各项基本义务和常规义务。POPs公约于2001年5月22日在瑞典斯德哥尔摩通过,至今已     

全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物污染对农业安全的影响概述

分析了全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物（PFOS）危害农业安全的几种途径,并对其危害机理进行了讨论,提出了降低PFOS危害农业安全的几点建议,并总结了PFOS作为新型POPs对于农业安全危害的特点。     

冰雪中多环芳烃的研究进展

近年来,冰川中可持续有机污染物的研究已经引起人们越来越多的关注。文章简要介绍了环境中持久性有机污染物研究的科学意义及现状,着重阐述了POPs中PAHs在极地和高海拔高山地区雪冰中的环境化学行为及其研究现状。全文后面我们综述了冰雪中多环芳烃的预处理及分析研究方法。     

中外专家探讨POPs削减

环保部环境保护对外合作中心和联合国工业发展组织近日联合召开“中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约能力建设项目”2010年度技术协调会。会议交流了国内外POPs削减和控制经验，深入分析我国履约技术和资金瓶颈，提出加强履约能力建设的措施和办法建议，通报了公约成效评估、气候变化与POPs等履约国际热点问题的研究进展。     

专题 削减POPs,促进可持续发展

策划人语:甫自2001年5月23日,中国政府会同92个国家和区域经济一体化组织签署了《关于持久性有机污染物(POPs)的斯德哥尔摩公约》,庄严承诺履行公约各项义务,十年间持续不断开展行动,致力于POPs削减、淘汰和控制工作。公约所开列和增补的数十种污染物,或停产,或减量,不一而足,成效初现,然而拘囿于历史累积与具体现状,无法脱离工业化进程的限制,遗珠之憾,在所难免。     

履约十年,持久性有机污染(POPs)不再陌生——调查显示:过半居民初识POPs危害

本刊讯几年前人们普遍对"持久性有机污染物"这个名词还比较陌生,随着人们环境保护意识的提高,越来越多的人开始关心POPs的防治与人类健康问题,乃至此类化学物质的来源、控制工作。日前,一项针对中国履行斯德哥尔摩公约公众意识认知程度的调查显示,有57%以上的居民对持久性有机污染的环境风险和对人体健康的危害达到了初步了解的程度。     

广州土壤中短链氯化石蜡的含量水平和分布特征

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是一类新的持久性有机污染物(POPs),目前我国相关研究较少。为了解SCCPs在土壤中的污染现状和分布特征,测定了24个广州土样(含3个剖面采样点)中SCCPs的含量,分析了其同族体分布模式。结果表明:广州表层土壤中SCCPs的含量变化范围为6.8～541.2ng/g,均值为79.6ng/g;剖面土壤中SCCPs的含量范围为7.5～115.8ng/g,均值为33.1ng/g。不同类型土壤中SCCPs各同系物组分的分布模式相似,以碳原子数为10和11的Cl6-SCCPs/Cl7-SCCPs为主。     

Persistent organic pollutants in the environment: chlordane residues in compost

The half-lives of some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in environmental compartments such as soil and air can be as long as decades. In spite of the hydrophobicity of many POPs, the literature contains reports of their uptake by, and translocation through, a variety of plants. Both these observations prompt the investigation of whether a vegetation-based environmental compartment such as compost contains significant residues of POPs. Previous reports imply that residues of technical chlordane will be found in compost. Due to its physicochemical properties, technical chlordane provides insights into the fate of POPs in the environment, which are not accessible through determinations of other pollutants in this group. Accordingly, we undertook the first comprehensive examination of technical chlordane residues in a variety of composts, specifically, 13 commercial and 39 municipal compost products, to both characterize and quantify the magnitude of this point source of contamination. Using chiral gas chromatography interfaced to ion trap mass spectrometry, the concentration and the compositional and enantiomeric profiles of chlordane components were determined. Of the 13 commercial products, 9 contained detectable chlordane concentrations, ranging from 4.7 to 292 microg/kg (dry wt.), while all 39 municipal products contained chlordane residues ranging from 13.9 to 415 microg/kg (dry wt.). The residue concentrations and profiles suggest possible feedstock sources for the chlordane in the finished compost product. The data also support the conclusion that some composts contribute to anthropogenic cycling of POPs through the biosphere.     

Persistent organic pollutants in source-separated compost and its feedstock materials--a review of field studies

Composting and the application of compost to the soil follow the principle of recycling and sustainability. Compost can also have a positive effect on physical, chemical, and biological soil parameters. However, little is known about the origin, concentration, and transformation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in compost. We therefore compiled literature data on some priority POPs in compost and its main feedstock materials from more than 60 reports. Our data evaluation suggests the following findings. First, median concentrations of Sigma 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), Sigma 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Sigma 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/Fs) were higher in green waste (1803, 15.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 2.5 ng international toxicity equivalent [I-TEQ]/kg dry wt.) than in organic household waste (635, 14.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 2.2 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt.) and kitchen waste (not available [NA], 14.9 microg/kg dry wt., 0.4 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt.). The POP concentrations in foliage were up to 12 times higher than in other feedstock materials. Second, in contrast, compost from organic household waste and green waste contained similar amounts of Sigma 16 PAHs, Sigma 6 PCBs, and Sigma 17 PCDD/Fs (1915, 39.8 microg/kg dry wt., and 9.5 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt., and 1715, 30.6 microg/kg dry wt., and 8.5 ng I-TEQ/kg dry wt., respectively). Third, concentrations of three-ring PAHs were reduced during the composting process, whereas five- to six-ring PAHs and Sigma 6 PCBs increased by roughly a factor of two due to mass reduction during composting. Sigma 17 PCDD/Fs had accumulated by up to a factor of 14. Fourth, urban feedstock and compost had higher POP concentrations than rural material. Fifth, the highest concentrations of POPs were usually observed in summer samples. Finally, median compost concentrations of POPs were greater by up to one order of magnitude than in arable soils, as the primary recipients of compost, but were well within the range of many urban soils. In conclusion, this work provides a basis for the further improvement of composting and for future risk assessments of compost application.     

Activated carbon immobilizes residual polychlorinated biphenyls in weathered contaminated soil

Activated carbon (AC) has recently been shown to be effective in sequestering persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from aquatic sediments. Most studies have demonstrated significant reductions of POP concentrations in water and in aquatic organisms; however, limited data exist on the possibility of using AC to immobilize remaining POPs at terrestrial contaminated sites. Under greenhouse conditions, pumpkin ssp cv. Howden) were grown, and red wiggler worms () were exposed to an industrial contaminated soil containing a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), i.e., Aroclors 1254 and 1260) treated with one of four concentrations of AC (0.2, 0.8, 3.1, and 12.5%) for 2 mo. The addition of AC to contaminated soils virtually eliminated the bioavailability of PCBs to the plant and invertebrate species. There were reductions in PCB concentrations of more than 67% in ssp and 95% in . These data suggest that AC could be included as part of comprehensive site closure strategy at PCB-contaminated sites.     

简述二噁英降解方法的研究进展

二噁英是一类剧毒的持久性有机污染物和一级致癌物质。脱氯降解是降低二噁英毒性的有效途径之一。本文首先介绍了二噁英的种类、来源和危害，其次对二噁英的降解方法包括光降解、光-Fenton降解、生物降解、热降解、化学降解脱氯作了简要评述，比较了各种降解方法的优劣。     

污泥堆肥技术现状及应用中需注意的问题

阐述了堆肥技术背景与基本原理。通过对国内示范项目运行情况的研究分析,提出了堆肥处理处置中应注意的工艺选择、处理规模、通风除臭、自动化与可靠性、减量化与稳定化,以及重金属、POPs、经营风险等问题。分析了堆肥处理处置全过程的经济成本,得出了该技术的参考运行成本;给出了该技术的适用条件和发展趋势。     

First principles of the MameLuke multi-actor modelling framework for land use change, illustrated with a Philippine case study

This paper presents the first principles of the MameLuke framework, an agent-based modelling framework for studying environmental issues and land use and cover change (LUCC). The MameLuke framework enhances the understanding of the relationship between societal processes and LUCC by modelling individual and group decisions and human-environment interactions. The framework allows for the transformation of real-life stories into computerised models following a predetermined sequence. By doing so, the framework allows for a truly integrative approach, because it is not bound to any particular scientific discourse. Even better, the framework enables its users to combine scientific discourses regarding human decisions and behaviour on multiple scales and levels. The agents (actors and locations) in the framework are heterogeneous. This heterogeneity of agent behaviour is established by dividing the agents into categories. If an agent is a member of an agent category or combination of categories, it has access to a defined set of implementable actions. The actions are constructed out of potential option paths (POPs) and potential option nodes (PONs). The whole of POPs represent a theoretical construct of agent behaviour and decisions that the framework user wishes to explore. The POP defines a sequence of PONs. The PON is a transaction interface between an initialising agent and a recipient agent where they exchange material and immaterial capital. This paper explains the basic architecture of the MameLuke framework and shows its applicability with a model of a Philippine case study. This case study concerns the dynamics of migration and deforestation. It is part of a larger study on land use change in the San Mariano watershed area at the forest fringe of the Sierra Madre mountains in the Philippines.     

Polyphenol oxidase activity in subcellular fractions of tall fescue contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Understanding enzyme responses to contamination with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is a key step in the elucidation of POP metabolic mechanisms in plants. However, there is little information available on enzyme activity in subcellular fractions of POP-contaminated plants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in cell fractions of plants under contamination stress from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a greenhouse batch technique. Three parameters, E(cell), E(cell-n), and P(cell), denoting the amount of PPO activity, cell fraction content-normalized PPO activity, and proportion of PPO activity in each cell fraction, respectively, were used in this study. Contamination with phenanthrene, as a representative PAH, at a relatively high level (>0.23 mg L?1) in culture solution generally stimulated PPO activity in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) roots and shoots and their cellular fractions. The amount and distribution proportion of PPO activity in each cell fraction of phenanthrene-contaminated roots and shoots were (in descending order): cell solution > > cell wall > cell organelles. Cell solution was the dominant storage domain of PPO activity and contributed 84.0 and 82.8% of PPO activity in roots and shoots, respectively. The cell wall had the highest density of PPO activity in roots and shoots, based on the highest cell fraction content normalized PPO activity in this cell fraction. Our results provide new information on enzyme responses in plant intracellular fractions to xenobiotic POPs and fundamental information on within-plant POP metabolic mechanisms.     

VARIABILITY OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Sediment characteristics of samples from physiographic provinces of the continental United States were examined to determine variability within and among physiographic provinces and to compare characteristics of freshwater and saltwater sediments. Organic carbon, particle size distribution, particle surface area, cation exchange capacity, redox potential, and percent solids were examined for a variety of lotic and lentic freshwater sediment samples and nearshore estuarine and marine samples from the continental United States. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences (p < 0.05) within and among physiographic provinces for both freshwater and saltwater sediment samples. Sediment characteristics within physiographic provinces were as variable as characteristics among provinces. Freshwater sediment characteristics were not significantly different (p < 0.05) from saltwater sediment characteristics. Saltwater sediment characteristics were observed to be more strongly correlated with each other than were freshwater sediment characteristics. Based on the variability of sediment samples examined in this study, a specific site may require 50 or more replicate samples to be adequately or accurately represented.