欠发达地区县域经济可持续发展障碍与对策--以云南省凤庆县为例

通过对区位优势不明显,社会、经济和文化落后,但资源丰富的典型的欠发达县域凤庆县的实证研究,从思想观念、所有制结构、产业结构、基础建设、社会文化和经济,以及生态环境和农业基础等方面剖析了凤庆县经济不可持续发展的主要症结及原因,提出了该县经济可持续发展的总体思路,并作了对策探讨.     

县域经济发展失衡预警指标体系设计及预警评判标准界定

改革开放以来,中国县域经济取得了举世瞩目的成就,但各县域之间经济发展差距较大,落后县与先进县的差距有进一步拉大的趋势,县域经济发展存在很大的不平衡性,而发展失衡容易引发地区性社会风险.从经济规模、经济结构、社会民生和资源环境4个方面构建了由23个具体指标构成的县域经济发展失衡预警指标体系,在进行预警指标设计时重点关注了那些具有较强警戒作用的敏感性指标.此外,采用世界通行标准法和国内外文献综述法等多种方法界定了各预警指标的预警评判标准,为县域经济发展失衡程度的评判和预警提供了依据.     

山西省县域经济发展影响因素的空间异质性研究——基于地理加权回归(GWR)模型

县域经济是国民经济的基石,在整个国民经济体系中占有重要地位。山西省作为我国重要的能源重化工基地,分析其县域经济发展影响因素具有重要意义,然而不同县域经济发展影响因素存在较大的空间异质性。采用地理加权回归(GWR)模型,对山西省107个县域单元进行分析,结果表明山西省不同县域经济发展影响因素存在较大差别,为山西省县域经济发展提出针对性的政策建议提供依据,对其县域经济统筹发展具有重要意义。     

重庆市县域经济差异时空格局演化研究CSSCI

通过空间数据探索分析和传统统计分析相结合的方法,以县域为研究单元,探索分析了2004—2013年重庆市县域经济差异的时空格局演化。结果表明:1重庆市县域经济差异总体呈"抛物线"型变化,其中"1小时经济圈"的县域间经济差异和三大区域间的经济差异较大,渝东北翼、渝东南翼县域间经济差异较小;2县域经济发展水平的空间极化趋势明显,经济水平相似县域在空间上集聚,"1小时经济圈"的主城县域始终是经济发展高值聚类和热点区的核心地域,经济发展低值聚类和冷点区的县域在渝东北翼及渝东南翼集聚;3县域经济增长呈明显的空间极化现象,经济增长高值聚类和热点区县域在重庆主城区集聚,三大区域间经济增长不均衡。针对重庆市县域经济差异时空格局演化的结论及重庆城乡统筹区域一体化发展的要求提出了发展建议。     

重庆市县域经济差异时空格局演化研究

通过空间数据探索分析和传统统计分析相结合的方法,以县域为研究单元,探索分析了2004—2013年重庆市县域经济差异的时空格局演化。结果表明:1重庆市县域经济差异总体呈"抛物线"型变化,其中"1小时经济圈"的县域间经济差异和三大区域间的经济差异较大,渝东北翼、渝东南翼县域间经济差异较小;2县域经济发展水平的空间极化趋势明显,经济水平相似县域在空间上集聚,"1小时经济圈"的主城县域始终是经济发展高值聚类和热点区的核心地域,经济发展低值聚类和冷点区的县域在渝东北翼及渝东南翼集聚;3县域经济增长呈明显的空间极化现象,经济增长高值聚类和热点区县域在重庆主城区集聚,三大区域间经济增长不均衡。针对重庆市县域经济差异时空格局演化的结论及重庆城乡统筹区域一体化发展的要求提出了发展建议。     

陕西旅游资源富集县县域经济发展模式研究——以华阴市为例

陕西省作为我国的旅游资源大省,通过着力发展比较优势明显的旅游产业来促进县域经济发展本是大势所趋,但目前旅游业与工农业发展的孤立性又是约束县域经济发展的一道"紧箍咒",如何在旅游大发展的背景下实现旅游产业与县域经济的互动发展具有极为重要的理论与实证意义.通过分析华阴市2002--2009年旅游产业对县域经济的贡献能力,切实考虑当前该市县域经济发展中存在的主要问题,从旅游产业的视角出发,归纳出陕西旅游资源丰富地区县域经济发展的模式,以期为陕西省县域经济的发展提供对策和建议.     

县域经济在城市化中的作用及发展思路--以山东省为例

论述了县域经济与中国城市化进程之间的关联性以及加快发展县域经济以促进城市化进程的重要性.以山东省为案例,论证了中国今后要加速城市化进程,其关键之举是着力发展县域经济.     

中国县域人口就业与经济增长动态关系的实证研究——基于面板VAR模型的估计

就业问题在我国国民经济中占有非常重要的位置,是各级政府关注的焦点之一,也是维护社会和谐与稳定的关键措施之一。西方经济学者普遍认为经济增长是解决失业问题的最有效途径之一,而中国高速经济增长的同时还伴随着失业率的上升。基于2001—2011年中国1988个县的县域GDP和就业劳动力数量的面板数据构建了PVAR模型,并在此基础上进行了脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析,以考察县域经济与就业两者之间的动态关系。实证结果表明,县域经济增长并不能带动县域就业的增加;相反,县域经济增长对劳动力就业有微弱的抑制作用。从要素贡献角度看,就业劳动力是经济增长的因素之一,但对县域经济增长的作用较微弱。     

烟台地区县域经济发展与城乡统筹

县域经济是烟台地区经济的主体,对增加农民收入、缩小城乡差距、推进城乡社会经济的统筹与协调发展发挥了重要作用.从分析烟台地区城乡收入差距现状及其变化特点入手,利用SPSS11.0统计分析软件,通过多元回归分析,探讨了城乡差异与县域经济发展、城市化水平、工业化程度等诸因素间的关系.结果表明,在影响城乡差距的诸多因素中,县域经济的作用是最为直接和明显的.最后,就发展县域经济、缩小城乡差别,实现城乡统筹、协调发展的对策进行了深入探讨.     

滇中城市群县域经济结构时空演化研究

以县域为研究基础,以人均GDP、城镇居民和农村居民可支配收入的纯收入作为评价指标,以滇中城市群42个县域为研究对象,借助Geoda和Arc GIS等分析技术及空间统计分析法研究了云南省滇中城市群2002—2011年的经济时空差异格局。空间自相关方法对经济空间结构的全局演变和局部演变的研究表明:2002年以来滇中城市群经济发展迅速,经济结构呈现以昆明为中心,以昆明—曲靖、昆明—玉溪、昆明—楚雄为轴线,呈放射状发展模式,带动滇中城市经济迅速发展。     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

A DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC WATERSHED MODEL1

ABSTRACT: A distributed watershed model was developed to mathematically simulate overland and channel flow for a single-event storm. The modeled watersheds in the study were subdivided into rectangular grid elements. All hydrologically significant parameters, such as land slope, rainfall and precipitation excess, were assumed to be uniform within each element. The Green-Ampt method was adopted to generate precipitation excess for each element during the simulation period. A two-dimensional diffusion wave model was used for overland flow routing and an iterative Alternative Direction Implicit scheme was used to solve the simultaneous overland flow equations. Once the overland flow became inflow to the channel, a one-dimensional dynamic wave flood routing technique, based on a four-point, implicit, non-linear finite difference solution of the St. Venant equation of unsteady flow, was applied. A limited number of comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for areas of about one square mile. Given the appropriate parameters, the model was able to accurately simulate runoff for single-event storms. This paper describes a distributed watershed model developed to simulate overland and channel flow. Comparisons were made between simulated and observed hydrographs for three watersheds. The model was able to accurately simulate the runoff for single-event storms using 61-m by 61-m (200 ft by 200 ft) watershed grid elements.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT WHO SHOULD LEAD,WHO SHOULD PAY?1

ABSTRACT: Improving water management to meet future global needs will certainly require technical advances, but the main challenge is to integrate the viewpoints of diverse societal interests into decisions about allocation of water resources. The integration cannot be done solely by the market because it requires a balancing among interests which do not respond well to market forces, nor by the state alone because of institutional problems. The concept of “integrated water resources management” has been developed to provide the framework for the required balancing of interests, and, like similar concepts in industries other than water, it has a dual purpose - to link stakeholders and apply best practices to management actions. To clarify the process of integrated water management, the paper focuses on two questions: who should lead integrated water resources management and who should pay for it? Several examples are given to illustrate a range of situations. The paper concludes with a call to improve paradigms of integrated water management, a proposition that water organizations should accept and budget for their external responsibilities as well as their direct missions, affirmation of the need for state and federal agencies to be involved with local interests, a call for better scientific and public information, and identification of the need for continued work to improve the process of integrated water management.     

Green Symbolism in the Genetic Modification Debate

The character of the current controversy over geneticallymodified (GM) agriculture, typified by protesters' use of emotivesymbolism, has been largely inspired by the Green movement'snon-governmental organizations and political parties. This articleexplores the deeper philosophical and spiritual motivations of the Greenmovement, to inquire why it is implacably opposed to GM agriculture. TheGreen movement's anti-capitalism, exemplified by the hate-symbol statusof Monsanto as the company pioneering GM crops, is viewed within thewider context of alienation in the modern era. A complex of meanings isseen in Frankenstein as the focal symbol of GM protests, includingperceptions of risk, fears of the remixing of living identities seen ingenetic engineering, and resentment at the spiritual nihilism of thereduction of life to the digital code of DNA. By contrast, RobertGoodin's Green Theory of Value, which postulates the deep psychologicalimportance of nature in locating the self in a meaningful context largerthan ourselves, can explain the power of the Green symbol of thethreatened environment, Gaia. The advent of GM agriculture seems toimply that capitalism and technology can now enframe nature itself,leaving a world devoid of natural myth or meaning, with no escape fromthe alienation and nihilism of modernity. The central question posed forprotagonists of the GM debate is whether their agenda is based on thesepowerful but mythical conceptions of the environment, or whetherpreservation of the real environment is their primary ethic.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

STATE VARIABLE MODEL FOR URBAN RAINFALL-RUNOFF PROCESS1

ABSTRACT: A nonlinear hydrologic system model has been developed for analyzing the urban rainfall-runoff process. The model is formulated as a state variable model consisting of several parameters. A search technique is employed to find the set of parameters for which the model's response best fits observed data. The model could be used in either a simulation or forecasting mode. The model is applied to observed data for the Waller Creek Watershed in Austin, Texas, to develop the model parameters for various levels of urbanization of the watershed. The trend of each parameter with respect to levels of urbanization is examined.