新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的探讨（二）

文中论述了新疆地区乡镇企业发展与生态环境有关的产业结构特点和分布,分地区、分行业计算了乡镇工业1985—1988年的“三废”污染和生态破坏状况,并对1995年和2000年“三废”污染控制数量及生态—经济规划指标作了综合评述。提出了新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的主要对策和建议。     

发展乡镇企业要保护农业生态环境

在发展乡镇企业过程中,作者发现由于忽视环境保护,产生了乡镇企业的“三废”污染农业生态环境,农业资源受破坏这样一些环境问题。为此作者提出在发展乡镇企业的过程中,要妥善处理与资源、环境、农业生产和建设生态农村的关系,必须作好以下几点: ①因地制宜,合理利用农业资源。要根据本地区的资源特点,发挥资源的优势,因地制宜地选择发展具有地方特色的农业企业和农产品加工企业。     

抓利润提留 治理污染

辽宁省锦州市用“三废”综合利用提留资金治理污染,取得显著成绩。锦州市有大量有用资源和能源从“三废”中排放掉,严重地污染大气、河流、海域和地下水。近几年来,锦州市环境保护局根据国家有关“三废”综合利用提留利润的文件,主动与有关部门协作,抓污染严重的企业用“三废”搞综合利用,既收回了资源和能源,又用提留的利润治理了污染,改善了环境。仅据1982年8个企业的统计,用“三废”搞综合利用创造的价值达5,718万元,获得利润1,838万元。其中,经财政、税务部门批准企业提留了1,001万元,用于治理     

关于“三个集中”与加强郊县环境管理的思考

《务院关于环境保护若干问题的决定》（以下简称《决定》）指出：“地方各级人民政府要按照国务院的有关规定采取切实措施．加强对乡镇企业环境管理。要全面规划，合理布局，分类指导．因地制宜地发展少污染和无污染的产业，并与村镇建设相结合，相对集中建设乡镇企业．大幅度提高乡镇企业处理污染能力，根本扭转乡镇企件对环境污染和生态破坏加剧的状况。”这就是说．进一步采取切实措施．解决乡镇企业对环境的污染和对生态的破坏问题．是地方各级人民政府对本辖区环境质量负责，实行环境质量行政领导负责制，实现“九五”时期和2010年远景…     

旅游区环境污染及对策

本文阐述了我国当前风景旅游区普遍存在的“三废”污染、生态破坏、文化环境氛围协调性失去平衡、“文化污染”严重。针对这些问题,提出改善景区环境恶化的对策。     

安徽环境保护的几个战略问题

一、从省情出发,制定环境保护战略目标。 (1)“六五”时期,安徽省环境质量状况历年变化不大,有些城市有所改善,但局部地区污染和生态破坏仍比较严重。“六五”期间,全省共投资2.02亿元,建成污染治理项目1373个;5年新增废水处理能力总和85万吨/日,新增废气净化能力911万标立米/时;使工业“三废”排放总量在工业产值翻番的情况下,递增速率减缓,但“三废”排放总量仍在增加。     

我们是如何加强乡镇企业环境管理的

天门市的工业企业以乡镇企业为主体。据统计,全市现有工业企业688家,其中乡镇企业就有660家,占99%。据调查,全市660家乡镇企业中,有“三废”及噪声污染的为374家,占55%。天门市乡镇工业污染,主要有以下几个特点:一是污染源多,面广。二是污染物种类多。三是局部污染相当严重。四是治理污染难度大。五是资源能源浪费大。     

加强水环境管理 防治河水污染

纵观环境污染历史,水质污染造成的公害次数逐渐增多,规模也逐渐扩大,由此而产生的经济损失越来越严重。这就为我们制定“七五”计划时期的环境保护计划,加强水环境管理,提供了重要依据。随着经济建设的发展和城市人口剧增,工业“三废”排放量逐年增大,而由于资金不足,净化处理设备不配套,处理率却很低,环境污染和生态破坏没有得到有效的控制,水资源污染与破坏十分突出,部分城市环境质量继续恶化。1987年,陕西省排放工业废水4亿吨,处理率仅为22.1％,致使全省26条主要河流均受到不同程度的污染,大城市     

在保护环境中求发展

官渡区地处昆明市东郊,三面环城,地理位置得天独厚,在改革的浪潮中,官渡区乡镇企业异军突起,逐步成长壮大,成为全区主要经济支柱。该区在乡镇企业飞速发展的同时,不断加强环保工作,“三废”排放量急剧下降,万元产值废水排放量已由1986年的529.78吨下降到1990年的37.09吨,万元产值废气排放量由216.81万标立方米下降到46.09万标立方米。环境污染的局面基本得到改善,全区乡镇工业开始迈上经济与环保协调发展的轨道。     

为企业的经济发展创造条件

吉化公司在过去的几年里,发展经济的同时注重环境保护工作,先后建成了一系列“三废”处理设施和综合利用装置178套,总投资为2.87亿元。这些处理设施投用后,使吉化公司的“三废”污染得到了有效的控制,同时,也为企业的经济发展创造了良好的环境条件。一、制定企业总体发展规划,搞好环境综合防治     

Medical waste management in Korea

The management of medical waste is of great importance due to its potential environmental hazards and public health risks. In the past medical waste was often mixed with municipal solid waste and disposed of in residential waste landfills or improper treatment facilities (e.g. inadequately controlled incinerators) in Korea. In recent years, many efforts have been made by environmental regulatory agencies and waste generators to better manage the waste from healthcare facilities. This paper presents an overview of the current management practices of medical waste in Korea. Information regarding generation, composition, segregation, transportation, and disposal of medical wastes is provided and discussed. Medical waste incineration is identified as the most preferred disposal method and will be the only available treatment option in late 2005. Faced with increased regulations over toxic air emissions (e.g. dioxins and furans), all existing small incineration facilities that do not have air pollution control devices will cease operation in the next few years. Large-scale medical waste incinerators would be responsible for the treatment of medical waste generated by most healthcare facilities in Korea. It is important to point out that there is a great potential to emit air toxic pollutants from such incinerators if improperly operated and managed, because medical waste typically contains a variety of plastic materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Waste minimization and recycling, control of toxic air emissions at medical waste incinerators, and alternative treatment methods to incineration are regarded to be the major challenges in the future.     

“三废”资源化利用探讨

针对我国环境污染严重,资源、能源利用率低的现状,胜利油田积极开展“三废”资源化工作。通过对废水、固体废物、工业废气资源化现状的分析,科学地论证了“三废”资源化具有投资少,处理工艺简单易行,处理成本低,管理难度小等优点。找出存在的主要问题,并提出下一步工作目标。     

Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana

Municipal solid waste management in Accra, Ghana, is at present delivered in an unsustainable manner. Due to uncontrolled urbanisation, large quantities of waste are generated daily in Accra, and this exerts much pressure on an over strained solid waste management system. Coupled with weak institutional capacity, and lack of resources, both human and capital, the city authorities face difficulties in ensuring that all the waste generated in the city is collected for disposal. Home collection of waste is limited to high and, some middle income areas while the poor are left to contend with the problem on their own. This leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste in surface drains, canals and streams, creating unsanitary, and unsightly environments in many parts of the city.     

Waste scavenging in Third World cities: A case study in Ilorin, Nigeria

Solid waste poses a serious problem to government agencies and people in third world cities. Recycling as a way of managing waste has received relatively little attention. This paper examines the role of waste scavengers in the waste recycling process. The preliminary findings reported here indicate that the waste scavenger could be incorporated formally into the recycling process. Using plastic waste as an example, it is demonstrated that such recycling is economically viable.     

废水处理新技术--超临界水氧化法

超临界水氧化法是一种新兴且非常有效的废水处理方法。当水处于临界点以上时，溶解在超临界水中的氧气或过氧化氢可以将超临界水中的有机污染物氧化生成水和二氧化碳等无害物质，以达到对废水进行处理的目的。本文介绍了超临界水的特点、SCWO的流程及其对设备的影响，指出了超临界水氧化法存在的问题及解决的方法。     

危险废物处置中心物化处理浅析

介绍了一套危险废物处置中心物化处理系统的工艺原理、工艺流程（废酸碱及重金属废液处理、废乳化液处理）,与国内类似企业物化工艺进行对比,分析了系统的优缺点。结合国内危险废物处置现状和运行管理经验,进行了优化完善,进一步提高系统的经济性和稳定可靠性,为同类企业提供参考和借鉴。     

Critical review of industrial and medical waste practices in Dar es Salaam City

Industrial and medical wastes constitute a larger part on what is known as ‘hazardous wastes’. The production of these wastes is and will continue to be an on going phenomenon as long as human civilization persists. The health impacts of direct and indirect exposure to hazardous wastes include carcinogenic effects, reproductive system damage, respiratory effects, central nervous system effects, and many others. Today, many developed countries have legal provisions with regard to proper management of hazardous wastes. Tanzania, like many developing countries, has little emphasis on the proper handling and disposal of hazardous wastes. There is a serious inadequacy in handling industrial and medical solid wastes in the Dar es Salaam City. Improper waste deposition is increasingly becoming a potential public health risk and an environmental burden. Due to poor control of waste, industrialists and hospital owners are not well checked on how they handle and dispose of the wastes they produce with the result that many hazardous wastes reach the Vingunguti dumpsite without notice. Data on waste generation in Dar es Salaam is also inadequate, making it difficult to plan an efficient solid waste system. Promotion of public awareness, legislation and regulations enforcement and establishment of a proper sanitary landfill are considered to be principal remedial measures to ensure sound environmental maintenance. This paper summarizes the findings of the study on the practices of industrial and medical waste management in Dar es Salaam. The author aims to express the inadequacy in hazardous waste management and suggests possible measures to be applied in order to rectify the situation.     

The Prospect of Municipal Waste Landfill Diversion Depends on Geographical Location

This study reports on experimentation with municipal and industrial solid waste in Brazil, on mutual inspection of municipal sanitation models in selected Spanish and Brazilian towns, and on observations of municipal solid waste (MSW) management models effective in Argentina, Great Britain, Sweden, and Germany. The diversity of management strategies inhibits technology transfer. Judging by the models inspected, Sweden and Germany appear to be best prepared for stricter European landfill diversion targets in the near future. Experimentation in Brazil has resulted in a proactive MSW management model based on divided collection, which achieves 80 percent landfill diversion. This result, surprisingly, meets and exceeds European diversion targets in a South American context. As the gap in strategy and target narrows between South America and Europe, both technology and management methods may gain intercontinental mobility and thus enhance commercial ties between the two markets in the specific branch of MSW management.     

残酸再利用工艺技术

针对油田酸化过程中返排出的残酸处理困难,造成较大污染、浪费等问题,分析了残酸作为调剖剂的价值,研究了利用“残酸”进行调剖的工艺技术,并进行了现场试验,投入产出比为1:28,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益,为”残酸”的再利用和环境保护找到了一条有效途径。     

上海垃圾分类资源化利用的现状、问题与实践路径

“垃圾围城”现象已成为制约经济高质量发展的因素,推进垃圾分类是解决日益增加的环境压力的重要举措。在垃圾分类全过程中,如何分门别类进行资源化利用是下阶段工作的主阵地。上海作为先行先试的城市,在政府、企业、媒体和公民的协同共治下,垃圾分类实效显著,但资源化利用率仍有待进一步提高,出现垃圾分类主体内在驱动力不足、垃圾分类行为约束疲软、湿垃圾处置痛点突出、低价值可回收物资源化利用难点凸显等。针对此,本文以构建闭路循环为核心理念,提出细化分拣门类、提升市场化机制、强化垃圾资源化利用技术研发、夯实制度保障机制、加大宣传引导等对策建议,以期为其他城市提供经验借鉴与路径参考。