城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系研究

随着城市化和工业化发展,大气颗粒物对城市空气环境造成了严重污染,选取西安市作为研究区,分析不同时间和空间尺度下城市景观格局与大气颗粒物污染的关系。通过GIS软件、Fragstats4.2软件和SPSS软件对西安市2014年土地利用数据和2014年整年的大气颗粒物监测数据进行分析,结果显示,西安市土地利用类型分布较为集中;西安市大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征为浓度从市中心至城郊呈梯度递减趋势,在整体上呈现西北高于东南的倾向,大气颗粒物污染物浓度峰值基本都集中出现在建设用地范围内(PM10:102.7μg/m^3;PM2.5:99.7μg/m^3);相关性结果证实了城市景观格局与大气颗粒物浓度的空间分布特征。研究结果为中国西部内陆城市大气颗粒物污染控制、土地利用规划以及生态建设提供参考。     

气象因素对长沙市PM_(2.5)周期性变化规律的影响分析

以长沙市10个城市环境空气自动监测站点2013年的历史监测数据为基础,分析了PM2.5质量浓度的周期性变化规律,并采用非参数分析(Pearson相关性)法,研究了气象因素对长沙市PM2.5质量浓度周期性变化的影响。结果表明,PM2.5日均质量浓度在不同季节的绝对值和变化周期都相差很大。总体上,PM2.5在冬季的浓度高于夏季;PM2.5质量浓度的变化周期在3~8d。在2013年4个典型月份内,温度和风速与PM2.5质量浓度负相关,而湿度和气压与PM2.5质量浓度正相关,相关系数分别为-0.573、-0.395、0.519和0.440。PM2.5周期性变化与区域内大气环境容量相关,而大风、降雨等强对流天气是终结PM2.5变化周期的主要环境因素。     

成都市大气消光系数及PM2.5质量浓度在不同湿度条件下的关系研究

大气消光系数可以表征污染程度的大小,其本身与相对湿度密切相关。对2013年6月~2014年5月的逐小时地面观测的大气消光系数、相对湿度和PM2.5质量浓度数据进行统计与相关分析,以了解成都市大气污染的时间分布特征以及相对湿度和PM2.5质量浓度对其影响,在此基础上分析细颗粒物的吸湿增长特性。结果表明:(1)成都市消光系数具有明显的季节特征,消光系数大小依次为冬季秋季夏季春季。消光系数日变化在不同季节表现出不同的变化趋势。(2)当相对湿度小于80%时,PM2.5浓度与消光系数显著正相关,可直接利用污染物浓度代表污染的严重程度。(3)平均单位质量消光系数随相对湿度的变化表现出随机性,但整体呈现正相关。就平均而言,相对湿度每增加一个单位,平均单位质量消光系数增加0.013%。(4)由于成都市相对湿度对消光系数影响较大,因此在评定污染程度时用空气质量指数进行评定比用能见度评定更具科学性。     

柳州市2009-2014年空气污染变化

近年来,城市空气污染日益严重,已成为公众广泛关注的环境问题之一。柳州是中国西部的工业重镇、广西有名的工业城市,位列国家划定的113个大气污染防治重点城市之中,是广西第一个开展PM2.5监测的城市。本研究于2009—2014年连续6年对柳州市大气主要污染物SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的浓度进行在线观测,获得了污染物的长期时间和空间分布特征。结果显示,SO2浓度呈逐年下降趋势,并于2011年达标之后显著下降,2014年相比2009年下降了50.0%;NO2浓度一直在低于标准以下波动(24.6~35.1μg/m3);PM10浓度呈逐年增长趋势,并从2011年开始超标,2014年相对于2009年增长了69.3%。各污染物浓度都具有显著的季节变化:冬季秋季春季夏季。SO2、NO2、PM10和PM2.5的浓度冬季相比夏季分别提高82.9%、56.3%、66.9%和133.6%。冬季SO2和秋冬季PM10超标,PM2.5除7月外全线超标。PM2.5/PM10的比值冬季也高于夏季,表明冬季更易富集细颗粒。各污染物浓度也表现出不同的空间分布。九中各污染物的浓度都最高,可能与其离柳州钢铁公司距离较近有关。SO2除九中外,其他站点均达标。NO2全部达标。PM10市监测站和九中超标。PM2.5所有站点超标严重。本研究结果表明,柳州市煤烟型污染得到有效控制,但颗粒物污染,尤其是细颗粒物污染日益严重。     

昌吉市典型区域PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳污染特征分析

本研究分析PM_(2.5)中有机碳和元素碳的质量浓度变化特征,对昌吉市典型区域昌吉州环保局2016-01月至2017-01月采集的大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品,利用美国(Sunset Lab Inc)大气气溶胶元素碳与有机碳仪分析了其中的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度水平、污染特征及其可能来源,以期为深入了解昌吉市颗粒物污染现状,制定大气污染防治对策提供依据。结果表明:昌吉市OC和EC的质量浓度范围分别为0.13~46.71μg/m3和0.05~8.25μg/m~3,5月份质量浓度最小,EC的质量浓度月分布无明显变化,OC和EC最大浓度均出现在2月。OC的质量浓度季节变化特征呈现冬季秋季夏季春季;EC的质量浓度季节变化特征呈现冬季秋季夏季春季。在不同的季节,OC的浓度变化比较明显,EC排放相对稳定。对各季节OC、EC相关性分析中可以看出,昌吉市OC、EC相关性表现为夏季最强,春秋次之,表明昌吉市夏、春、秋OC、EC具有相似来源或大气扩散过程,主要来源于交通源机动车尾气的排放;冬季相关性较低,说明OC和EC来源复杂,冬季进入采暖期,采暖期燃煤燃气增加,排放量增大,排放源结构复杂,大气污染可能受多种源共同影响。     

成都平原西郊PM2.5载带水溶性离子污染特征

为探究成都平原西郊冬季颗粒物污染特征，采用离子色谱仪对选择点位冬季PM_2.5载带进行离子测定。结合空气站点PM_2.5、SO₂、NO₂质量浓度，分析其浓度特征、酸碱度、相关性及主要来源等情况。结果表明：采样期间，该区域大气PM_2.5质量浓度均值为73.1μg/m³,主要水溶性离子质量浓度均值为27.42μg/m³,占比为37.5%;阴阳离子当量比为1.003,PM_2.5呈酸性；二次离子(NH⁺₄、SO₄^2-、NO^-₃)占总水溶性离子质量浓度比值为71.7%且相关性较好，污染期间SNA主要以NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃两种形式存在；主成分分析可知燃烧排放、建筑施工扬尘及机动车排放二次转换是造成西郊冬季...     

炼化企业厂区PM2.5无机元素污染特征及来源研究

为研究炼化企业厂区大气PM2.5无机元素污染特征及其来源,于2015年非采暖期和2016年采暖 期采集两处炼化企业厂区环境空气中PM2.5样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）分析其中14种无机 元素质量浓度与富集情况,并通过主成分分析法解析其来源。结果表明：Na、Fe、Ca、K、Mg 5种地壳元素的质 量浓度 ρ（Na）、ρ（Fe）、ρ（Ca）、ρ（K）、ρ（Mg）占PM2.5中14种无机元素质量浓度总量ρＴ的93.4％,V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb人为活动排放元素的质量浓度占 ρＴ的6.6％。相较于我国主要城市地区,所述炼化企业厂 区PM2.5中 ρ（Cd）、ρ（Cu）、ρ（Fe）、 ρ（Pb）、ρ（Mn）、 ρ（ Ni）、 ρ（Cr）、 ρ（Zn）均较低,说明厂区各污染源并未对所在地 区环境空气造成严重的无机元素污染。厂区PM2.5中Zn、Cd、Cr元素富集因子分别为43.2,38.4,34.4,说明这 些元素受人为活动的影响较为严重。富集因子分析和主成分分析均表明,所述炼化企业厂区PM2.5来源复杂多 样,包括燃煤、机动车尾气排放、土壤扬尘、生物质燃烧、道路扬尘、建筑扬尘、燃煤及垃圾焚烧等,其中燃煤和机动车尾气排放对厂区PM2.5的贡献大于47.97％;土壤扬尘、生物质燃烧、道路扬尘和建筑扬尘对PM2.5的贡献 大于31.36％。     

济南市环境空气中PM_(2.5)的碳组成与特征分析

对济南市环境空气中PM2.5中碳组分污染特征的研究结果表明,济南市环境空气细颗粒物中碳主要以有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的形式存在,二者浓度以冬季最高,且变化趋势相同;OC占总碳比例较高;冬季二次有机气溶胶(SOC)浓度最高,与污染源排放及气象条件有关。     

合肥市颗粒物时空分布特征及其气象成因研究

利用2014—2015年合肥市颗粒物浓度及气象观测资料,对合肥市颗粒物浓度时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关系进行了分析。结果表明:2015年,合肥市PM10、PM2.5日均浓度均呈现"一增一减"趋势;PM10与PM2.5日均浓度分布季节差异明显,呈现"V"型特征;在空间分布上,PM2.5的浓度主城区高于周边地区,PM10浓度北部整体高于南部;PM10与PM2.5浓度与降水量、相对湿度、风速和风向均有一定相关性。     

乌鲁木齐市“十三五”期间环境空气质量变化及污染原因分析

"十三五"期间,乌鲁木齐市大气污染防治工作成效显著,环境空气质量持续改善,大气环境中细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))、可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、一氧化碳浓度下降明显,空气质量达标率逐年上升,综合污染指数逐年下降。与此同时,臭氧浓度升高、冬季污染严重等重点污染问题值得关注和深入研究。与全国相比,乌鲁木齐市环境空气质量仍具有较大的可改善空间,乌鲁木齐市大气污染防治工作任重而道远。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

National minerals policies and stakeholder participation for broad-based development in the southern African development community (SADC)

This paper explains how the well-accepted concept of improved stakeholder participation during mineral policy development leads to a national mineral policy that accommodates the diverging views and interests that allows wide acceptance of decisions, enhancing the success of implementation and, ultimately, national benefits. This process is based on lessons learnt during the South African experience and has been successfully applied in the development of the Namibian and Malawian national minerals policies. An effective policy in the SADC will engineer the delicate balance between poverty reduction and an internationally competitive minerals sector. This balance enhances the possibility of long-term economic growth and development in the SADC region. The overriding advantage of this strategy is that it generates ‘home-grown’ policy instruments and implementation of mineral law with which stakeholders can identify. This process presents a new challenge to traditional policy formulation strategies in emerging economies and the bottom-up approach, linked to wide political support, allows the potential realisation of national objectives.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.