我国天然水体中环境雌激素的污染现状及其生态效应研究进展

作为一种新兴的环境污染物,环境中的雌激素存在于各种介质中,并且已经被证实对生物存在危害。结合国内外的研究成果,综述了不同种类的环境雌激素在我国天然水体中污染现状以及环境雌激素对人类、水生生物和微生物的生态效应。在此基础上,对我国未来开展环境雌激素相关研究和如何应对环境雌激素污染问题进行了展望。     

中国乡村绿色发展路径的多元外溢效应与补偿机制——基于CGE模型的情景模拟分析

通过构建可计算一般均衡模型,本文动态模拟2022—2031年乡村绿色发展路径对总体经济、农业部门与农户的直接影响效应,对工业服务业、城市居民与资源环境（碳排放水平）的多元外溢效应以及补偿机制对各部门、各主体的影响效应。结果表明：(1)从直接影响来看,乡村绿色发展对总体经济、农业部门的碳排放与对经济增长的影响呈正相关关系。(2)从外溢效应来看,乡村绿色发展整体上对工业和服务业的碳排放与对经济增长的外溢效应同样显现为正相关关系,而农业绿色创新对工业部门的碳排放与对经济增长的外溢效应为负相关。(3)从外溢补偿机制的影响效应来看,对农户绿色消费行为实施消费侧外溢补偿机制较为有效,能够全面提升各产业部门的经济增长和减少其碳排放;对农业绿色创新实施外溢补偿机制将引致创新资源的市场扭曲;而绿色能源供给侧引入外溢补偿机制则能进一步提升其结构性减排效应,但不利于总体经济和工业部门的增长。     

环境政策作用机制的分析框架

了解环境政策作用机制是环境政策有效调控的前提和核心,准确理解环境政策作用的背景、成因、过程、作用机制、效应动态、演变规律等;全面而深刻地环境政策副作用和变形的生成-演变规律,了解政策副作用形成机制、传导机制、积累发展机制、作用机制、研究政策变形对环境政策适应性和效率的影响才可能准确预测环境政策所引发的变化,这些变化对社会经济的影响,进而对环境政策的反馈影响和反馈作用,才可能准确有效地设计开发政策工具和调控机制,有铲地进行环境政策调控,提高环境政策的预见性、准确性、操作性和适应性。     

基于LMDI模型的乌鲁木齐工业废气排放影响因素研究

本文运用对数平均的LMDI 分解模型,选取工业SO₂、工业烟(粉)尘排放量作为污染物指标,将2006—2013 年,乌鲁木齐工业废气排放量影响因素分解为规模效应、结构效应、技术效应,考虑到技术效应机制的复杂性,进一步将技术效应细化为污染治理效应和清洁技术效应。研究结果表明:规模效应和结构效应增加乌鲁木齐工业废气排放,其中规模效应对工业废气排放量贡献率由2007 年的119.10%增加到2013 年的263.03%,结构效应对工业废气排放量的增加也起到一定的促进作用,但影响效果远低于规模效应,年贡献率均低于10%,技术效应阻碍工业废气排放的增加,贡献率由2007 年的-19.86%增加到2013 年的-172.50%。制造业和电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业废气排放量占工业废气排放总量的70% 左右,是乌鲁木齐工业废气污染的主要行业。清洁技术效应对SO₂ 的减排起促进作用,是阻碍工业SO₂ 排放量增加的主要因素。污染治理效应是工业烟(粉)尘的减排主要因素,说明目前乌鲁木齐工业烟(粉)尘的减排依赖于排放后的治理。     

基于绿色创新系统的北部湾城市群联动效应测度及驱动力研究

在区域协调发展的背景下,建立健全城市群联动发展机制是构建城市协调发展格局的必然要求。基于Vague集理论测度2006—2020年北部湾城市群联动效应,并利用Dagum基尼系数、地理探测器对其进行差异分析和驱动力分析。结果表明：(1)研究期内,北部湾城市群联动效应水平稳步增长,空间上呈现“广东>广西>海南”的分布格局;其中,绿色生态水平最高,经济发展增速最快,资源禀赋、基础设施、绿色创新3个维度与联动效应水平递增趋势相近;(2)从联动效应的区域差异来看,广东、广西、海南三地与北部湾城市群整体联动效应差异呈同向增长,且广东发展差异低于广西、海南;软环境对联动效应的驱动作用整体高于硬环境,科技带动力的驱动作用最高,资源驱动作用显著低于其他因素;北部湾城市群联动效应由多种驱动因素交互作用形成,双因子交互影响强度大于单因子驱动。     

上市公司参与精准扶贫的溢出效应——基于审计师决策视角

本文旨在探讨上市公司参与国家脱贫攻坚工作的外延溢出效应。以2016-2020年沪深A股非金融类上市公司为研究对象,本文采用Logit回归模型实证考察了上市公司参与精准扶贫对审计师决策的影响及其作用机制。结果表明：(1)上市公司参与精准扶贫显著提高了收到标准审计意见的概率;且投入金额越多,对审计意见产生的影响越大。(2)机制检验发现,参与扶贫通过显著降低企业的经营风险进而影响了审计意见类型。进一步研究发现,这种影响仅在非国有企业中显著,在国有企业中不显著。(3)企业开展扶贫的难度和取得的扶贫成就均显著影响了审计意见类型。     

内部控制、投融资期限错配与企业创新——来自知识产权密集型企业的证据

以2014—2020年中国知识产权密集型上市公司为研究样本,探究内部控制对企业创新的作用渠道与作用机制。结果发现：(1)内部控制与企业创新投入、产出和效率均存在正U型关系,投融资期限错配存在部分中介效应,内部控制通过抑制投融资期限错配行为进而促进企业创新。(2)引入管理层短视主义作为中介效应的调节变量,发现管理层短视主义会抑制内部控制对企业创新的促进作用,减缓内部控制对投融资期限错配的抑制作用,同时加强投融资期限错配对企业创新的抑制作用。(3)资源松弛和数字化转型均正向调节内部控制与企业创新的正U型关系。     

渤海湾滨海湿地土壤微生物实验室简介

正渤海湾滨海湿地土壤微生物实验室以渤海湿地"水体-土壤-生物"生态环境系统为主体研究对象,围绕该环境中污染物在环境介质中的迁移、蓄积、代谢和转化过程,借助现代分析表征手段和方法,研究污染物的环境化学行为和生态毒理效应,以及土壤微生物在转化过程中的响应及作用。实验室依托国家自然科学基金(项目编号:41201244)及河北环境工程学院实验中心,以研究污染物在海洋-河流-土壤-生物等介质间的传输和转化途径及由此导致的生态环境危害机制为主要研究内容,研究方向和相关内容如下:(一)滨海湿地系统中土壤微生物的环境生物化学     

低碳试点政策对大气环境的影响及空间效应研究

考虑以低碳转型推动区域资源节约与环境友好的高质量发展，对建设人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化具有充分现实意义。本文以三批低碳城市试点为准自然实验，基于2004—2019年中国272个城市的平衡面板数据，运用合成控制法、双重差分法和空间杜宾模型，探究低碳试点政策影响城市大气环境的作用机制及空间效应。研究发现：①低碳试点城市的大气环境质量较非试点城市得到提升，经稳健性检验后这一结论依然成立。②通过异质性分析发现，低碳试点政策对地级市和非资源城市大气环境的改善效应更为显著；相较于特大城市和小城市，大中城市更有利于放大低碳试点的政策效应。③机制分析发现，低碳试点政策通过减排溢出效应、绿色创新效应和外资限流效应促进试点城市大气环境质量的提升。④低碳试点城市的大气环境改善效应存在正向空间溢出，试点邻近城市的大气环境因此得到治理。     

目的地方言感知、品牌个性对游客忠诚的影响——游客满意的中介作用

选取西安为案例地,根据自我调节态度理论构建研究框架,探究游客对旅游目的地的方言感知与品牌个性的结构维度,进而揭示旅游目的地方言感知与品牌个性对旅游者满意度、忠诚度的内在影响机制。结果发现:(1)西安的目的地个性由历史文化、现代气息、闲适、活力和高雅5个维度构成。(2)游客对目的地方言的感知能够对目的地个性认知产生显著积极影响。(3)目的地品牌个性对游客满意有直接影响,并通过游客满意的中介作用间接影响游客忠诚。(4)目的地方言感知直接影响游客满意,同样通过游客满意的中介效应对游客忠诚产生间接作用。(5)目的地方言感知可通过目的地品牌个性和游客满意度链式中介作用于游客忠诚。     

Valuing uncertain asset cash flows when there are no options: A real options approach

The real option valuation method is often presented as an alternative to the traditional discounted cash flow (DCF) approach because it is able to quantify the additional asset value arising from flexible asset management. However, these two valuation methods differ on a more fundamental level: their approach to determining the effects of cash flow uncertainty on asset value. Real option valuation adjusts for risk within the cash flow components while the DCF method discounts for risk at the aggregate net cash flow. This seemingly small difference allows the real option method to differentiate assets according to their unique risk characteristics, while the conventional DCF approach cannot.This paper presents an overview of the real options and conventional DCF frameworks for valuing uncertain cash flows. To emphasize the approaches' different treatment of risk we assume an absence of managerial flexibility. Using simple algebra, this paper demonstrates that the traditional DCF method fails to adequately discount net cash flow risk, no matter what discount rate is used. Finally, in a stylized mining example we show that DCF rules would lead a developer to forego $24.5 million in value creation, at a profitability index of 1.49, by making a poor investment decision.     

Estrogenic Compounds Downstream From Three Small Cities in Eastern Nebraska: Occurrence and Biological Effect1

Abstract: Recent studies have detected estrogenic compounds in surface waters in North America and Europe. Furthermore, the presence of estrogenic compounds in surface waters has been attributed, in some cases, to the discharge of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. The primary objective of the current study was to determine if WWTP effluent contributes estrogens to the surface waters of Nebraska. A second objective of this study was to determine if estrogens were found in concentrations sufficient enough to manifest feminizing effects on fish. These objectives were satisfied by deploying polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) and caged fathead minnows at eight field sites. Deployment sites included: three reference sites (Pawnee Creek, the Little Blue River, and the Middle Loup River), two sites upstream of the WWTPs at Grand Island and Columbus, and three sites downstream of the WWTPs at Grand Island, Columbus, and Hastings. Following the seven day deployments, POCIS extracts were analyzed for estrone, 17β‐estradiol, estriol and 17α‐ethinylestradiol using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). 17β‐estradiol was detected in POCIS from six of the eight field sites with the greatest quantities recovered in POCIS deployed downstream from the Grand Island and Hastings WWTPs. Estrone was detected only in the POCIS deployed downstream from the Grand Island and Hastings WWTPs. Estrogenic effects were detected in caged minnows analyzed for the hepatic mRNA expression of two estrogen‐responsive genes, vitellogenin (vg1) and estrogen receptor α (ERα). Fish deployed at the site where the greatest quantities of estrogens were recovered (Hastings) had significantly higher expression of both vg1 and ERα than fish deployed at any of the other sites. These results confirm that WWTP effluent contributes biologically significant levels of estrogens to Nebraska surface waters.     

The Effect of Estrogens,River Water,and Treated Wastewater on Vitellogenin Induction of Japanese Medaka1

Abstract: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of estrogens on fish endocrine disruption in river water and treated wastewater. Endogenous estrogen estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), river water, and treated wastewater were used for exposure tests on male Japanese medaka. Vitellogenin induction in male medaka was regarded as the endpoint of endocrine disruption. The effective concentrations of E1 and E2 on vitellogenin induction in medaka were evaluated by breeding medaka for 14 days in tanks with various concentrations of E1 or E2. Vitellogenin induction increased with elapse of time during exposure, with higher estrogen concentrations causing greater vitellogenin induction. According to the test results, the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) of E1 and E2 were estimated to be 31.6 and 5.0 ng/l, respectively; and the E2 equivalent (EEQ) LOEC value of E1 was 5.2 ng‐E2/l, derived by multiplying the relative potency of E1 by that of E2 as estimated in this study. In continuous exposure tests using river water or treated wastewater, the estrogenic activity, an index of total estrogenic potential measured by yeast screen assay and expressed as EEQ, varied widely during the exposure tests, and significant vitellogenin induction was observed after several days of high levels of estrogenic activity in water. Vitellogenin concentration tended to significantly increase if EEQ exceeded the level of 5 ng‐E2/l. The threshold value was substantially the same as the results for E1 and E2 exposure tests of medaka. Consequently, EEQ over 5 ng‐E2/l was revealed to have the potential to cause endocrine disruption of male medaka. As estrogenic activity exceeding 5 ng‐E2/l was observed in some rivers in Japan, total estrogenic potential needs to be further decreased at wastewater treatment plants to prevent fish endocrine disruption.     

CO2 capture and storage from a bioethanol plant: Carbon and energy footprint and economic assessment

Biomass energy and carbon capture and storage (BECCS) can lead to a net removal of atmospheric CO₂. This paper investigates environmental and economic performances of CCS retrofit applied to two mid-sized refineries producing ethanol from sugar beets. Located in the Region Centre France, each refinery has two major CO₂ sources: fermentation and cogeneration units. “carbon and energy footprint” (CEF) and “discounted cash flow” (DCF) analyses show that such a project could be a good opportunity for CCS early deployment. CCS retrofit on fermentation only with natural gas fired cogeneration improves CEF of ethanol production and consumption by 60% without increasing much the non renewable energy consumption. CCS retrofit on fermentation and natural gas fired cogeneration is even more appealing by decreasing of 115% CO₂ emissions, while increasing non renewable energy consumption by 40%. DCF shows that significant project rates of return can be achieved for such small sources if both a stringent carbon policy and direct subsidies corresponding to 25% of necessary investment are assumed. We also underlined that transport and storage cost dilution can be realistically achieved by clustering emissions from various plants located in the same area. On a single plant basis, increasing ethanol production can also produce strong economies of scale.     

Beneficial reuse and sustainability: the fate of organic compounds in land-applied waste

Land application systems, also referred to as beneficial reuse systems, are engineered systems that have defined and permitted application areas based on site and waste characteristics to determine the land area size requirement. These terrestrial systems have orders of magnitude greater microbial capability and residence time to achieve decomposition and assimilation compared with aquatic systems. In this paper we focus on current information and information needs related to terrestrial fate pathways in land treatment systems. Attention is given to conventional organic chemicals as well as new estrogenic and pharmaceutical chemicals of commerce. Specific terrestrial fate pathways addressed include: decomposition, bound residue formation, leaching, runoff, and crop uptake. Molecular decomposition and formation of bound residues provide the basis for the design and regulation of land treatment systems. These mechanisms allow for assimilation of wastes and nondegradation of the environment and accomplish the goal of sustainable land use. Bound residues that are biologically produced are relatively immobile, degrade at rates similar to natural soil materials, and should present a significantly reduced risk to the environment as opposed to parent contaminants. With regard to leaching and runoff pathways, no comprehensive summary or mathematical model of organic chemical migration from land treatment systems has been developed. For the crop uptake pathway, a critical need exists to develop information for nonagricultural chemicals and to address full-scale performance and monitoring at more land application sites. The limited technology choices for treatment of biosolids, liquids, and other wastes implies that acceptance of some risks and occurrence of some benefits will continue to characterize land application practices that contribute directly to the goal of beneficial reuse and sustainability.     

Trends in foreign investment : Agreements in the resources industry

Recent agreements between host country governments and foreign investors in the resource industries reflect an effort to meet the objectives of both parties. In some cases majority government ownership is combined with management control and the right of veto on certain policy questions by the foreign investor. Imaginative tax formulas are built into agreements that combine the principle of excess profits taxes with that of a minimum DCF rate of return. Expropriation risk is being limited by employing a high debt-equity ratio. Foreign investors are agreeing to programmes and policies that promote host country economic and social development, while host country governments are quaranteeing foreign investors against changes in laws that would affect their profits.     

Effects of Livestock Grazing and Well Construction on Prairie Vegetation Structure Surrounding Shallow Natural Gas Wells

Short and sparse vegetation near shallow gas wells has generally been attributed to residual effects from well construction, but other mechanisms might also explain these trends. We evaluated effects of distance to shallow gas wells on vegetation and bare ground in mixed-grass prairies in southern Alberta, Canada, from 2010 to 2011. We then tested three hypotheses to explain why we found shorter vegetation and more bare ground near wells, using cattle fecal pat transects from 2012, and our vegetation quadrats. We evaluated whether empirical evidence suggested that observed patterns were driven by (1) higher abundance of crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) near wells, (2) residual effects of well construction, or (3) attraction of livestock to wells. Crested wheatgrass occurrence was higher near wells, but this did not explain effects of wells on vegetation structure. Correlations between distance to wells and litter depth were the highest near newer wells, providing support for the construction hypothesis. However, effects of distance to wells on other vegetation metrics did not decline as time since well construction increased, suggesting that other mechanisms explained observed edge effects. Cattle abundance was substantially higher near wells, and this effect corresponded with changes in habitat structure. Our results suggest that both residual effects of well construction and cattle behavior may explain effects of shallow gas wells on habitat structure in mixed-grass prairies, and thus, to be effective, mitigation strategies must address both mechanisms.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Complex dynamics in the uptake of new farming practices: a case study for organic waste application

Adverse environmental effects of intensive agriculture, together with scarcity in phosphates and water, urge farmers to find more sustainable practices. An example of such a sustainable practice is on-farm processing of organic waste. This paper explores three mechanisms that can lead to a widespread uptake of this technique: (1) economies of scale, (2) information sharing, and (3) adjustment of social norms. Although each of these mechanisms has been studied before, this paper provides new insights by considering the interactions that might exist between the different mechanisms when they are applied to real-life situations. Based on a pilot study, we developed a multi-criteria mathematical programming model at individual farm level. We used this model to simulate the uptake of on-farm processing of organic waste, as a result of the three mechanisms and their interactions. Our results show that each mechanism results in an increased uptake, but is not likely to cause a widespread uptake. Interaction between the mechanisms, will lead to a much higher uptake. This result suggests that simultaneous consideration of multiple mechanisms is essential to understand the behaviour of social–ecological systems.     

生态环境中镉对生物体毒性作用机理及硒对该毒性拮抗作用的研究进展

本文综述了生态环境中镉对生物毒性作用机理及硒对镉毒性拮抗作用研究的进展。镉的毒性作用与镉诱发自由基、诱导脂质过氧化以及对其它化学元素的干扰有关，同时也与金属硫蛋白（MT）有着密切关系。硒对镉的拮抗作用与硒的抗氧化作用、与镉形成硒镉复合物以及改变镉在体内的分布有关。