温室大棚应用秸秆反应堆技术的试验示范结果与分析

秸秆生物反应堆技术是一项新型农业栽培技术。本文对黄瓜温室应用秸秆生物反应堆技术的对比试验情况进行了介绍,并就农产品品质、产量、上市时间、植物生长等情况进行了分析。     

反应堆重混凝土拆除解体技术概述

反应堆生物屏蔽层重混凝土的拆除解体是反应堆退役过程中的难点之一。本文对重混凝土拆除解体技术进行了详细的调研。结果表明：金刚石串珠绳锯、空心镗削法和金刚石圆盘锯可以对反应堆重混凝土进行拆除解体。     

秸秆生物反应堆技术在天津市设施农业中的应用

简要论述了秸秆生物反应堆技术原理、技术效应及在天津市设施农业中示范应用效果，并提出了加快秸秆生物反应堆技术应用推广的对策及建议。     

水污染治理工程存在的问题及对策

对污染源进行治理是控制水污染，改善水环境质量的重要手段之一。但近年来污染治理工程存在着许多问题，影响了治理效果，浪费了财力物力，挫伤了治污的积极性，致使水污染得不到有效地控制和改善，其主要问题表现在以下几个方面：一、工程投资高，企业接受难资金投入额度是污水治理工程的最实质问题，它直接关系到治污企业的承受能力和积极性，同时又是衡量工程本身实用价值大小的重要指标。无论是70、80年代的生物处理祛，还是90年代的物理、化学处理法，都存在投资高的问题。生物处理法是指利用微生物转化废水中的污染物（主要是有机物）…     

生物膨胀床技术处理含氨臭气研究

针对传统生物除臭方法的一些不足，本试验提出采用生物膨胀床技术处理含氨臭气。文中系统研究了不同填料、进气浓度、停留时间等因素对处理效果的影响。结果表明：采用兰石和活性炭的混合物做填料时膨胀床对氨的去除率较高；当进气浓度低于100mg／m^3时，反应器对氨气的去除率在98％以上；适宜停留时间是28.6s。对反应器溶液中各形态氮浓度的分析可知氨在反应器中的转化以硝化反应为主，主要被氧化为硝酸根。     

含油污泥生物稳定的研究进展

生物法处理含油污泥，已经成为国内外石油化行业的研究热点。本文综述了含油污泥的来源、生物稳定化原理，介绍了生物稳定的主要研究技术和应用进展，指出利用生物方法对含油污泥实现无害化和资源化，具有处理效果好、运行费用低、可资源化利用、不产生二次污染等优点，是国内外含油污泥处理处置的发展趋势。     

生物吸附研究进展

生物吸附法是目前处理含金属废水的一种较有效的方法,特别是对于低浓度废水的处理优势明显。生物吸附法处理废水亦可达到以废治废的目的。本文就生物吸附领域目前研究状况进行了概述,主要包括了生物吸附剂对金属离子的吸附作用,生物吸附机理以及固定化吸附的应用研究。     

微网动态膜生物反应器的研究进展

对微网动态膜生物反应器进行了较为全面的综述，在简要介绍动态膜过滤技术的基础上，对DMBR处理生活污水的运行处理效果、生物动态膜特性、DMBR结构改进及其应用的扩展研究等方面做了介绍，分析了目前该工艺存在的生物动态膜机理研究不透彻、运行稳定性较差、对工业废水的处理研究较少等问题，展望了该工艺的研究方向，即反应器结构的改进、生物动态膜地位与功能的解析、及应器优化控制研究等。     

染料废水生化处理研究动态

生化法处理染料废水是近年来研究的热点。综述了近年来国内外染料废水生物处理研究的进展，特别对厌氧一好氧联合处理法在脱色和COD去除中的作用、高效菌种的筛选，及其应用方面的各种新技术进行了分析和评述。     

污泥水热碳化技术的应用

城镇污水处理厂污泥是污水处理的副产物，具有污染与资源的双重属性，对污泥进行安全、高效的处理处置，是保障污水处理厂稳定运行、避免二次污染、实现资源能源回收的重要工作。文章介绍的污泥水热碳化处理技术，是污泥焚烧和土地利用等处置前的一种经济、高效的处理技术。污泥通过水热碳化处理后，含水率能降至30%，减容效果显著，收集、运输便利；处理后污泥的重金属生物毒性大幅降低，病原菌等微生物被杀灭，实现了无害化和稳定化；生物炭保留了污泥有机质和氮磷等营养物质，热值高，可作为生物燃料和矿山生态修复的材料。     

Passive treatment of acid mine drainage in bioreactors using sulfate-reducing bacteria: critical review and research needs

Acid mine drainage (AMD), characterized by low pH and high concentrations of sulfate and heavy metals, is an important and widespread environmental problem related to the mining industry. Sulfate-reducing passive bioreactors have received much attention lately as promising biotechnologies for AMD treatment. They offer advantages such as high metal removal at low pH, stable sludge, very low operation costs, and minimal energy consumption. Sulfide precipitation is the desired mechanism of contaminant removal; however, many mechanisms including adsorption and precipitation of metal carbonates and hydroxides occur in passive bioreactors. The efficiency of sulfate-reducing passive bioreactors is sometimes limited because they rely on the activity of an anaerobic microflora [including sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)] which is controlled primarily by the reactive mixture composition. The most important mixture component is the organic carbon source. The performance of field bioreactors can also be limited by AMD load and metal toxicity. Several studies conducted to find the best mixture of natural organic substrates for SRB are reviewed. Moreover, critical parameters for design and long-term operation are discussed. Additional work needs to be done to properly assess the long-term efficiency of reactive mixtures and the metal removal mechanisms. Furthermore, metal speciation and ecotoxicological assessment of treated effluent from on-site passive bioreactors have yet to be performed.     

Bioreactors for treatment of VOCs and odours – A review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odorous compounds discharged into the environment create ecological and health hazards. In the recent past, biological waste air treatment processes using bioreactors have gained popularity in control of VOCs and odour, since they offer a cost effective and environment friendly alternative to conventional air pollution control technologies. This review provides an overview of the various bioreactors that are used in VOC and odour abatement, along with details on their configuration and design, mechanism of operation, insights into the microbial biodegradation process and future R&D needs in this area.     

Seeing the Animal: On the Ethical Implications of De-animalization in Intensive Animal Production Systems

This article discusses the notion that the invisibility of the animalness of the animal constitutes a fundamental obstacle to change within current production systems. It is discussed whether housing animals in environments that resemble natural habitats could lead to a re-animalization of the animals, a higher appreciation of their moral significance, and thereby higher standards of animal welfare. The basic claim is that experiencing the animals in their evolutionary and environmental context would make it harder to objectify animals as mere bioreactors and production systems. It is argued that the historic objectification of animals within intensive animal production can only be reversed if animals are given the chance to express themselves as they are and not as we see them through the tunnel visions of economy and quantifiable welfare assessment parameters.     

Policy And Practice Collective Response to Oil Spill Hazards in the Eastern Niger Delta of Nigeria

This paper outlines the main elements of a comprehensive, territorial, hazard amelioration strategy for the oil spill pollution areas of the Eastern Niger Delta of Nigeria. After documenting the extent and type of damage, an argument is presented in favour of urgent action and the need for planning. It is argued that present oil spill pollution laws are coercive and militant and do not encourage communities in the Eastern Niger Delta to act as pressure groups for a clean environment. The paper posits that environmental damages resulting from oil spills can be minimized through co-operative action between and amongst stakeholders-government,oil companies and community representatives. The paper therefore calls for a collective response.     

PUBLIC ATTITUDES IN MASSACHUSETTS TOWARD THE RECREATIONAL USE OF DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS1

ABSTRACT: There is considerable controversy inthe Northeast surrounding the extent to whcih public drinking water reservoirs should be used for recreational purposes. This paper reports the results of two integrated studies of (1) recreation users of Quabbin Reservation, the largest inland water source in New England and (2) the general public of Massachusetts. Data were obtained by conducting on-site interviews of Quabbin users and through state-wide telephone interviews of the general public; both studies focused on assessing attitudes toward the recreational use of drinking water reservoirs in Massachusetts. Unlike the findings of a 1969 study conducted by Baumann, results showed that the majority of Massachusetts residents do not favor recreation-prohibiting laws for most activities. Most favored at least moderate use of reservoirs for recreational purposes. In addition, over all views were not as restrictive as present legislation would suggest. Finally, these findings suggest that current recreation-prohibiting laws should be reassessed in light of pugblic opinion which favors the use of these valuable resources.     

An approach for restoration of the water quality with emphasis on the removal of organochlorine pesticides and eutrophic conditions in tropical rivers

This work deals with an approach for the water quality restoration with emphasis on the removal of organochlorine pesticides and eutrophic conditions in tropical rivers, causing influence on the management of the central-regional aqueduct, as a source of water supply for human consumption (4 million people) and industrial production in the states of Carabobo, Cojedes and Aragua, Venezuela, testing the phytoremediation techniques through Vetiveria zizanioides (VZ) species and coupled bioreactors, Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) followed by an Upflow Anaerobic Filter in Three Separate Stages (UAF-3SS). Five rivers are involved known as Chirgua, Paito Guacara, Ereigüe, and Tucutunemo, whose waters have been classified as hypereutrophic, and containing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). As a sample, for Tucutunemo River, OCPs included to DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and its isomers and DRINs (Aldrin, Endrin and Dieldrin) dissolved in water and sorbed on sediments, which were measured during the dry and rainy seasons in the period 2013 to 2016, in three monitoring stations distributed in a reach of 15 km. The results indicated that p.p′-DDT concentration dissolved in water was increased up to 10 times from rainy to dry seasons, indicating that a permanent use of it is being carried out by farmers in the agricultural activity development. Steady concentrations of the DTT isomers (e.g., p.p′-DDD and p.p′-DDE) and Aldrin isomers (e.g., Dieldrin) demonstrated that the anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation processes occurred along the river and between climatic seasons. At experimental scale, VZ hydroponic system developed over a period of 6 months for the removal of nutrients demonstrated moderately low to high removal efficiencies. With respect coupled bioreactors, each bioreactor has been experimentally tested, demonstrating satisfactory performance in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal from industrial wastewater containing recalcitrant and inhibitory substances (46%–98%), which was estimated in the influent ranging from 3500 to 5500 mg/L, evidencing that coupling of bioreactors might lead to a effluent COD complying with environmental regulations.     

Government Regulations of Shechita (Jewish Religious Slaughter) in the Twenty-First Century: Are They Ethical?

Human beings have engaged in animal husbandry and have slaughtered animals for food for thousands of years. During the majority of that time most societies had no animal welfare regulations that governed the care or slaughter of animals. Judaism is a notable exception in that from its earliest days it has included such rules. Among the Jewish dietary laws is a prohibition to consume meat from an animal that dies in any manner other than through the rigorously defined method of slaughter known as shechita. In recent decades more and more attempts have been initiated by governments around the world to either outright ban or to control and modify the practice of shechita. This paper presents the requisite background about shechita and then analyzes the ethics of some of the recent legislation. The analysis includes a rebuttal of the assertion that shechita is an inhumane method of slaughter. It further presents the consequences on the Jewish community of legislation to impose pre-slaughter stunning and explains why such legislation is unethical. The actual effect of labeling laws is discussed and it is shown why such laws are also un-ethical.     

Rural industries and water pollution in China

Water pollution from small rural industries is a serious problem throughout China. Over half of all river sections monitored for water quality are rated as being unsafe for human contact, and this pollution is estimated to cost several per cent of GDP. While China has some of the toughest environmental protection laws in the world, the implementation of these laws in rural areas is not effective. This paper explains the reasons for this implementation gap. It argues that the factors that have underpinned the economic success of rural industry are precisely the same factors that cause water pollution from rural industry to remain such a serious problem in China. This means that the control of rural water pollution is not simply a technical problem of designing a more appropriate governance system, or finding better policy instruments or more funding. Instead, solutions lie in changes in the model that underpins rural development in China.     

Formulating and implementing climate change laws and policies in the Philippines,Mexico (Chiapas), and South Africa: a local government perspective

Faced with the prospects of a changing climate, a small but increasing number of countries are developing legal and regulatory frameworks that explicitly address climate change. Moreover at least some of these laws and policies carve out substantial roles for local governments. The present paper surveys three countries from different regions in the Global South that have developed or are developing such laws and policies: the Philippines (Asia-Pacific), Mexico and more specifically its State of Chiapas (Latin America), and South Africa (Africa). It examines those experiences through two different lenses. The paper first reviews the steps by which those laws or policies were developed. For this review, criteria for effective consultative processes are proposed. The study then examines the three climate change laws or policies per se. To this end, a framework including four modes of multi-level urban climate governance (governing by regulation, governing through enabling, governing by provision, governing with representation and consultation) is utilised. The paper ends with synthetic conclusions as to which experiences represent promising practices, and what other lessons are relevant for countries embarking on such processes.     

Environmental regulation of exploration and mining operations in Asian countries

This paper offers a new perspective on the environmental laws in Asian nations affecting the exploration, mining, and reclamation activities of the mineral resource industry: the perspective of the senior government officials in those countries, whose job is to enforce these new environmental laws. The article presents the results of a 1998 survey of national environmental officials in Asia conducted by the Colorado School of Mines and the Metal Mining Agency of Japan. Officials in 10 diverse countries—Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam—responded to a detailed questionnaire covering applicable laws, agencies, protected areas, covered mineral activities, financial assurance, environmental impact assessment, public involvement, environmental standards, permit and reclamation requirements.
The survey confirms that Asian nations are part of the global trend towards national government regulatory structures that balance mineral development objectives with environmental considerations. The survey also shows developing regulatory systems (some embryonic, some more mature) utilizing a combination of mining and environmental acts, and often an 'insider' perspective of the national officials administering the laws. While that perspective is not without its biases (not least the rigor of enforcement), it may nevertheless be of use in company planning. The emerging regulatory picture contradicts the conventional notion that it is the 'lower' level of regulation in Asia that is attracting foreign direct investment in mining.