饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA控制技术研究进展

N-亚硝基二甲胺（NDMA）作为一种新发现的饮用水消毒副产物,由于其具有高致癌风险,已逐渐成为水环境化学研究领域的一个热点。本文介绍了饮用水含氮消毒副产物NDMA的相关背景,分析了光降解、生物降解、臭氧氧化、高级氧化技术、吸附法、反渗透膜法及金属催化等各种NDMA去除工艺,探讨了各种工艺的特点以及对NDMA的去除性能。     

基于常规处理的微污染水源水处理工艺改进措施

我国大部分给水处理厂主要采用混凝-沉淀-过滤-消毒的常规处理工艺,该工艺对有机物、氨氮等去除效果有限,同时存在消毒副产物残留等问题。根据我国经济发展现状,分析了常规处理工艺的改进措施,包括对常规工艺进行强化,在常规处理工艺之前增加预吸附和预氧化,在常规处理工艺之后增加臭氧-生物活性炭吸附、膜处理等。这些措施在保留原处理工艺的基础上,通过调整操作条件或增加处理设施来改善出水水质,具有投资少、见效快的特点。     

基于常规处理的微污染水源水处理工艺改进措施简

我国大部分给水处理厂主要采用混凝-沉淀-过滤-消毒的常规处理工艺,该工艺对有机物、氨氮等去除效果有限,同时存在消毒副产物残留等问题。根据我国经济发展现状,分析了常规处理工艺的改进措施,包括对常规工艺进行强化,在常规处理工艺之前增加预吸附和预氧化,在常规处理工艺之后增加臭氧-生物活性炭吸附、膜处理等。这些措施在保留原处理工艺的基础上,通过调整操作条件或增加处理设施来改善出水水质,具有投资少、见效快的特点。     

城市污水厂尾水深度处理工艺的研究

目前我国水资源危机日益加重,水回用的必要性日益凸显,而针对不同回用途径拟定不同的回用水处理工艺,是在保障节能环保的前提下合理配置资源的有效方式。研究对象为某污水厂二级出水,针对不同回用途径,分析各工艺出水水质保障率以确定适宜的深度处理工艺。研究结果表明:活性炭工艺对浊度、总氮、氨氮、总磷、溶解性总固体、有机污染物等指标的去除效果均优于混凝—沉淀—过滤工艺,而纳滤工艺对上述指标的去除效果均明显优于混凝—沉淀—过滤工艺和活性炭工艺,尤其体现在无机离子和重金属离子、有机污染物去除方面。纳滤工艺对于水质要求较高的回用途径,其优势较传统的深度处理工艺比较明显,其出水可作为城市污水回用于农业用水、景观环境用水、工业用水和城市杂用水。     

饮用水预氯化工艺潜在的健康风险及改进工艺的研究进展

本文分析了预氯化技术对饮用水安全性的影响,以及提高饮用水的安全性和改进常规预处理工艺的研究进展.预氯化因会增加消毒副产物的生成,其作用不断受到质疑.预臭氧氧化、预高锰酸钾氧化和预氯胺氧化工艺等都在不同程度上对消毒副产物生成起到抑制作用,逐步被用于强化常规工艺.     

粉末活性炭在饮用水处理中应用的研究进展

介绍了粉末活性炭（PAC）的基本性质，并对其在饮用水处理应用中的重要影响因素进行了探讨；综述了PAC去除原水中嗅味物质、藻毒素、消毒副产物前驱物以及农药等痕量有机污染物的研究现状；分析了粉末活性炭（PAC）与其他工艺的组合技术在饮用水处理中的应用效果，并对其应用前景做出展望。     

石化企业污水深度处理与回用研究

以典型石化企业大庆石化公司为例,讨论了污水深度处理回用工程的合理性、必要性及可行性,并以化肥、热电两厂排水和兴化生活污水为回用原水进行了污水深度处理和回用的中型试验。试验工艺选用生物接触氧化、絮凝沉淀、过滤、消毒杀菌工艺。通过试验,确定了混凝剂、助凝剂及杀菌剂的类型、浓度及过滤压力等参数。结果表明:深度处理工艺对源污水中COD、BOD、总磷、氨氮、悬浮物、浊度、OIL、总铁等均有很好的去除效果。用作循环冷却水补水时,经过静态阻垢和旋转挂片试验及动态模拟试验,腐蚀速度达到中石化好级水平,粘附速度和污垢热阻达到中石化允许级水平。     

医疗废物处理工艺评述

本文就化学消毒、高压蒸汽消毒、干热消毒、电磁波消毒、热处理(焚烧、热解及气化)及新型处理(等离子体和辐射处理工艺)等医疗废物处理工艺进行了详细比较和评述,分析了上述工艺的优缺点,为各地选择医疗废物处理工艺提供参考.     

多级渗滤液处理系统中的预处理技术

结合国内外相关研究及应用,综述了常用的垃圾渗滤液预处理技术,详细阐述了各种预处理技术对渗滤液的COD、氨氮、重金属的去除效果,比较分析了各种预处理工艺的优缺点,对未来垃圾渗滤液处理工艺设计具有重要的参考价值。     

南方某水厂处理工艺过程中甾体雌激素的变化规律

对南方某水厂处理工艺过程中甾体雌激素进行了研究。采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法对水源水和各处理工艺的出水进行了检测,探讨了该水厂不同处理工艺对甾体雌激素的去除效果。结果表明：各处理工艺段水样甾体雌激素均有检出,且浓度较高。工艺中甾体雌激素均有不同程度的去除,甾体雌激素去除率为19.51%～50%,研究表明,现有工艺（预氯化＋絮凝沉淀工艺）不能有效去除甾体雌激素。     

饮用水中氯消毒的应用及存在的主要问题

氯消毒在饮用水净化过程中被广泛采用,我国99.5%以上的水厂用氯消毒,在美国也有94.5%的自来水厂用氯消毒。氯消毒一般采用预加氯和后加氯两种方式。氯在消毒的同时会产生三卤甲烷、二氯乙酸等消毒副产物。这些消毒副产物有致癌、致畸、致突变性和遗传毒性,对人体的健康存在一定的危害性。在氯消毒过程中,余氯量越多产生的消毒副产物就越多,而余氯量过少对病毒的灭活性较差,同时在输水管中细菌就会大量繁殖,加快管道的腐蚀。不同浓度的余氯排入水体还会对鱼类和水生生物造成不同程度的毒性影响。     

高级氧化技术在油田水处理中的应用

概述了高级氧化技术的基本原理和发展历程,介绍了臭氧氧化、二氧化氯氧化及光催化氧化等典型的高级氧化技术及其在水处理中的应用进展情况。结合目前油田水处理中出现的新问题,如硫酸盐还原菌含量高、有机物浓度高、微生物易于繁殖以及结垢严重等现象,对高级氧化技术在油田水处理中的应用前景进行了论述。同时提出应进一步加强对油田采出污水杀菌、油田水的灭藻和除泥、油田地面水体油污染控制等方面的研究。     

水体中氟乐灵的生物毒性和去除研究进展

作为一种在全球范围内广泛使用的二硝基苯胺类除草剂,氟乐灵对环境和人体健康的潜在危害越来越受到人们的关注.本文首次总结了水体中氟乐灵的来源、生物毒性、毒性机理以及饮用水处理中去除氟乐灵的物理、化学和生物方法.传统单独的加氯消毒、生物膜工艺等通常难以高效去除水体中的氟乐灵,而以紫外线和臭氧为基础的高级氧化技术（AOPs）由于能产生具有强氧化能力的羟基自由基而对水体中痕量氟乐灵有较好的去除效果.最后在此基础上,对今后的研究方向进行了展望,提出改进饮用水中微量氟乐灵的毒性检测和去除工艺亟待解决的问题.     

A NOVEL CHLORAMINE COMPOUND FOR WATER DISINFECTION1

A new chloramine agent, 3-chloio-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, has been tested in a laboratory scale water treatment plant as to its efficacy in water disinfection. The agent seems to be equally effective as compared to chlorine gas in this application. The results of preliminary toxicity studies on the agent are very encouraging. The agent has a long shelf life both in water solution and in the solid state. Being a solid, the agent is clearly less hazardous to handle than chlorine gas. The agent appears to inhibit oxidative corrosion of metals as well. The agent is less likely to produce toxic halocarbons (e.g., chloroform) in water than is chlorine gas. Possibly most important from the standpoint of water disinfection, the agent is a “slow release” one for its positive chlorine, which provides prolonged bactericidal activity.     

水厂微型动物泄漏与控制技术的研究进展

来自水源水和水厂臭氧活性炭滤池二次繁殖所引起的微型动物泄漏现象不仅增加了后续消毒工艺的压力,也给供水安全带来了极大威胁,水厂微型动物的泄漏和控制成为目前国内外学者研究的前沿和焦点。本文综述了目前国内外关于饮用水中微型动物的控制标准与控制技术及其应用效果,指出了现有消毒方法或体系的局限性,水厂消毒的发展趋势将综合考虑细菌、病毒和微型动物的杀灭效果。     

DISINFECTION WITH QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS1

ABSTRACT: The most common disinfection method is chlorination, however, it has been known that the practice of chlorination for water treatment in the Mississippi River area has caused a significant increase in mortality. The objective of this research was to search for effective disinfectants to replace chlorine. Three cationic surfactants have been tested for their bactericidal properties under various conditions. It has been found that 1 mg of cetyldimethyl-benzylammonium chloride can destroy about 4500 coliforms in one liter water within 10 minutes, under neutral pH conditions and room temperature. Cationic quaternary ammonium compound, therefore, can be a potential candidate disinfectant for replacing chlorine when necessary.     

消毒技术去除饮用水中病原微生物的研究进展

饮用水中存在着不同种类的病原微生物，这些病原微生物给人体健康带来危害。本文简要介绍常规消毒技术去除饮用水中病原微生物的研究现状；常规消毒剂仍然是现代饮用水处理工艺使用的主要消毒剂；近些年来，对常规消毒剂联合消毒的协同作用和联合消毒剂的概念提出了探讨，认为联合消毒荆是今后饮用水去除病原微生物的发展趋势；膜技术这种物理消毒技术，由于其高效性而得到广泛关注，膜消毒去除病原微生物也成为当今消毒技术研究的热点。     

THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT1

ABSTRACT: The stability in water of a novel new chloramine agent, 3-chloro-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (agent I), which is an excellent water disinfectant, has been compared to the stabilities of several other water disinfectants. The agents tested in addition to agent I included N-chlorosuccinimide, 2, 4-dichloro-5, 5-dimethylhydantoin, tichloroisocyanuric acid, calcium hypochlorite, commercial grade HTH, and household bleach. The total chlorine content of a water solution of agent I in a demand free environment remains constant over a period of at least eight weeks, while that for all of the other agents declines markedly over that time period. An explanation for these observations will be offered. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory scale treatment plant had shown that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to chlorine gas for water disinfection.     

Recent trends in treatment technologies of emerging contaminants

In the recent years a group of contaminants, known collectively as emerging contaminants (ECs), have attracted considerable attention due to their widespread in the environment, and lack of knowledge on their impacts on ecosystem and human health. This review gives an overview on the sources, impacts, and conventional treatment technologies of ECs and an in-depth review of the literature on the state-of-the-art treatment technologies and their performance in the removal of ECs from water sources and drinking water. A careful statistical analysis of the number of publications on the different treatment technologies of ECs was performed to identify the hot spots in this research area. Conventional treatment technologies are not able to remove ECs sufficiently. The discharge of raw or partially treated wastewater is the main source of ECs in the environment. The research in recent years is focusing on using advanced treatment process (AOPs), followed by adsorption and membrane technologies. From a technical point of view, AOPs surpass other treatment technologies as they can completely eradicate ECs without the generation of side products. Developing efficient, green, and cost-effective materials to be used as adsorbents, photocatalysts, membranes, or membrane fillers, is one of the main research trends nowadays. Combined AOPs based on exploiting solar light, ultrasound and electrochemistry are gaining growing interest and show high potential for the treatment of ECs.