实现耕地资源总量动态平衡的措施

珍惜土地,保护耕地,是我国的一项基本国策。由于人口增加,耕地减少,我国人均占有耕地的数量不断下降。据统计,全国人均占有耕地面积从1949年的0.18ha,下降到1995年的0.08ha,特别是近10年,我国耕地呈大幅度减少的趋势。因此,国家土地管理局提出保护耕地的重要举措,即实现耕地总量动态平衡。要实现耕地资源总量的动态平衡,就必须弄清楚影响耕地资源总量减少的主要原因。1耕地资源总量减少的原因根据分析,我国耕地资源总量减少的主要原因是：①由于经济利益的引诱,农民种粮积极性降低,将耕地变为非耕地,耕地面积减少。随着改革开放的不断深入,…     

我国农村耕地利用及保护对策

论述了当前我国土地资源利用中存在的耕地数量减少、耕地质量下降、土地利用结构和布局不合理、土地资源未能得到有效配置等问题，分析了这些问题产生的原因，并在此基础上提出了相应的耕地保护对策。     

湖北省耕地建设占用态势及调控

土地（特别是耕地）是人类赖以生存的宝贵自然资源，成为农业乃至整个国民经济的基础，耕地数量的减少将会直接影响到经济社会的可持续发展。近年来湖北省耕地资源不断减少，耕地建设占用成为其主要原因之，一。针对全省耕地建设占用现状，根据2004--2007年的数据统计，对全省各县（市、区）耕地建设占用情况进行了分类和简要分析。     

依靠科技创新探索新疆农业可持续发展之路

耕地资源是土地资源中的精华,是我国农业及社会可持续发展的基础,耕地保有量是我国国民生存所必需的基本条件。随着经济社会发展,耕地减少与人口增长矛盾日益突出,自然、人为因素对耕地保护冲击力度持续增加,耕地质量堪忧,粮食安全、耕地保护面临严峻挑战。因此,重视耕地质量建设,依靠科技,实现耕地科学管理,在相当长的时期内都将是我国政     

江苏省耕地资源的发展趋势及潜力分析

根据《江苏统计年鉴(1998年)》,对江苏省耕地资源在数量、质量两方面的历年发展趋势进行了分析,并针对耕地资源存在的数量减少、质量恶化现状,对江苏耕地持续利用的潜力进行了探讨。     

广州市不同产业阶段的耕地变化与驱动力

广州市1980-2002年间产业发展可分为两个阶段，即工业化中期（1980-1993年）和工业化后期（1994-2002年）。在这两个产业发展阶段，耕地数最变化存在较大差异：耕地年均减少工业化中期大于后期，变化速度则是后期大于中期，利用效益后期明显优于中期。利用相关分析和主成分分析方法，得出人口增长、经济发展、城市化进程、农业产业结构调整、交通发展是广州市1980-2002年间耕地数量变化的主要驱动力，在不同产业阶段各驱动因子存在差异，其中农业比重、实际利用外资、城市化、客运量等因子差异较为明显，从而导致了不同时期耕地数量变化的差异性。     

西部大开发中四川耕地生态环境保护对策

四川耕地生态环境本来已存在严重问题，在西部大开发中四川耕地生态环境保护迎来了良好的发展机遇，更面临严峻的挑战，因此，应尽快编制四川省耕地生态环境保护专项规划，确定我省耕地生态环境保护目标、任务和原则，将其纳入各级政府的目标管理和耕地保护的议事日程，搞好生态环境的建设，促进耕地的可持续利用；同时耕地保护要从单纯数量保护逐步过渡到数量和质量并重，并在土地开发整理中既要努力增加耕地数量，又要注重生态环境保护。最后，应通过加强多部门协调配合，开展多学科综合研究，使耕地生态环境保护落实到具体工程项目。     

基于耕地占补平衡的基准农田理论初探

耕地占补平衡中的补充耕地数量、质量等级换算可选用地区内基准农田作为控制标准。根据耕地产量定质量，分析建立地区耕地占补考核标准，探讨建立耕地占补平衡考核体系的方法，从而为落实“补充耕地的数量、质量按等级折算”提供支撑。     

德州市耕地资源态势演变的驱动力分析

耕地资源数量与质量动态变化是农区经济与社会的可持续发展的决定性因素,特别是随着农业生态环境的不断恶化,各种不定因素导致耕地数量不断减少,保护和利用好耕地资源显得尤为重要。以地处黄河下游的德州市为背景,分析了其耕地资源现状特点、耕地资源开发利用中存在的问题,采用灰色关联分析方法,找出区域耕地资源态势演变的驱动因素,并对耕地资源供需趋势和保证程度做出预测。     

天津市耕地数量动态变化及保护对策研究

根据土地调查和统计资料,分析了天津市自1949年以来耕地数量动态变化及其驱动机制,并在此基础上,提出了抑制耕地流失和促进耕地数量增加的相关对策。研究表明,1949年以来,天津市耕地数量经历了波动变化和持续缓慢减少两大阶段,耕地数量总体上缓慢减少;人口增长、经济发展、城市化、相关政策、比较经济利益、环境变化和灾害等因子对耕地数量变化具有明显的驱动作用;耕地保护需要进行多方面地不懈努力。     

The Struggle over Functional Foods: Justice and the Social Meaning of Functional Foods

The social and scientific debate overfunctional foods has two focal points: one isthe issue of the reliability andtrustworthiness of the claims connected withfunctional foods. You don't have to be asuspicious person to be skeptical vis-à-visthe rather exorbitant claims of most functionalfoods. They promise prevention against allkinds of illnesses and enhancement ofachievements like memory and vision, withouthaving been tested adequately. The second issueis the issue of the socio-cultural dimension offunctional foods and their so calleddetrimental effect on the social and normativemeanings of food, with possibly the effect thatfood in general will be treated like amedicine, with radical individualizing effects.Finally, individuals would only be allowed toeat what their gene-profile prescribes them. Inthis paper, it is argued that food is anon-neutral public good that contributesinherently to the identity of vulnerableindividuals. It should be treated in anon-neutral, but impartial way. Therefore,politics need to intervene in food markets froma justice and ethical point of view with twoaims in mind. The first aim (as an implicationof justice considerations) should be toestablish safety conditions, and to identifyand monitor food safety standards in anobjective and impartial way. Preventive medicalclaims of foods should be allowed on the basisof appropriate and objective testing methods.The second aim (as an implication of ethicalconsiderations) should be to shape conditionsfor a cohabitation of various food styles,including that of functional foods. Moreover,the cultural and symbolic meaning of food in apluralistic society requires that the differentfood styles find some modus of living andinteracting together. As long as functionalfoods comply with safety standards and respectother food styles, they should be allowed onthe market, just like any other food product.     

Respecting The Autonomy of European and American Consumers: Defending Positive Labels on Gm Foods

In her recent article, “Does autonomy count in favor of labeling genetically modified food?,” Kirsten Hansen argues that in Europe, voluntary negative labeling of non-GM foods respects consumer autonomy just as well as mandatory positive labeling of foods with GM content. She also argues that because negative labeling places labeling costs upon those consumers that want to know whether food is GM, negative labeling is better policy than positive labeling. In this paper, we argue that Hansen’s arguments are mistaken in several respects. Most importantly, she underestimates the demands of respecting autonomy and overestimates the cost of positive labeling. Moreover, she mistakenly implies that only a small minority of people desire information about GM content. We also explore the extent to which her arguments would apply to the US context, and argue that any discussion of the relationship between autonomy and labeling should include not just considerations of consumer autonomy but also considerations of what we call citizen autonomy.     

Public Health,Ethics, and Functional Foods

Functional foods aim to provide a positive impact on health and well-being beyond their nutritive content. As such, they are likely candidates to enhance the public health official’s tool kit. Or are they? Although a very small number of functional foods (e.g., phytosterol-enriched margarine) show such promise in improving individual health that Dutch health insurance companies reimburse their costs to consumers, one must not draw premature conclusions about functional foods as a group. A large number of questions about individual products’ safety, efficacy, and affordability need to be answered before they might become an important part of the public health agenda. More importantly, though, the costs and benefits of functional foods relative to alternative mechanisms of public health improvement need to be ascertained. Alternative scenarios that warrant investigation are mainly the supply of nutraceutical ingredients in pill form targeting “at risk” groups and consumer education on diet and lifestyle.     

You Are What You Eat: Genetically Modified Foods, Integrity, and Society

Thus far, the moral debateconcerning genetically modified foods (GMF) hasfocused on extrinsic consequentialist questionsabout the health effects, environmental impacts,and economic benefits of such foods. Thisextrinsic approach to the morality of GMF isdependent on unsubstantiated empirical claimsand fails to account for the intrinsic moralvalue of food and food choice and theirconnection to the agent's concept of the goodlife. I develop a set of objections to GMFgrounded in the concept of integrity andmaintain that food and food choice can beintimately connected to the agent's personalintegrity. I argue that due to the constitutionof GMF and the manner in which they areproduced, such foods are incompatible with thefundamental values and integrity of certainindividual moral agents or groups. I identifythree types of integrity that are threatened byGMF: religious, consumer, and integrity basedon certain other moral or metaphysical grounds.I maintain that these types of integrity aresufficiently important to provide justificationfor political and societal actions to protectthe interests of those affected. I conclude byproposing specific steps for handling GMFconsistent with the moral principles ofinformed consent, non-maleficence, and respectfor the integrity of all members of society.They include mandatory labeling of GMF, theimplementation of a system for control andregulations concerning such foods, andguaranteed provision of conventional foods.     

A Framework for the Ethical Analysis of Novel Foods: The Ethical Matrix

The paper addresses the issue of how indemocratic societies a procedure might be formulatedto facilitate ethical judgements on modernbiotechnologies used in food production. A frameworkfor rational ethical analysis, the Ethical Matrix, isproposed. The Matrix adapts the principles describedby Beauchamp and Childress for application to medicalissues, to interest groups (e.g., producers,consumers, and the biotic environment) affected bythese technologies. The use of the Matrix isillustrated by applying it to an example of a ``novelfood,' viz., a form of genetically modified maize.     

You are What You Eat: Meat, Novel Protein Foods, and Consumptive Freedom

Animal husbandry has been accused ofmaltreating animals, polluting the environment, and soon. These accusations were thought to be answered whenthe Dutch research program ``Sustainable TechnologicalDevelopment' (STD) suggested a government-initiatedconversion from meat to novel protein foods (NPFs).STD reasoned that if consumers converted from meat toNPFs, non-sustainable animal husbandry would no longerbe needed. Whereas STD only worried about how toconstruct NPFs with a meat bite, this paper drawsattention to the presumed, but problematic, role forthe government in the execution of the STDsuggestions. Although vegetarians take the credo ``YouAre What You Eat' literally and accuse non-vegetariansof being beasts, a different interpretation is morepromising: eating meat has become a leading thread inmany lifestyles and narratives of self-identity. Sincethe freedom to follow your own lifestyle orconsumptive preferences is a core value incontemporary affluent societies, governmentintervention in the formation and satisfaction ofconsumer preferences for meat dishes is a precariousissue. Hence, NPFs might be interesting for a smallfraction of society, but we had better not expect toomuch from a government-initiated conversion from meatto NPFs as the answer to animal husbandry'sproblems.     

Food Health Policies and Ethics: Lay Perspectives on Functional Foods

Functional foods are a challenge tofood health policies, since they questioncentral ideas in the way that food healthpolicies have been developed over the lastdecades. Driven by market actors instead ofpublic authorities and focusing on the role ofsingle foods and single constituents in foodsfor health, they contrast traditional wisdombehind nutrition policies that emphasize therole of the diet as a whole for health.Sociological literature about food in everydaylife shows that technical rationality co-existswith other food related rationalities, such aspractical and economic rationalities, socialand relational rationalities, and symbolicrationalities that influence citizens' ordinaryeating habits. An examination of lay views onexpert knowledge about food and health showthat skepticism exists with respect to thebasis of and balance of expert advice. Critical points with respect to how functionalfoods may influence routines in the populationswith relevance for public health include thefact, that they promote a way of thinking offood and health that is in conflict withwell-established practical ways of ensuring abalanced diet.     

关于进一步推进河北省无公害食品产业发展的对策思考

实现农产品的无公害化是农业可持续发展的必然选择,也是农产品获得市场优势的重要举措。近年来河北省无公害食品产业得到了长足的发展,但是,无公害产品的品种、数量、面积所占比例甚少,有些地方农产品的农药、化肥等有害物质的污染现象还十分严重。本文论述了进一步推进河北省无公害食品产业发展的对策。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定食品中的铝

采用硝酸-高氯酸消解,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES法)测定食品中铝。结果表明,消解液可以直接用水定容上机;在A l浓度0~6mg/L范围内,相关系数R2=0.9996,优于国标比色法(0~3μg范围内,R2=0.981);该方法检出限为0.15mg/kg,极大地优于国标比色法(12.5 mg/kg);同一样品比较,本法RSD为5.8%,而国标比色法只能达10%;该法回收率在92%~97%之间,对GBW 10016茶叶标准物质测定值也在可接受范围内。     

基于GM(1,1)的芜湖市人均农用地生态足迹变化研究

应用Wackernagel等提出的生态足迹方法,对芜湖市1996—2005年的人均农用地生态足迹、人均农用地生态承载力和生态赤字进行了计算;利用灰色系统预测模型建立了芜湖市人均生态足迹、生态承载力预测模型GM(1,1),经求解、检验、预测,可得到今后数年该市人均农用地生态足迹、生态承载力数据,并对灰色系统模型应用于生态足迹的预测作了可行性分析。结果显示,未来5年该区域的人均农用地生态足迹呈逐渐增大、人均农用地生态承载力呈逐渐下降的趋势,人均生态赤字也逐渐增大。