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1.
Situating Hazard Vulnerability: People’s Negotiations with Wildfire Environments in the U.S. Southwest 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
This article is based on a multimethod study designed to clarify influences on wildfire hazard vulnerability in Arizona’s
White Mountains, USA. Findings reveal that multiple factors operating across scales generate socially unequal wildfire risks.
At the household scale, conflicting environmental values, reliance on fire insurance and firefighting institutions, a lack
of place dependency, and social vulnerability (e.g., a lack of financial, physical, and/or legal capacity to reduce risks)
were found to be important influences on wildfire risk. At the regional-scale, the shift from a resource extraction to environmental
amenity-based economy has transformed ecological communities, produced unequal social distributions of risks and resources,
and shaped people’s social and environmental interactions in everyday life. While working-class locals are more socially vulnerable
than amenity migrants to wildfire hazards, they have also been more active in attempting to reduce risks in the aftermath
of the disastrous 2002 Rodeo-Chediski fire. Social tensions between locals and amenity migrants temporarily dissolved immediately
following the disaster, only to be exacerbated by the heightened perception of risk and the differential commitment to hazard
mitigation displayed by these groups over a 2-year study period. Findings suggest that to enhance wildfire safety, environmental
managers should acknowledge the environmental benefits associated with hazardous landscapes, the incentives created by risk
management programs, and the specific constraints to action for relevant social groups in changing human-environmental context. 相似文献
2.
Roles of Scholars in the Practice of Combating-Desertification: A Case Study in Northwest China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated the perceived importance of scholars’ participation in combating-desertification programs in northwest
China and analyzed the underlying factors and mechanisms. Our results show that, while various experts, professors, and researchers
have participated in combating-desertification programs, their actions were often not effective. Only those scholars who understood
the local situations adequately had important and positive impacts. These scholars served as information brokers between the
governments and other stakeholders, entrepreneurial activity organizers for farmers, governmental representatives, or advocators
for local affairs themselves. They played indispensible roles in facilitating efforts in combating desertification. The study
also identified key factors that led to the success of scholars’ participation in combating-desertification activities. Our
findings have practical implications for improving the effectiveness of scholars’ participation in land restoration and environmental
management. 相似文献
3.
The Lyon-Turin High-Speed Rail: The Public Debate and Perception of Environmental Risk in Susa Valley,Italy 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
When the construction of the Lyon-Turin segment of the new European high-speed rail network was first publicly announced at
the beginning of the 1990s, it immediately found fierce opposition from the inhabitants of Susa Valley, Italy, one of the
areas to be cut across by such infrastructure. At issue were the project’s potential environmental impact and its consequences
on public health. This study intends to clarify environmental risk perception and public debate between the national government,
local advocacy groups, and the inhabitants of Susa Valley. Two major phases of public reaction were identified: (1) an initial
rebellious period of no real dialog among the project’s major stakeholders (exemplified by the popular “No TAV” [No High Speed
Train] movement), followed by (2) a yielding period of intense multilateral negotiations centered on the activities of the
“Lyon-Turin Environmental Observatory.” The results of a qualitative cross analysis of the residents’ perception of the proposed
high-speed rail revealed that public acceptance of risk in Susa Valley was influenced by the characteristics of hazards perceived
by the residents and by the communicative approach used by the project’s various stakeholders. It also emerged that early
dialog among all the parties involved was critical in forming a personal viewpoint on risk, which, once consolidated, defied
new information and perspectives. Likely, a greater and earlier care taken by the other stakeholders to inform and consult
the local population about the railway would have greatly eased the public debate. 相似文献
4.
Investigation into local peoples’ perceptions can produce useful information that could be incorporated into the decision-making
process to help resolve environmental problems. Within the arena of land degradation, a number of studies have also been conducted
to explore local peoples’ views of the problem. However, the perceptions of land-degrading practices of the general public
have so far not been actively solicited. This study aimed to contribute to this area of research by adopting the psychometric
scaling technique to empirically explore the lay public’s ecological risk perceptions of land-degrading activities in Minqin
County in Gansu Province, northern China. The primary data were collected via a questionnaire survey (n = 1,138) administered between 14 and 31 December 2002. The major findings of the survey were: (1) Respondents perceived the
ecological risks posed by different land-degrading activities to be different. (2) There was a considerable incongruence in
the way in which mining of groundwater was conceived by experts and laymen, respectively. (3) Respondents were pretty unsure
of expert knowledge. (4) Respondents’ ecological risk perceptions were significantly affected by their personal attributes.
As far as the policy implications of these findings are concerned, this study accentuates that we must be aware of, and involved
in, the environmental perceptions of the lay public in order to succeed in guiding any human-environment tensions along more
sustainable trajectories and navigating the transition to sustainability. 相似文献
5.
Benefits-based management seeks to provide recreation benefits for recreation participants by managing the physical environments
in which recreation occurs. This study investigates the relationship between benefits desired by visitors and the physical,
social, and managerial characteristics of settings that facilitate realization of recreation benefits. Data such as perceived
benefits from recreation experiences, setting attributes that significantly influenced perceived benefits, and sociodemographic
variables were collected from 376 visitors to Sorak-san National Park in the eastern part of the Korean peninsula. Cluster
analysis was used to group visitors' desired benefits into 12 domains: relationship with nature/scenery, escaping pressure,
learning about nature, family togetherness, introspection, exploration, autonomy/achievement, being with friends, leading
others, skills/learning, risk taking, and meeting/observing new people. Multiple regression was used to link benefit domains
with the characteristics of settings. The social attribute of recreation settings was linked to eight of the ten benefit domains.
There were two statistically strong multiple regression correlations: (1) between domain of “relationship with nature /scenery”
and the attributes “forest/water,”“attractive nature,” and “facility/maintenance” and (2) between the domain of “escaping
pressure” and the attributes “attractive nature” and “social.” The results of this study are useful to managers in their efforts
to provide recreation opportunities for visitors to achieve beneficial outcomes. 相似文献
6.
Among both forest practitioners and the general public, “forest health” has become an issue of contention. Whereas the debate
over which treatments will best achieve healthy forests has been framed largely by the popular media and politicians as a
struggle between industry and environmentalists, the views of the general public remain unexplored. Survey results from Oregon
and Washington residents were used to assess the relationships between respondents’ self-described environmental or economic
priorities and the following two variables: (1) acceptability of forest management practices and (2) perceived threats to
forest health. Findings indicate that active management was generally accepted by a majority of respondents regardless of
their environmental or economic orientation. Disagreement emerged, however, when the appropriateness of specific management
practices within specific forest conditions was examined. Additionally, strong evidence was found for a relationship between
self-described environmental or economic orientation and perceived threats to forest health. Those with an environmentally
oriented viewpoint tended to perceive human-caused factors as the largest threats, whereas those with an economic orientation
saw naturally occurring processes as the greatest threats. These findings suggest that the issue of contention is not active
management per se. Rather, the major divisions in the forest health debate are defined by specific contexts and circumstances,
as well as the management practices used. 相似文献
7.
Venkateswara R. Rao 《Environmental management》1995,19(3):313-320
Risk management practices under the current environmental regulations is a long, complex process that considers scientific,
technologic, and management factors to develop various regulatory standards and pollution control measures. Using the mandatory
enforcement approach, sometimes referred to as “command-and-control”, a set of preliminary environmental goals, such as better
air and water qualities, were achieved. However, the information-intensive nature of the risk management process and the lack
of flexibility in conventional regulatory methods to changing economic and technologic realities of the decade has created
interest among risk managers to examine some innovative management approaches. Above all, environmental problems of a global
scale require novel management methods while striving to achieve the desired environmental goals.
As the principal analytical tool in risk management, quantitative risk assessment exerts considerable influence on the risk
management process. Therefore, advances in risk management are closely associated with scientific developments that enhance
the risk assessment process, particularly those efforts aimed at improving human exposure and toxicity assessments. Market
incentives, information dissemination, creative enforcement practices, and interagency and intergovernmental interactions
were identified as the key elements of innovative environmental risk management practices. This paper will present an overview
of the emerging innovative risk management approaches. 相似文献
8.
Resident Motivations and Willingness-to-Pay for Urban Biodiversity Conservation in Guangzhou (China)
The monetary assessment of biodiversity measures the welfare damages brought by biodiversity losses and the cost-benefit analysis
of conservation projects in a socio-economic context. The contingent valuation method could include motivational factors to
strengthen economic analysis of nature conservation. This study analyzed Guangzhou residents’ motivations and willingness-to-pay
(WTP) for an urban biodiversity conservation program in the National Baiyun Mountain Scenic Area (BMSA). The peri-urban natural
site, offering refuge to some endemic species, is under increasing development pressures for recreational and residential
use. A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Guangzhou metropolitan area during June to October 2007. We interviewed face-to-face
720 stratified sampled households to probe residents’ attitudes towards the city’s environmental issues, motivations for urban
nature conservation, and WTP for biodiversity conservation. Principal component analysis identified five motivational factors,
including environmental benefit, ecological diversity, nature-culture interaction, landscape-recreation function, and intergenerational
sustainability, which illustrated the general economic values of urban nature. Logistic regression was applied to predict
the probability of people being willing to pay for the urban biodiversity conservation in BMSA. The significant predictors
of WTP included household income and the factor nature-culture interaction. The median WTP estimated RMB149/household (about
US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US$19.5/household) per year and an aggregate of RMB291 million (approximately US38.2 million) annually to support the urban
conservation project. Including public motivations into contingent valuation presents a promising approach to conduct cost-benefit
analysis of public projects in China. 相似文献
9.
10.
Local distrust for Marine Protected Area (MPA) managers is emerging as an important factor obstructing the fulfillment of
MPA objectives, and, thus, there is a need to develop a means of enhancing relationship building between MPA managers and
local people. We used the National Marine Park of Alonissos, Northern Sporades (NMPANS), Greece, as a relevant case-study
to investigate whether the local print media’s framing of the marine park and its management affected locals’ attitudes. We
conducted a longitudinal review of local newspaper articles pertaining to the NMPANS during 1980–2008, and we conducted telephone
interviews with local people. We found that salience of the NMPANS in the local print media remained limited and sporadic,
the main stakeholder remained the centralized public sector, and the regional print media was rather detached, moderate, and
largely supportive of the NMPANS throughout 1980–2008. The progression of the management periods of the NMPANS, however, was
accompanied by increased importance of the NMPANS, increased deviance from conservation as the chief objective of the NMPANS’s
establishment, a shift from presenting facts to presenting reactions, and a shift from a positive to a mixed image of the
NMPANS. Locals who relied on newspapers for local news were better informed about the NMPANS, more likely to accept the NMPANS,
and more likely to participate in meetings regarding the NMPANS regardless of gender, age, and occupation than those who did
not rely on newspapers. The local print media may be utilized as a free-choice learning vehicle to enhance the value of an
MPA among local people and to enhance the development of trust between park managers and locals through a proactive, empowering,
and cognitive media strategy. 相似文献