伊犁地区水资源特征及利用对策

在简述伊犁地区自然条件的基础上，通过分析水资源特征，提出了发挥水资源优势，开发多种资源，截留降水资源，抑制土壤水分损失，利用地下水，解决部分地区缺水及改良土壤，加强水资源统一管理等措施，综合开发利用伊犁地区水资源，发挥其最大的效益。     

贫水地区水资源开发利用的系统分析方法

本文提出运用系统工程的思想与技术，将水资源开发利用置于一个复杂时变的社会经济系统中进行模拟与分析的方法，以反映所研究地区未来时期水资源开发利用的发展变化趋势，为制定与国民经济和社会发展协调一致的水资源开发利用战略奠定基础。     

我国矿水资源的分类及其利用

地下水资源为储存和流动在含水系统中、对人类有利用价值的地下水,包括淡水资源和矿水资源两部分。饮用和生活用水、工业用水和农业用水,常以地下淡水资源作为供水源。因此,人们在讨论地下水资源时,往往容易理解为地下水资源就是淡水资源.忽视了地下矿水资源。实质上地下矿水资源是地下水资源的重要组成部分,在国民经济中具有非常重要的理论意义和实际意义。     

喀什三角洲的水资源特征及其开发与保护

本文从山地地下水的形成及其对平原地下水的制约,地表输水体系与平原含水层系统及其地区总水资源出发提出了水资源开发模式及水资源保护对策。     

国内资讯

《煤炭工业发展“十二五”规划》发布 国家发改委日前印发《煤炭工业发展“十二五”规划》，强调资源开发与生态环境要协调发展，综合考虑生态环境承载力和水资源条件，做好煤炭开发布局，开发中应更加注重资源高效清洁利用，更加注重保护环境。我国煤炭消费量还将持续增加，考虑到调整能源结构、保护环境、控制PM2．5污染等因素的影响，煤炭在一次能源结构中的比重将明显下降。     

西宁市水利发展战略初探

文章从西宁市水资源及水利工程开发建设现状着手，对西宁市水的供需平衡进行了初步分析，找出制约西宁水利发展的6个方面的突出问题。即：水资源开发利用程度不高、老化失修工程多、城乡供水问题突出、防洪基础脆弱、水土流失严重、管理体制不顺。提出了发展西宁水利的初步构想，即以全市水资源优化配置、高效利用和节约保护为中心，突出以治理“两山一水”为重点的城市水利建设，以改善农业生产条件为重点的农村水利建设和以水库为主的水资源调配工程建设，为西宁市城市建设和生态建设提供用水保障，促进西宁市国民经济的可持续发展。     

干旱区城镇化发展与水资源开发利用协调性分析——以新疆为例

为了深刻了解干旱区城镇化发展与水资源开发利用的协调性,以熵权法为基础,建立衡量新疆城镇化综合发展水平和水资源开发利用水平相互作用的指标体系,通过协调度模型来判断两者的协调发展度。结果表明:1996—2015年在新疆城镇化不断推进过程中,水资源开发利用水平逐步提高,城镇化发展与水资源开发利用水平整体上呈现由勉强协调向良好协调的轨迹发展,但两者之间存在双向作用关系。今后干旱区的发展要注意协调两者之间的关系,通过调整产业结构、完善城镇基础设施、推广农业节水和提升工业用水效率等措施来推动城镇化与水资源开发利用的可持续发展。     

新疆博乐地区的“三水”资源及其开发利用与生态环境保护

本文主要讨论博乐地区的水资源及其开发利用中所引起的环境问题与对策。通过估算,该区有总水资源24.6×10~8m~3,地表径流21.2×10~8m~3,平原地下水补给量10.0×10~8m~3、可采资源6.03×10~8m~3。受不合理开发及传统的大水漫灌方式和有灌无排、水利设施简陋等人为因素影响,地表水大量渗入补给地下水,引起地下水位抬升。在强烈蒸发浓缩作用影响下,土壤次生盐渍化面积逐年扩大,淡水面利用量递减,水资源重复利用量衰降,植被复盖率降低,生态环境恶化。为抑制生态环境恶化,必须加强水资源的科学管理,坚持两水统调,灌排结合,植树种草,防风固沙,改善小气候,促使生态良性循环。     

西部大开发中水资源保护的战略意义

水是生命的源泉，水资源具有维持生命与健康功能，生态系统组成与演化功能，景观组合与美学功能：水能及其服务功能；水介质的传输与净化功能；社会生活与经济服务功能等。西部水资源具有发挥各种功能的区域条件。保护西部水资源的战略意义在于：(1)它是实施西部可持续发展战略的迫切需求；(2)西部是全国水资源富集区，对其保护具有全国战略意义；(3)水资源保护是西部生态建设的重要内容，是建成西部生态屏障的重要措施；(4)西部水资源是产业发展的支撑，对其保护对全国产业发展及其布局，有特殊功能和意义；(5)水资源昌西部农业命脉，保护水资源是西部农业持续发展的保证；(6)西部水资源保护具有跨流域的功能，有广泛的国际影响；(7)水资源保护是发展我国西部旅游产业的重要支撑。总之。西部大开发需要水资源的利用和保护，而水资源的保护和利用又是西部大开发的重要内容和成功的重要标志。     

沈阳市城市发展与水资源规划

水资源规划在城市发展中具有重要地位，城市生态因素中的水环境发展承载能力和污染承载能力基本决定城市的规模和产业结构，科学的水资源规划应以生态的良好为目标，地下水和地表水资源统一规划，利用价格尺度实现水资源合理分配。     

WATER-ENERGY LINKAGES IN NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT Nebraska is well endowed with water, particularly groundwater, but has few fossil fuel reserves. However, it is located adjacent to states which have almost no water but have enormous quantities of coal and oil shale. Recent court cases facilitate the movement of water from water-rich states such as Nebraska to water-short states, such as Colorado and Wyoming. The possibility of an energy-water partnership exists and raise numerous policy questions. Within Nebraska, energy consumption patterns are similar to those of the nation's, with consumption of electricity in the agricultural sector growing fastest. Water consumption in the state is dominated by agriculture, and future development of groundwater for irrigation is expected to be intense. Although water and energy are both factors of economic production, an equivalent amount of water consumption provides more jobs in the energy industries than in agriculture. Water and energy are also interdependent. Each is required to produce the other and conservation of one will cause conservation of the other. If both agriculture and electricity are involved, such as in irrigation, the conservation effects are synergistic. Current water policy in Nebraska is biased toward agriculture relative to the energy industries and provides little incentive for water conservation. Given recent court cases and economic conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of the sale of water for export or the use of water with Wyoming coal for energy development need to be compared systematically with those of using water only for agriculture.     

Salt-induced land and water degradation in the Aral Sea basin: A challenge to sustainable agriculture in Central Asia

Expansion of irrigated agriculture in the Aral Sea Basin in the second half of the twentieth century led to the conversion of vast tracks of virgin land into productive agricultural systems resulting in significant increases in employment opportunities and income generation. The positive effects of the development of irrigated agriculture were replete with serious environmental implications. Excessive use of irrigation water coupled with inadequate drainage systems has caused large‐scale land degradation and water quality deterioration in downstream parts of the basin, which is fed by two main rivers, the Amu‐Darya and Syr‐Darya. Recent estimates suggest that more than 50% of irrigated soils are salt‐affected and/or waterlogged in Central Asia. Considering the availability of natural and human resources in the Aral Sea Basin as well as the recent research addressing soil and water management, there is cause for cautious optimism. Research‐based interventions that have shown significant promise in addressing this impasse include: (1) rehabilitation of abandoned salt‐affected lands through halophytic plant species; (2) introduction of 35‐day‐old early maturing rice varieties to withstand ambient soil and irrigation water salinity; (3) productivity enhancement of high‐magnesium soils and water resources through calcium‐based soil amendments; (4) use of certain tree species as biological pumps to lower elevated groundwater levels in waterlogged areas; (5) optimal use of fertilizers, particularly those supplying nitrogen, to mitigate the adverse effects of soil and irrigation water salinity; (6) mulching of furrows under saline conditions to reduce evaporation and salinity buildup in the root zone; and (7) establishment of multipurpose tree and shrub species for biomass and renewable energy production. Because of water withdrawals for agriculture from two main transboundary rivers in the Aral Sea Basin, there would be a need for policy level interventions conducive for enhancing interstate cooperation to transform salt‐affected soil and saline water resources from an environmental and productivity constraint into an economic asset.     

Tackling the issue of rural–urban water transfers in the Ta'iz region, Yemen

The Ta'iz region of Yemen is facing serious water problems. Total water use has become unsustainable. While agriculture places a heavy demand on the region's water resources, supplies for the fast growing city and the industrial sector are severely rationed despite their much higher willingness-to-pay for water relative to the returns on most agricultural uses. The article considers several decentralized management options for enhancing sustainability and improving intersectoral water allocation. These include, taxing groundwater extractions, taxing inputs used in pumping groundwater, and implementing a tradable water rights regime. The first two options could lead to resource conservation but are politically difficult to implement and may not necessarily result in better intersectoral water allocation. The tradable water rights regime has potential for achieving the twin objectives of resource conservation and improved intersectoral resource allocation. If farmers' de facto water rights were legitimized, this option would be more acceptable to them. However, the following additional conditions need to be met for making the option viable: (a) a set-aside allocation is made for lifeline supplies for the poor; ( b) the water law provides for separation of water rights from land rights; and (c) community organizations are involved as co-managers of the region's water resources.     

Groundwater Denitrification Capacity of Riparian Zones in Suburban and Agricultural Watersheds1

Watson, Tara K., Dorothy Q. Kellogg, Kelly Addy, Arthur J. Gold, Mark H. Stolt, Sean W. Donohue, and Peter M. Groffman, 2010. Groundwater Denitrification Capacity of Riparian Zones in Suburban and Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):237-245. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00418.x Abstract: We evaluated the relationship of dominant watershed land use to the structure and nitrogen (N) sink function of riparian zones. We focused on groundwater denitrification capacity, water table dynamics, and the presence and pattern of organically enriched deposits. We used the push-pull method (measurement of ¹⁵N-enriched denitrification gases derived from an introduced groundwater plume of ¹⁵N-enriched nitrate) to evaluate groundwater denitrification capacity on nine forested wetland riparian sites developed in alluvial or outwash parent materials in southern New England. Three replicate sites were located in each of the three watershed types, those with substantial (1) irrigated agriculture, (2) suburban development, and (3) forest. Soil morphology and water table dynamics were assessed at each site. We found significantly lower mean annual water tables at sites within watersheds with substantial irrigated agriculture or suburban development than forested watersheds. Water table dynamics were more variable at sites within suburban watersheds, especially during the summer. Groundwater denitrification capacity was significantly greater at sites within forested watersheds than in watersheds with substantial irrigated agriculture. Because of the high degree of variability observed in riparian sites within suburban watersheds, groundwater denitrification capacity was not significantly different from either forested or agricultural watersheds. The highly variable patterns of organically enriched deposits and water tables at sites within suburban watersheds suggests that depositional events are irregular, limiting the predictability of groundwater N dynamics in these riparian zones. The variability of riparian N removal in watersheds with extensive suburbia or irrigated agriculture argues for N management strategies emphasizing effective N source controls in these settings.     

西北干旱区发展节水农业保障体系研究

水资源短缺已成为西北干旱区严重的制约因素之一.实施节水型农业模式,成为促进西北干旱区农业持续发展、生态环境保护乃至整个社会经济发展的必要选择.结合西北干旱区水资源开发利用的现状和节水农业发展中存在的主要问题,构建了西北干旱区节水型农业发展的保障体系:加强宣传培训,提高节水农业意识;制定科学规划,促进农业持续发展;构建完整体系,支持节水农业发展;健全法律制度,保障节水农业发展.     

崇明岛地下水资源的利用现状及保护措施

未来地下水资源短缺,特别是由于地面沉降、地表退化、海平面上升等引起的地下水位下降,将对沿海地区的地质环境及人类的生存发展产生极大的影响。通过对崇明地区地下水资源利用现状以及影响地下水位下降的影响因素分析,提出了改善传统的灌溉系统来减少地下水资源的使用、海岸沿线修建人工湖泊防止海水入侵、鼓励农民大面积种植水稻、制定管理措施严格控制地下水的开采总量、进一步加强崇明岛地面沉降动态监测与研究等相应的防范措施。强调控制地下水位的下降,以减轻淡水资源短缺所造成的危害,具有特殊而重要的意义。     

塔里木河流域水资源利用与生态农业发展

从生态学角度分析塔里木河流域丰富的自然资源条件与恶劣的气候条件之间的突出矛盾,得出水资源的占有和利用是流域生态改善和农业发展之储多要素中最大限制因子的结论,从而决定了农业发展的根本出路是发展生态农业。必须根据生态脆弱指数采取有力措施保证生态用水;只有因地制宜地建立高效输水、灌溉节水、结构科学、布局合理、资源配置优化、整体功能强的高产优质高效的良性循环的农业生产模式,才能切实有地促进自然生态与生态农业的持续、协调发展。     

积极发展节水农业、改善塔河生态环境--走农业可持续发展的道路

新疆塔河流域农业发展面临严峻的水资源形势,发展节水农业,提高水分利用效率和效益势在必行。本文阐述了近年来塔河流域农业高效用水的有效途径及塔河流域发展节水型农业的新思路。     

Artificial Groundwater Recharge Zones Mapping Using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study in Indian Punjab

Artificial groundwater recharge plays a vital role in sustainable management of groundwater resources. The present study was carried out to identify the artificial groundwater recharge zones in Bist Doab basin of Indian Punjab using remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) for augmenting groundwater resources. The study area has been facing severe water scarcity due to intensive agriculture for the past few years. The thematic layers considered in the present study are: geomorphology (2004), geology (2004), land use/land cover (2008), drainage density, slope, soil texture (2000), aquifer transmissivity, and specific yield. Different themes and related features were assigned proper weights based on their relative contribution to groundwater recharge. Normalized weights were computed using the Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process. Thematic layers were integrated in ArcGIS for delineation of artificial groundwater recharge zones. The recharge map thus obtained was divided into four zones (poor, moderate, good, and very good) based on their influence to groundwater recharge. Results indicate that 15, 18, 37, and 30 % of the study area falls under “poor,” “moderate,” “good,” and “very good” groundwater recharge zones, respectively. The highest recharge potential area is located towards western and parts of middle region because of high infiltration rates caused due to the distribution of flood plains, alluvial plain, and agricultural land. The least effective recharge potential is in the eastern and middle parts of the study area due to low infiltration rate. The results of the study can be used to formulate an efficient groundwater management plan for sustainable utilization of limited groundwater resources.     

The Development of Groundwater for Irrigation in China

Rainfall in China is extremely seasonal and decreases from the coastal areas to the interior. The development of groundwater therefore, particularly in the drier northern regions, is essential in order to have a reliable supply of water for agriculture and for municipal and industrial use. In the 17 northern provinces approximately 10.6 million hectares (ha) are irrigated with groundwater. Generally speaking such groundwater is obtained largely from unconfined aquifers. Due to the great variety of geological and hydrogeological conditions encountered in the different regions of China, the structures used for the extraction of groundwater vary. The types of structures used and the method of their construction are described.