农地内源性污染管控制度问题及对策研究

农地内源性污染逐渐成为社会关注的焦点,国家出台了一系列相应文件,但治理效果甚微。通过对我国农地内源性污染管控制度现状进行分析,发现其存在化肥农药使用者的农业知识与职业需求不匹配;化肥农药入田环节管控缺失;化肥农药使用管控的激励手段不足;对化肥农药使用监管的执行组织不明确等主要问题。为保护农地,实现农地可持续性发展,提出实施化肥农药使用者培训上岗制度;建立农地档案管理制度;实施农地质量科学管理补贴制度;建立政策执行组织体系等完善我国农地内源性污染管控制度的对策。     

农地规模经营法律规制的正当性与制度构建

农地规模经营是农业现代化的主要途径和重要手段。农地规模经营法律规制的本质在于强调政府的"适度"规制行为,具有维护土地的公共利益目标,矫正农地规模经营过程中的市场失灵,消除农地规模经营负外部性的正当性。针对当前农地流转与规模经营法律制度的滞后性、法律体系不健全、农地保护法律制度价值错位等问题,以农地规模经营法律制度构建为逻辑起点,提出我国农地规模经营法律制度构建的路径。     

农地非农化问题研究述评

土地是农业最基本的生产要素，随着经济的发展和城市化进程的加快，农地非农化规模越来越大，农用地的减少引发了我国粮食和生态安全等问题，“吃饭”与建设之间的矛盾日益突出。对此，国内外学者对农地非农化问题进行了大量研究，分析了我国农地非农化的现状和发展趋势，综述了部分学者的观点。     

农地流转对我国农业产业结构升级的影响研究

我国农地流转规模逐年扩大,已成为农地资本化的主要形式。通过选取2006—2014年中国30个省份的面板数据为样本,测算了各地区的农业产业结构升级系数,分析了农地流转对我国农业产业结构升级的影响。研究发现:从全国范围来看,农地流转对我国产业结构升级具有显著的负向影响,农业投资和城镇化显著促进了我国农业产业结构升级;从各地区的情况来看,农地流转和城镇化对农业产业结构升级影响的区域性差异较大。此外,居民消费、财政支出等也对我国的农业产业结构升级产生了积极影响。值得一提的是,我国的人力资本优势不明显,未能为我国的农业产业结构升级提供足够的支持。     

我国农地规模经营适宜性评价及分类研究

农地规模经营是农业现代化发展的必经之路,是解决当前“三农”问题的重要途径之一.根据影响农地规模经营的因素建立了农地规模经营适宜性评价指标体系,运用熵值法对我国31个省级行政区的农地规模经营适宜性进行了分析,将我国各地区按照不同的农地规模经营发展条件分为五类,并以评价结果为依据确定各类别的发展条件优劣,为探索农地规模经营发展路径、制定差别化的发展政策等研究和应用提供理论参考.     

统筹城乡发展中集体土地登记效用分析——以重庆市江北区鱼嘴镇双溪村为例

集体土地登记是土地管理的基础工作,也是保护农民土地合法权益、促进集体土地流转和繁荣农村经济的重要手段.对集体土地所有权、使用权登记效用进行了深入分析,并结合作为统筹城乡综合配套改革试点的重庆市江北区鱼嘴镇双溪村,从农地规模经营、农地融资与农民转市民三方面分析集体土地登记如何促进其统筹城乡的发展.     

南充市农地资源可持续利用探讨

农地资源的可持续利用是实现农业可持续发展的基础.在分析南充市农地资源特点的基础上,阐述了农地利用中存在的主要问题,并就合理利用农地提出了农地资源可持续利用的主要原则、对策与措施.     

中国农地利用碳排放时空演变特征及驱动因素研究——基于IPCC法与LMDI指数分解模型

基于灌溉、翻耕、农药、农用化肥、农膜、农用柴油等6大主要碳排放源,利用IPCC法、标准差和变异系数法对2004—2016年我国农地利用碳排放总量及碳排放强度的时序与空间演化进程进行测量,并运用LMDI指数分解模型对其影响因素进行探究。结果表明:我国农地利用碳排放量总体呈现出"低速上升—低速下降"的趋势,碳排放强度变化具有"双峰"特点;农地利用高碳排放区基本覆盖我国主要的粮食作物产区,而碳排放高强度区则大致与我国农地资源匮乏、经济发展程度高且人口众多的地区重叠。13年来,我国31个省(市、区)的农地利用碳排放量的相对差异表现出先扩大后缩小的趋势,绝对差异逐步减少,碳排放强度的相对差异与绝对差异均在2008年后保持先缩小后扩大的趋势;农业效率、农业结构与农业劳动力对农地利用碳排放起抑制作用,农业经济是促使农地利用碳排放增长的主要因素。     

关于中国农村土地制度的产权经济思考

本文首先运用现代产权经济理论对我国农村现行土地制度进行分析，进而提出我国农村土地宜实行复合所有制，并从土地特征、我国现实情况、土地制度的历史变迁，农地制度改革的风险和成本、各国土地制度变迁的趋势等方面进行了论证。     

农地整理权属调整的问题与对策

农地整理是实现耕地总量动态平衡,改善农业生态环境、增加土地产出的重要手段,是国家扶持农业及农村发展的重要举措.总结了我国农地整理权属调整的原则、方法和程序,分析了现阶段农地整理权属调整中存在的公众参与、技术方法、组织管理和法律法规方面存在的问题,并提出了相应对策.     

永久基本农田保护的实施评价与政策启示--以我国东部地区XX地级市为例

基于“三调”数据分析我国东部地区XX地级市永久基本农田保护变化,从流失去向与流失空间分布两个方面深入分析了其真实境况,从而提出切实的保护政策建议。结果表明:①流失去向包括农业结构调整、建设占用和自然损毁,其中农业结构调整占用为主导。②城市圈内比圈外占用普遍严重,尤其是城乡建设占用了大量基本农田。③永久基本农田存在空间错配现象,未做到“应划尽划”。据此,提出构建农户补偿机制、县级保护任务量与存量建设指标相挂钩、协同基本农田—生态—城镇空间布局,实施圈内基本农田动态监测机制等系列措施,以提升保护效果。     

山西省朔州市耕地与基本农田优化布局研究

耕地和基本农田保护对矿业城市来说具有特殊的意义.以典型矿业城市——山西省朔州市为例,结合当地第三轮土地利用总体规划修编(2006-2020年),以当地2005年(规划基期年)耕地和基本农田的数量、质量为基础,分析其动态流向特征,最后根据自然气候、社会经济条件与耕地质量的一致性,将规划期内(至2020年)朔州市耕地划分为3个区域,分别探讨了各区域耕地利用、土壤改良和生态环境保护方向.     

基于RS与GIS的福建省土地利用动态变化研究

利用1996年和2001年2期1：10万TM假彩色影像资料，采用人机交互目视解译方法，分析了福建省5年的土地利用动态特征。结果表明，土地利用的变化主要表现在林地、耕地的减少和草地、城镇建设用地的增加；5年间，城镇建设用地的年变化率最大，因此。加强林地保护，提高耕地质量，合理控制建设用地规模是切实可行的土地利用对策。     

Spatially Varying Determinants of Farmland Conversion Across Qiantang Watershed, China

This paper employed geographically weighted regression (GWR) to characterize the determinants of farmland conversion at administrative scale between 1994 and 2003 across Qiantang watershed, China. Six determinants were identified: total area of forest, distance to highway, distance to second road, distance to river, population, and gross domestic product. Relationships between these identified determinants and farmland conversion showed great spatial non-stationarity, since their character, nature, and strength varied significantly across space. Typically, for cities whose development was heavily relied on road infrastructure development, the impacts of “distance to second road” and “distance to river” was negative. However, in mountainous areas, the restriction of terrain factors led to positive impacts from these two variables. For areas undergoing rapid socio-economic development, farmland conversion was accelerated by population growth and economic development. However, for more urbanized regions, a slow-down rate of farmland conversion would be expected. Our study highlighted that the problem of spatial non-stationarity should be addressed when qualifying the determinants of farmland conversion. Linking our results within the context of farmland protection, we argue that implementing local-specific land management practices, instead of the current one-size-fits-all framework, is the key for the success of farmland protection in China.     

岷江流域三江交汇区景观格局变化研究

本文以生态景观理论为基础,地理信息与遥感技术为支撑,对岷江流域三江交汇区三期遥感数据,1990年TM、2002年TM、2014年ETM+数据进行图像分类、景观指数提取、空间分析,同时采用面积转移矩阵统计各景观面积的转移情况,分析景观格局变化的影响因素,研究结果表明:(1)1990—2014年三江交汇区景观类型面积排序为:农田林地草地水域居民地裸地。优势景观为耕地,所占比例由72.83%下降到63.32%,面积减少了3480hm2。草地所占比例呈现波动变化,总体增加了2.81%。林地比例由15.98%上升到18.79%,增加了700hm2。居民地所占比例升高了4.1%;(2)1990年研究区内草地景观易受到外部干扰,其分布形状复杂。林地景观整体聚合度较高同时具有较低的异质性,分布通透性好、规模连续。农田分布较为分散且斑块较小。2002年农田斑块分布复杂化,同时具有聚集度高的特点。2014年研究区内农田优势地位下降。此时农田分布比较破碎并且呈现集中的态势。草地分布规模性较好、分布较为完整,但是内部存在一定的破碎性;(3)三江交汇区景观类型相互转化的主要原因:一是,退耕还林、还草政策实施,海拔超过500m的丘陵山地区域,建立生态保护区。二是,成绵乐铁路和高速路网的完善,使得三江交汇区的土地类型向建设用地转化加快,主要集中在乐山市中区和周围城镇。     

我国耕地的保护机制及其运行

针对我国耕地现状和目前在耕地保护中存在的问题，本文分析了制约我国耕地保护的各种因素，从政府决策和农户决策两个层面揭示了我国耕地的保护机制，勾画出了耕地保护机制的运行框架，为政府制定有关保护耕地的政策提供了可靠的依据．     

林带遮荫地种植苜蓿带的棉蚜生态防治

从进一步提高土地利用率、农田生态环境保护、优化农业结构、农区畜牧业发展前景以及国家西部大开发战略等方面,阐述了种植苜蓿带的意义。同时,简要介绍了苜蓿对棉花害虫的控制作用、操作方法以及苜蓿的栽培管理技术等。     

Policy And Practice The Future Tenure of Rural Public Lands in Slovakia

The adoption of democracy and the market economy ideology in post-communist Central and Eastern Europe is encouraging changes in rural public land policy. A system of state public land is being partly dismantled, to be replaced by private ownership.This paper exploresthe present dynamics of the rural public land reprivatization process in Slovakia. In Slovakia approximately 40% of rural public land are being reprivatized. Evidence indicates that the reprivatization of public land is having a detrimental effect on the management of State Forests, National Parks and game management.The integrated, centrally planned public land system of the communist era is being fragmented by reprivatization. This paper argues that this process is creating barriers to the achievement of the sustainable management of the natural resources of rural Slovakia. Recent Governmentof Slovakia laws and policies on sustainable development and environmental management, and adherence to international environmental conventions may provide opportunities for enlightened change in the reprivatization process. A public land system in a democratic free market economy can be an effective mechanism to secure the protection and the sustainable managementof forests, farmland, game, outstanding landscapes and wildlife. This is an opportune time to debate the future of rural public land in Central and Eastern Europe in order that enlightened policy making may be fostered.     

Managing Abandoned Farmland: The Need to Link Biological and Sociological Aspects

The lack of a particular use associated with abandoned farmland provides real opportunities with respect to the various land-use pressures occurring in productive territories. These environments remain generally poorly known and, because of this, require in-depth studies on the feasibility of management options, on biological as well as social grounds. This study, based on research on the biophysical potential and the perceptions by the owners of abandoned farmlands, analyzes the feasibility of silvicultural management options to improve forestry potential. Using a questionnaire, we surveyed abandoned farmland owners on different aspects of the status of their abandoned farmland in order to determine their willingness toward the management of these private lands. The land owners were also asked to express their interests and their constraints toward various types of interventions, with an emphasis on silvicultural work. The data were analyzed using multivariate methods to establish relationships between the questionnaire data and the characteristics of the land owners (socioeconomic profile and value system toward the environment). The results show that, in general, abandoned farmland is an unwanted space, is generally little used, is poorly known, and has little importance in the plans of its owners. We have found three types of owner profiles; the owners with a farmer’s profile are those who are the most interested in managing their abandoned farmland, whether for agriculture or silviculture. The desire to improve abandoned farmland seems less important to owners with an ecocentric profile (high awareness of the environment) and to older owners. Finally, by associating the type of abandoned farmland owned and the characteristics of the owners, it is possible to propose different management options that reconcile the wishes of the owners as well as the biophysical potential of their abandoned farmland.     

Modeling Change-Pattern-Value Dynamics on Land Use: An Integrated GIS and Artificial Neural Networks Approach

The use of spatial methods to detect and characterize changes in land use has been attracting increasing attention from researchers. The objectives of this article were to formulate the dynamics of land use on the temporal and spatial dimensions from the perspectives of the Change-Pattern-Value (CPV) and driving mechanism, based on multitemporal remote sensing data and socioeconomic data. The Artificial Neural Networks were used to identify the factors driving changes in land use. The Pearl River Delta Region of southeast China, which was experiencing rapid economic growth and widespread land conversion, has been selected as the study region. The results show that from 1985 to 2000 in the study region (1) the most prominent characteristics of change in land use were the expansion of the urban land at the expense of farmland, forests, and grasslands, (2) the land-use pattern was being optimized during this period, (3) in an analysis of value, built-up land can yield a return of more than 30 times that of farmland, water area, and forests lands, and (4) rapid economic development, growth in population, and the development of an infrastructure were major driving factors behind ecological land loss and the nonecological land expansion.