陶粒-沸石-活性炭组合填料生物滤池的研究

采用陶粒、沸石、活性炭填料合理组合作为曝气生物滤池的填料对高校生活污水进行处理。研究了组合填料生物滤池生物膜的培养,不同水力负荷、容积负荷和气水比对污水处理效率的影响,以及该生物滤池对生活污水的处理效果。结果表明,采用组合填料生物滤池,接种挂膜培养周期为25d,在水力负荷为2．5m3／（m2·h）,气水比3．5：1,组合填料生物滤池出水COD、BOD5、SS、NH3-N和色度平均值达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》GB／T18920—2002水质要求。     

水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料反冲洗试验研究

反冲洗是快滤池的一项关键技术,反冲洗的效果关系到滤床下一个周期的过滤效果.试验证明水淬渣-石英砂双层滤料采用气-水反冲洗在冲洗效果、减少冲洗时间、降低冲洗耗水量及避免混层等方面比单水反冲洗有优势.在工程实践中水淬渣石英砂双层滤料反冲洗选用水强度为5L/m2·s、气强度为10L/m2·s、冲洗历时4min合适.     

胍胶压裂返排液固液分离试验

胍胶压裂返排液具有高黏度、难固液分离的特征。强化该类废液的固液分离效果是开展深度处理的前提,去除废液中泥砂、岩屑、胍胶残渣等颗粒物,可确保处理后水水质达到再利用要求。通过室内试验得出影响该类废液固液分离效率的主要因素,包括废液黏度、颗粒物密度、粒径及混凝效果,并就延时混凝技术强化固液分离效果进行了试验研究。采用延时混凝形成的絮体粒径较常规絮凝物增加0.7~1.8 mm,絮凝物沉淀速率由常规的18 mm/s增加至25 mm/s,该试验研究为胍胶压裂返排液处理设备优化设计提供了技术依据。     

生物接触氧化法处理生活污水

在生物滤池处理生活污水的基础上发展一种利用生物膜处理废水的新方法─—生物接触氧化法。其中心处理构筑物是接触氧化池，池内装有多种填料。从监测结果分析，虽然处理后水质都符合国家排放标准，但BOD5的去除率比较低，只有69％，由于监测是在试运行刚结束进行的，如果一切运行正常，BOD5的去除率可达90％以上。生物接触氧化法是目前比较成熟的生化处理方法，对含有大量有机污染物的生活污水处理效果较好，且处理后的污水还可进行灌溉、建筑、冲洗等重复利用。     

生化技术在采油废水治理中的应用

利用生化技术处理冀东油田的采油废水,在处理工艺流程中采用了悬浮、附着厌氧-好氧氧化池。与其他污水生化处理工艺相比,其不同之处是在池中同时存在悬浮污泥和固着生物膜,保持了很高的生物量,增强了设施耐冲击负荷的性能和处理能力。同时,池中还设置了可自由摆动的中密度弹性立体填料,池底设置了可变微孔曝气管。在曝气过程中,弹性立体填料对气泡有多层次的切割能力,可以提高充氧效率,污染物去除效果明显,对难降解的有机废水也有很好的处理效果。石油类去除率达到83%,COD去除率达到80%,出水水质达到了国家污水综合排放一级标准。     

强碱三元复合驱采出水处理工艺技术研究

常规的"沉降+过滤"方式用于三元复合驱采出水处理,聚合物或黏度对石油类和SS的高效去除有较大影响,处理思路应以脱稳降黏为主。文章探索了采用的"气浮沉降+生化氧化+高级氧化+二级过滤"工艺,达到石油类≤800 mg/L,SS≤350 mg/L,黏度≤12 mPa·s,PAM≤800 mg/L,使采出水处理稳定达到回注水要求,降低滤池冲洗难度,降低了固液分离难度,提高了工艺运行稳定性。对于采出水进一步开展膜深度处理,采出水实现回注低渗透层等具有重要意义。     

隔膜压滤机在岩土工程废泥浆固液分离技术中的应用

岩土工程施工中产生的废泥浆直接排放会对环境有很大危害。根据废泥浆特点、固液分离效率、分离成本以及对分离物的要求等,选择全自动隔膜式板框压滤机作为固液分离设备,介绍了其工作原理以及针对钻孔桩废泥浆压滤机的技术参数,分析了泥浆压滤过程中提高泥浆压滤效率的方法以及应注意的事项。用该型设备在现场进行了试验验证,取得了较好的固液分离效果,固液分离成本远低于传统外排处理成本。     

长庆低渗透油田废弃钻井液处理探讨

通过对长庆低渗透油田废弃钻井液性能分析,确定了固液分离-固化一体化处理思路;研究了不同破胶剂体系、破胶剂加量、絮凝剂分子量等对固液分离及出水率的影响;处理结果表明:添加20%粘土同时加入6%固化剂时固化体针入度可降至0.5mm以下,达到强度要求,又可降低成本。现场试验证实固液分离析出水和固化体浸出液均达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

沈抚灌渠污水预处理实验研究

以砾石为填料采用生物滤池法和以纤维束为填料采用生物接触氧化法，分别预处理沈抚灌渠污水。试验结果表明，在水力停留时间在3．5h，控制气水比分别为5：1和4：1的反应条件下，砾石填料对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为53．9％和53．6％；纤维束软填料对COD和NH3-N的平均去除率分别为55．7％和47．7％。前者对COD和NH3-N的处理效果都达到了预定要求，而后者对NH3-N的处理效果没有达到要求。     

固液分离法处理废钻井液的实验研究

废钻井液对环境的污染是一个难以解决的问题。针对塔里木油田的地质情况,使用固液分离法对部分废钻井液样品进行了实验研究工作。固液分离法采用两次处理工艺流程。即先经一级初步絮凝处理和强化离心分离,使大部分固相去除,然后对脱出的废液进行第二级絮凝处理后即可达到排放要求。实验结果表明：固液分离法能够将废钻井液分离成固-液两相,其液相能够达到排放要求,固相残渣对环境污染程度大幅度降低甚至无污染;若将此处理法同其它方法相结合,如坑内密封法、固化法等相结合会得到更满意的环保效果。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.     

COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze.     

Macroalgal Introductions by Hull Fouling on Recreational Vessels: Seaweeds and Sailors

Macroalgal invasions in coastal areas have been a growing concern during the past decade. The present study aimed to assess the role of hull fouling on recreational yachts as a vector for macroalgal introductions. Questionnaire and hull surveys were carried out in marinas in France and Spain. The questionnaires revealed that the majority of yacht owners are aware of seaweed introductions, usually undertake short range journeys, dry dock their boat at least once a year, and use antifouling paints. The hull survey showed that many in-service yachts were completely free of macroalgae. When present, fouling assemblages consisted mainly of one to two macroalgal species. The most commonly found species was the tolerant green seaweed Ulva flexuosa. Most of the other species found are also cosmopolitan and opportunistic. A few nonnative and potentially invasive Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) were found occasionally on in-service yachts. On the basis of the information gathered during interviews of yacht owners in the surveyed area, these occurrences are likely to be uncommon. However they can pose a significant risk of primary or secondary introductions of alien macroalgal species, especially in the light of the increase in yachting activities. With large numbers of recreational yachts and relatively rare occurrences of nonnative species on hulls, comprehensive screening programs do not seem justified or practical. The risks of transferring nonnative species may, however, be minimized by encouraging the behaviors that prevent fouling on hulls and by taking action against neglected boats before they can act as vectors.