柠檬酸废水处理改造工程实例

采用多级内循环厌氧反应器MIC/上升式厌氧反应器UASB串联工艺处理柠檬酸生产排放的高浓度有机废水,其中厌氧处理段的COD去除率＞94％,整体COD去除率可达98.3％左右.最终排放口出水COD平均值为190 mg/L,pH值为6～9,达到柠檬酸行业废水排放标准.     

麻黄碱提取工艺废水中COD的溶解性

依据溶解性对麻黄碱提取工艺废水中COD作了分类，该废水中的COD主要以溶解态存在并可大量酸析。     

气浮-生化法处理高浓度印刷油墨废水

油墨废水含多种颜料,COD浓度高.若单靠物化或生化处理,处理效果难以令人满意.本例中,由于油墨废水水量小,利用企业有一定量生活污水,选用气浮-生化工艺.运行实践表明,该工艺处理效果稳定,耐冲击,占地少,维护简单.     

酸析-气浮-生化法处理高浓度印刷油墨废水

油墨废水是一种高浓度的有机废水，COD浓度最高可达15000mg／L。本文针对印染油墨废水COD浓度高的特点，提出了采用酸析-气浮进行预处理，再汇合生活污水-起进行生化处理的工艺方法，经实践证明该工艺合理可行。     

UASB-CASS工艺处理乳制品综合废水

介绍了采用UASB-CASS处理乳制品综合废水的工艺,并由监测结果进一步论证了其处理工艺合理、效果稳定的特点,其COD Cr、BOD5、SS去除率分别达到96.4%、98.8%和83%,COD Cr、BOD5、SS的平均出水水质质量浓度分别＜79.4mg/L、14.4mg/L、70mg/L.此工艺是治理乳制品综合废水较为先进、成熟、可靠的方法.     

气浮-UASB-接触氧化法处理高浓度化妆品废水实例

介绍了气浮 UASB 接触氧化工艺在LAS和COD浓度都较高的化妆品废水治理上的应用,该工艺自2003年12月投产运行至今处理效果稳定,COD处理效果良好。     

混凝沉降-生物膜法处理制革废水

采用混凝沉降-生物膜法处理蓝湿牛皮制革废水。工程实践证明:该法对废水COD和BOD的去除率可达94%以上,且对废水的脱色效果良好,是一种合理有效的处理皮革废水工艺路线。     

干法腈纶生产废水处理的影响因素及对策

介绍了腈纶废水产生化学耗氧量(COD)的形成机理,对其影响因素进行了工艺分析,并提出改进措施,达到从源头降低COD的目的。     

甲醇制烯烃废水处理工程实例

甲醇制烯烃项目废水中MTO净化废水及其他生产废水COD值较高,可生化性较好,但含有一些较难生化降解或有毒的物质,水质容易受主生产装置运行状况的影响。本工程废水经除油预处理—水解酸化—曝气池—MBR的主工艺处理后,在进水COD≤1 200 mg/L,石油类≤90 mg/L的条件下,出水COD50 mg/L、石油类1 mg/L,出水基本稳定达标。     

UASB-A/O-MBR组合工艺处理餐厨垃圾废水研究

随着垃圾分类的政策的实行，餐厨垃圾成为我国亟待解决的一大生态环境难题，随着餐厨垃圾的产生，必然也会产生大量的餐厨垃圾废水。餐厨垃圾废水具有水质复杂、水质波动性大、有机污染物及营养物质含量高，且不同地区餐厨废水水质含量区别较大等特点。为能有效处理餐厨垃圾废水，本文采用了UASB-A/O-MBR的组合工艺，探究了UASB工艺对餐厨垃圾废水中COD的去除效果及工艺参数，进而考察UASB-A/O-MBR整体工艺对COD、NH₃-N、TN的去除效果及工艺参数。研究表明，当UASB反应器中pH控制在6.5～7.3之间、上流速度控制在0.58 m/h～0.65 m/h之间、温度控制在35℃±3℃、HRT为24h, A/O-MBR工艺中HRT为48h,回流比为300%时，此套系统对COD、NH₃-N、TN的去除效果最低可达到95%、97%、75%。可以为以后在处理餐厨垃圾废水的实际工程应用中提供一种优良技术。     

制革工业废水处理技术之硫化物生物毒性研究及工程实践

制革废水中S^2-对生物的毒性较大,由此对处理系统产生不良影响,使制革废水处理达标成为难题。本文研究了硫化物生物毒性,得到了硫化物生物毒性相对临界浓度（200mg/l）,并在第一时间内运用于示范工程实践,取得了良好的效果,从而为制革工业废水处理技术的进一步发展打下了良好的基础。     

Biological treatment of clogged emitters in a drip irrigation system

This study was conducted to investigate microbial organisms that can be used for preventing clogging in drip irrigation systems caused by biological factors. A total of 25 fungi isolate and 121 bacterial strains were isolated from water samples collected from drip irrigation systems in tomato greenhouses in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey in the spring season of 2001. Biological clogging of emitters in a model drip irrigation system was experimentally caused by application of the microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) isolated in the study. Three antagonistic bacterial strains in the genus Bacillus spp (ERZ, OSU-142) and Burkholdria spp (OSU-7) were used for treatment of biological clogging of the emitters. The results showed that the antagonistic bacterial strains tested have the potential to be used as anti-clogging agents for treatment of emitters in drip irrigation system. This is the first study that demonstrated that antagonistic microorganisms can be utilized for treatment of clogging in drip irrigation systems.     

Wellhead treatment costs for groundwater contaminated with pesticides: A preliminary analysis for pineapple in Hawaii

In Hawaii, trace concentrations of pesticides used in the production of pineapple were found in the groundwater supplies of Mililani Town in the Pearl Harbor Basin on the island of Oahu. Groundwater serves as the major source of drinking water and residents pay for wellhead treatment of the contaminated water, via their monthly water bill. The agricultural chemical users within the Pearl Harbor Basin do not include these wellhead treatment costs in their production costs. The agricultural industry benefits from using pesticides but does not pay the entire societal cost of using these chemicals. In this study we evaluate the specific financial cost of wellhead treatment, and not the economic value of groundwater. While wellhead treatment costs could conceivably be shared by several parties, this study focuses on the financial impact of the pineapple industry alone. This study factors annual wellhead treatment costs into annual pineapple production costs to measure the effect on annual financial return from pineapple production. Wellhead treatment costs are calculated from the existing granulated activated carbon (GAC) water treatment facility for Millilani Wells I and II. Pineapple production costs are estimated from previous cost of production studies. The inclusion of wellhead treatment costs produces different production-cost results, depending on the scale of analysis. At the local scale, the Mililani wellhead treatment costs can be factored into the production costs of the pineapple fields, which were probably responsible for contamination of the Mililani Wells, without causing a deficit in economic return. At the larger regional scale, however, the return from all of the pineapple grown in the Pearl Harbor Basin can not sustain the cost of wellhead treatmentfor the entire water supply of the basin. Recommendations point to the prevention of groundwater contamination as more cost-effective measure than wellhead treatment.     

利用生物转轴技术处理现河首站采油废水

针对胜利油田现河首站采油废水排放口的污染现状,提出了利用生物转轴技术处理采油废水。研究结果表明:现河首站采油废水污染严重且达标治理难度极大,采用传统物化处理工艺已不能使其处理达标。生物转轴技术具有技术上先进可行,处理效率高,处理成本低,可操作性强等多种优势,可使采油废水达标排放。     

含油污水乳化液微波分离实验研究

针对油气田乳化含油污水难分离的特点,利用微波技术进行的实验室研究结果表明,微波辐照温度与其后的静置时间都是影响其破乳率的重要因素,其分离效果随微波辐照后温度的增高而加强,而且在相同温度下乳液破乳率随静置时间加长而迅速增高。研究结果证实,微波辐射技术具有时间短、能耗少、效率高等特点,且经过微波处理后的含油污水易于进行油品回收再利用,有良好的应用前景。     

Preliminary study of physico-chemical treatment options for hospital wastewater

Hospital effluents are loaded with pathogenic microorganisms, partially metabolized pharmaceutical substances, radioactive elements, and other toxic substances. Such effluents if not treated properly can damage the natural environment and create a biological imbalance. This paper points out the areas of concern for hospital wastewater disposal and reports the findings of a limited physico-chemical study of treatment options for hospital effluents conducted at Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu. The effluent collected was checked for conventional parameters and subjected to coagulation experiments. The raw and settled effluents were coagulated with FeCl(3), filtered and disinfected. Physico-chemical treatment seems to be an attractive option for the cost-effective disposal of hospital effluents. The results of this study call for further detailed study in this area.     

Environmental impact minimization of a total wastewater treatment network system from a life cycle perspective

Synthesis of distributed wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) has focused on cost reduction, but never on the reduction of environmental impacts. A mathematical optimization model was developed in this study to synthesize existing distributed and terminal WTPs into an environmentally friendly total wastewater treatment network system (TWTNS) from a life cycle perspective. Life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to evaluate the environmental impacts of principal contributors in a TWTNS. The LCA results were integrated into the objective function of the model. The mass balances were formulated from the superstructure model, and the constraints were formulated to reflect real wastewater treatment situations in industrial plants. A case study validated the model and demonstrated the effect of the objective function on the configuration and environmental performance of a TWTNS. This model can be used to minimize environmental impacts of a TWTNS in retrofitting existing WTPs in line with cleaner production and sustainable development.     

Alternative treatments for the municipal solid waste and domestic sewage in Campinas,Brazil

The treatments of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the domestic sewage (DS) are critical issues of the current political and environment discussions. These concerns are due to the lack of dumping areas, the continuous increase of the population, and public health issues. The adequate treatment and management of MSW and DS can produce many benefits such as financial funds, heat and energy production, reduction of emissions and recuperation of water for reuse. Currently in Campinas MSW and DS are deposited in landfills or discharged into rivers and other sites. In the present study two scenarios are evaluated for the treatment of MSW and DS in Campinas: recycling with biological treatment and recycling with thermal treatment. The most suitable treatments for Campinas, based on the data from the present analysis and taking into consideration the local conditions, maximization of energy potential and environmental benefits, are incineration for the MSW and biological treatment for DS, both with energy recuperation. The main gains of this option are substantial environmental benefits, generated energy which can reach 18% of the total electrical energy consumed in Campinas while about 53% recuperation of the total amount of water treated for Campinas in 2010.     

汽车制造厂废水处理工程实例分析

采用二级混凝-气浮-水解酸化-SBR-过滤工艺，对某汽车制造厂的混合废水（包括脱脂废水、电泳废水、磷化废水和生活污水等）进行处理。经过对处理工艺进出水主要水质指标连续1个月的监测，发现COD去除率可达92．5％，SS去除率可达95．2％，NH3-N去除率可达58％，TP去除率可达96．7％，出水水质符合国家《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978—1996）一级排放标准，吨水处理成本为1．6元／t，系统运行稳定，具有明显的经济、环保和社会效益。t     

Environmental evaluation of transfer and treatment of excess pig slurry by life cycle assessment

Slurry management is a central topic in the agronomic and environmental analysis of intensive livestock production systems. The objective of this study is to compare the environmental performance of two scenarios of collective slurry management for the disposal of excess nitrogen from animal manure. The scenarios are the transfer of slurry and its injection to crop land, and the treatment of slurry in a collective biological treatment station. The study is based on a real case in the West of France, where a group of farmers is developing a collective plan for the disposal of almost 7000 m(3) of excess pig slurry. The evaluation is carried out by Life Cycle Assessment, where emissions and resource consumption are quantified and aggregated into four environmental impact categories: eutrophication, acidification, climate change, and non-renewable energy use. Ammonia emitted is the most important contributor to acidification and eutrophication, while methane contributes most to climate change. Both ammonia and methane are mostly emitted during the storage of slurry and, in the case of the treatment scenario, also during composting the solid fraction of the slurry. The two management strategies are similar with respect to climate change, whereas eutrophication and acidification are twice as large for treatment relative to transfer. Electricity needed for the treatment process is the main contributor to non-renewable energy use for the treatment scenario, while the transfer scenario represents a net energy saving, as energy saved by the reduction of mineral fertiliser use more than compensates for the energy needed for transport and injection of slurry. The overall environmental performance of transfer is better than that of treatment, as it involves less acidification, eutrophication and non-renewable energy use. The method employed and the results obtained in this study can provide elements for a transparent discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of contrasting excess slurry management scenarios as well as the identification of the main aspects determining their environmental performance.