青海省大黄资源开发及其保护刍议

根据青海省大黄资源的现状,提出保护资源、阶段封育、合理利用、建立商品大黄基地,鼓励人工种植,加强种植技术的科学研究等建议     

寒区芦笋复合高效种植技术

在寒区种植多年生蔬菜芦笋能安全越冬,一年种植,多年收获。由于种植芦笋前期植株小,易造成土地资源的浪费和水土流失,针对这一特点,本文着重探讨了如何有效利用芦笋与其它作物进行复合种植的技术     

开发川东土地资源立体种植中药材

开发川东土地资源立体种植中药材刘思勋（四川省中医药研究院药物种植研究所，南充６４８４０８）立体种植中药材是根据山区的自然环境、土壤资源、地形地理和气候特征等条件而提出的一种科学合理地开发利用山区上地资源．发挥山区优势的有效途径。１］１１东山区的有利条...     

新疆麻黄资源现状及其可持续利用对策

对新疆野生麻黄资源、人工种植麻黄现状进行了分析，探讨了造成麻黄资源分布面积减少和质量下降的原因。在深入分析新疆麻黄资源现状的基础上，提出了新疆麻黄资源可持续利用对策。     

广安县耕地资源适宜性分析与评价

耕地资源适宜性是耕地各性状对农作物生理需求的满足程度,决定着耕地质量高低和生产潜力的大小。耕地资源适宜性的定量分析,是农业区划和土地资源管理的一项基础工作,有利于因地制宜安排作物布局和调整作物种植结构,有利于科学地利用地力、提高土地产出率。广安县人均耕地仅0.76亩,人地矛盾突出,耕地资源有限,分析耕地对作物的适宜性十分必要。     

对秦皇岛市发展生物质能源产业的思考

秦皇岛市具有丰富的生物质能源资源和种植能源作物等发展能源产业的有利条件,应根据各县区的自然条件和生物质资源状况,科学制定生物质能源产业发展规划,并通过推动技术创新与科技进步、加强宣传引导和政策扶持等措施,促进能源产业的快速、健康发展.     

从生态经济视角评判林下天麻仿野生种植强度的适宜度

生态与经济和谐发展是资源可持续利用的核心机制。采用样地实地调研获得不同种植密度的天麻产值、成本消耗、光照强度等数据,运用生态—经济系统理论思想分析了林下天麻仿野生种植不同密度设置下生态—经济系统效益的变化趋势、协调程度、耦合状态和生态效率,评判林下天麻仿野生种植区生态系统和经济系统是否协调。研究结果认为,林下天麻仿野生种植适宜强度为40—60穴/667m~2。     

厂场科研联合开发资源大有可为

厂场科研联合开发资源大有可为刘光曲（四川省达川地区国土局．达县市６３５０００）杨全厚，向小兵（宣汉县国土局，宣汉６３６１６７）１９９１年，我们对宣汉县漆碑乡实行的厂场联合开发土地资源、种植茶树进行了调查．５年后（茶）厂、（茶）场联合开发土地资源的效益...     

贵州百合属植物及可持续开发利用研究

通过对贵州百合属植物种类、生境调查及引种栽培研究，并结合贵州自然条件情况，提出了保护野生资源、扩大种植地域、面积及深度开发的模式。     

中国盾叶薯蓣资源现状及保护对策

论述了我国盾叶薯蓣的野生资源现状、人工种植生产现状、资源濒危原因及应采取的保护对策.指出:我国现有盾叶薯蓣野生资源蕴藏量估计在200万kg左右,资源数量已大为下降,然而年需求量却高达2亿kg以上,供需矛盾十分突出.造成资源濒危的主要原因是利用过度、生境及种质资源被破坏、家种者皂素含量低且质量差而不能大批量用于皂素生产.建议在采取有效保护野生资源的同时,尽快建立全国性良种繁育基地,按GAP要求建立我国现代化、规模化、规范化的高产优质药材原料生产基地,从根本上解决当前盾叶薯蓣资源保护与利用的矛盾.     

作物高产高效种植的功能目标和技术调控

本文根据在安宁河流域实施高产高效种植模式的实践,就高产高效栽培的功能目标和技术调控等问题进行了探讨。作物高产高效种植集生物、环境、经济、技术于一体,其中,技术居主导地位,对整个组合进行调控,使之按高产稳产优质低耗高效的目标发展。社会的需求量、农民的积极性、生态良性性、环境吻合性和能量高效转化性是评价高产高效种植模式功能目标的原则。系统的调控机制有三个层次,即自然调控、直接调控、间接调控。农业科技通过生态环境调控、输入输出调控、物种结构调控、综合关系调控等途径实现调控机制。科学技术的选择原则是:生物生理生态适应性、自然环境吻合性、社会经济允许性、配套有序整体性和推广普及性。     

ASSESSING ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SEVERE SUSTAINED DROUGHT1

ABSTRACT: Evaluation criteria for reservoir and stream resources were developed to provide decision makers with feedback on environmental consequences of water allocation decisions under conditions of severe sustained drought within the Colorado River Basin by using the AZCOL gaming simulation model. Seven categories of flow dependent resources were identified which highlight resource states associated with reservoirs or river reaches within the AZCOL model. AZCOL directly simulates impact of water management decisions on five resource categories: threatened, endangered or sensitive fish; native nonlisted fish; wetland and riparian elements; national or state wildlife refuges; and hatcheries or other flow dependent facilities. Two additional categories - cold and warm water sport fish - are not modeled explicitly but are incorporated in the evaluation of monetary benefits from recreation on Colorado River waters. Each resource category was characterized at each time step in the simulation according to one of four environmental states: stable, threatened, endangered, or extirpated. Changes in resource states were modeled by time and flow-dependent decision criteria tied to either reservoir level or stream flows within the AZCOL model structure. Gaming results using the AZCOL model indicate environmental impacts would be substantial and that water allocation decisions directly impacted environmental resource states.     

川中坡地沟稻垄杂技术及其效益分析

四川坡耕地水土流失十分严重。沟稻垄杂耕作法是在同一坡地空间实行垄沟植稻,垄上(埂)种植红苕、玉米和豆类等杂粮的一种水土保持耕作方法。据在川中遂宁等地试验、示范、推广,沟稻垄杂耕作法可使坡耕地水份流失量减少96.03%、泥沙流失量减少98.77%;杂粮保产外,每亩坡地可增收稻谷11 1.3kg。本文介绍了沟稻垄杂耕作效益及栽培技术。     

特大城市集群绿色发展与生态足迹关联特征

本文以成渝城市群、长江中游城市群和长三角城市群为研究对象，解析不同空间尺度下绿色发展与生态足迹时空变化特征，并结合耦合协调度模型、环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）理论探究绿色发展与生态足迹的关联特征。研究表明，长江经济带城市群2000—2015年绿色发展水平逐年提升，约16.44%的城市达到较高水平，空间上呈现“东部高、西部低”的特征。人均三维生态足迹增长逐渐趋缓，成渝城市群达到峰值（5.21hm²）后逐年稳定下降。长江经济带绿色发展与生态足迹处于良好协调状态，绿色经济的快速发展带动了耦合协调度的提高。绿色发展与生态足迹存在倒“ U”形EKC曲线关系，由于自然资源基础和产业结构差异，成渝城市群（拐点出现在2008年）绿色发展与生态足迹协调关系好转早于中下游城市群（拐点分别在2019年、2012年）。四川、安徽应作为降低资源消耗的重点对象，未来应进一步加强区域中心城市的辐射带动作用，拉动周围城市提高绿色发展水平。研究成果能为区域绿色发展与生态环境协同管理提供思路与理论支持。     

黑水河干旱河谷沿程土壤物理参数梯度变化特征研究

横断山区干旱河谷是具有典型的旱季和雨季的特殊气候特征的区域，本区域土壤退化和荒漠化极大制约了区域农业的发展。本文研究了金沙江干热河谷区支流黑水河从源头到河口未扰动土壤的物理参数变化特征。结果表明，沿河土壤物理呈现不同变化趋势，砾石在中游部分河段和河口段高，而〉5mm团聚体的变化则相反；5～1mm的团聚体变化不大；〈1mm团聚体河口和源头段高于其余地段；土壤容重沿程增大，非饱和导水率源头地段土壤最高。本研究初步揭示了干旱河谷土壤不均匀，不同水热条件及其组合可能对退化程度有至关重要的影响。这表明横断山区不同的干旱河谷地段土壤和植被退化途径、退化特征和退化过程不同，开发和治理途径与方式也应当不同。     

四川省鲜切花生产现状及发展对策

从鲜切花生产面积、切花主栽品种及分布地区、种苗来源、繁育栽培方式、生产水平状况等方面对四川省鲜切花生产现状进行了阐述。分析了目前切花生产存在的主要问题,并对该省鲜切花发展的市场前景作了初步阐述,提出了促进该省鲜切花产业的发展对策。     

从长江流域水污染规律看四川省水环境保护战略

用流域系统联系的观点，从长江流域水污染特点规律及其发展趋势出发，分析了四川省水环境保护在长江流域的地位作用，及其面临的挑战，最后简要讨论四川水环境保护应采取的宏观战略。     

PESTICIDES AND PESTICIDE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN STORMWATER RUNOFF: SACRAMENTO RWER BASIN,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Pesticides in stormwater runoff, within the Sacramento River Basin, California, were assessed during a storm that occurred in January 1994. Two organophosphate insecticides (diazinon and methidathion), two carbamate pesticides (molinate and carbofuran), and one triazine herbicide (simazine) were detected. Organophosphate pesticide concentrations increased with the rising stage of the hydrographs; peak concentrations were measured near peak discharge. Diazinon oxon, a toxic degradation product of diazinon, made up approximately 1 to 3 percent of the diazinon load. The Feather River was the principal source of organophosphate pesticides to the Sacramento River during this storm. The concentrations of molinate and carbofuran, pesticides applied to rice fields during May and June, were relatively constant during and after the storm. Their presence in surface water was attributed to the flooding and subsequent drainage, as a management practice to degrade rice stubble prior to the next planting. A photo-degradation product of molinate, 4-keto molinate, was in all samples where molinate was detected and made up approximately 50 percent of the total molinate load. Simazine, a herbicide used in orchards and to control weeds along the roadways, was detected in the storm runoff, but it was not possible to differentiate the two sources of that pesticide to the Sacramento River.     

Resource conservation strategies for rice‐wheat cropping systems on partially reclaimed sodic soils of the Indo‐Gangetic region,and their effects on soil carbon

The Indo‐Gangetic plain is characterized by intensive agriculture, largely by resource‐poor small and marginal farmers. Vast swathes of salt‐affected areas in the region provide both challenges and opportunities to bolster food security and sequester carbon after reclamation. Sustainable management of reclaimed soils via resource conservation strategies, such as residue retention, is key to the prosperity of the farmer, as well as increases the efficiency of expensive initiatives to further reclaim sodic land areas, which currently lay barren. After five years of experimentation on resource conservation strategies for rice‐wheat systems on partially reclaimed sodic soils of the Indo‐Gangetic region, we evaluated changes in different soil carbon pools and crop yield. Out of all resource conservation techniques which were tested, rice‐wheat crop residue addition (30% of total production) was most effective in increasing soil organic carbon (SOC). In rice, without crop residue addition (WCR), soils under zero‐tillage with transplanting, summer ploughing with transplanting and direct seeding with brown manuring showed a significant increase in SOC over the control (puddling in rice, conventional tillage in wheat). In these treatments relatively higher levels of carbon were attained in all aggregate fractions compared to the control. Soil aggregate sizes in meso (0.25‐2.0 mm) and macro (2‐8 mm) ranges increased, whereas micro (< 0.25 mm) fractions decreased in soils under zero‐till practices, both with and without crop residue addition. Direct seeding with brown manuring and zero tillage with transplanting also showed an increase of 135% and 95%, respectively, over the control in microbial biomass carbon, without crop residue incorporation. In zero tillage with transplanting treatment, both with and without crop residue showed significant increase in soil carbon sequestration potential. Though the changes in accrued soil carbon did not bring about significant differences in terms of grain yield, overall synthesis in terms of balance between yield and carbon sequestration indicated that summer ploughing with transplanting and zero tillage with transplanting sequestered significantly higher rates of carbon, yet yielded on par with conventional practices. These could be appropriate alternatives to immediately replace conventional tillage and planting practices for rice‐wheat cropping systems in the sodic soils of the Indo‐Gangetic region.     

THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON STREAM FLOW AND NUTRIENT LOADING'

ABSTRACT: This study assesses the potential impact of climate change on stream flow and nutrient loading in six watersheds of the Susquehanna River Basin using the Generalized Watershed Loading Function (GWLF). The model was used to simulate changes in stream flow and nutrient loads under a transient climate change scenario for each watershed. Under an assumption of no change in land cover and land management, the model was used to predict monthly changes in stream flow and nutrient loads for future climate conditions. Mean annual stream flow and nutrient loads increased for most watersheds, but decreased in one watershed that was intensively cultivated. Nutrient loading slightly decreased in April and late summer for several watersheds as a result of early snowmelt and increasing evapotranspiration. Spatial and temporal variability of stream flow and nutrient loads under the transient climate scenario indicates that different approaches for future water resource management may be useful.