农村土壤环境质量监测与评价研究——以广东省某村庄为例

以广东某村庄为实例,介绍了农村土壤环境质量监测和评价方法。对该村庄菜地、基本农田、曾经污灌农田和怀疑受污染的农田土壤进行了12个样品砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、硒、锌等元素全量和六六六、滴滴涕等有机氯农药含量监测,并分别采取单因子指数法和综合污染指数法分析了该村土壤污染状况。该村土壤中铜、镉、砷、硒、锌和铅超过GB 15618—1995二级标准和环保部《全国土壤污染状况评价技术规定》评价标准,主要以铜、镉和砷污染为主,其超标率分别为75.0%、58.3%和58.3%;重污染土壤样品数占总监测样品数的41.7%,受中度污染的土壤样品数占25.0%,受轻度污染土壤样品数占8.3%,处于警戒水平的土壤样品占25.0%。不同类型土壤污染程度各异,其中曾经污灌的土壤和怀疑受污染的土壤铜、镉、砷、锌、硒、铅含量较高,基本农田土壤次之,菜地最低。     

基于GIS的耕地土壤重金属污染与农业功能定位研究——以山东省聊城市为例

按8km×8km的网格将聊城市耕地分为137个采样点，调查砷、镉、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌等重金属的污染状况。采用国家土壤环境质量标准、农产品安全质量标准和绿色食品产地环境条件作为评价标准，采用单因子指数和综合指数为评价方法进行污染评价。研究表明，聊城市土壤污染强度依次为铜〉镍〉锌〉砷〉铬〉镉〉铅〉汞，但均未超标。以GIS为操作平台显示聊城市重金属空间分布状况，并对区域耕地进行了功能的定位。聊城市西南部土壤质量最优，适宜种植绿色食品；无公害蔬菜和安全粮食种植区在各县市均有不同程度的分布。     

杭州城区河道底泥重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

对杭州城区34条河道45个点位河道底泥进行采样,分析了pH及汞、砷、铅、铬、镉、铜、锌、镍等重金属含量,并进行污染及潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,监测点位的底泥为中性偏碱性,重金属含量分布不均,且范围波动很大,部分河道底泥重金属中汞、铅、镉、铬、锌、镍等有不同程度的超标,少数河道镉、铬、锌污染严重;按《农用污泥中污染物控...     

青海某水库底泥中重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价

通过对青海某水库底泥进行取样检测,评价分析,研究重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险。铜、锌、镉、铅、铬、镍和锰7种元素采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定,汞和砷采用原子荧光光度计测定;利用检测数据,参考《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(试行)(GB15618-2018)和土壤背景值,分别采用单元素污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和地质累计指数进行污染特征评价,根据潜在危害单项指数进行风险评价,并提出综合建议。     

水库型与河流型水源地保护区土壤重金属污染评价与研究——以广安市为例

为摸清广安市城市集中式饮用水水源地一、二级保护区周边土壤环境状况,采用单项污染指数评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对广安市河流型、水库型两种典型饮用水水源地保护区土壤污染状况进行评估,并简要分析周边环境敏感点。结果表明:水库型水源地29个、河流型水源地44个土壤检测样品均未检出镉,铜、锌、铅、镍、总铬、汞、砷均检出,变异系数分别在16.6%~62.1%和15.3%~56.6%之间,说明水源地周边土壤环境受到外界的干扰显著;水库型、河流型水源地土壤中铜、锌、铅、镍、总铬、汞、砷污染指数均小于1,表明两处水源地均未受到已检重金属污染;水库型、河流型水源地内梅罗综合污染指数范围分别为0.16~0.68、0.14~0.44,全部点位内梅罗综合污指数评价等级均为Ⅰ级,表明这两处的饮用水水源地周边土壤是清洁安全的。     

宁波市鄞州区农业土壤重金属含量变化及评价

为发展无公害农产品基地提供科学依据，2005年对浙江省宁波市鄞州区100个农业土壤样品中重金属含量进行了测定和评价。结果表明：耕层全砷、镉、铬、汞和铅的平均含量分别为8．1mg·kg^-1,0．163mg·kg^-1、100．1mg·kg^-1、0．257mg·kg^-1和3．6mg·kg^-1，与1983年宁波市的耕层土壤背景值相比，分别增加了12．5％、32．5％、61．2％、0．8％和55．2％，土壤已受到镉、铅和汞的轻微污染，而汞的污染已得到遏制。从总体上来说，鄞州区农业土壤环境质量良好，区内有98个点（占总样点数的98％）符合无公害农产品产地土壤环境质量要求，但有2个点（占总样点数的2％）分别受到镉和汞的污染。     

氢化物原子荧光法同时测定水中的硒和汞

采用氢化物一原子荧光法，应用AFS-2202a型双道原子荧光仪联合测定水中的硒和汞，方法的检出限为：Se0．31μg／L、Hg0．01μg／L，线性范围为：Se0-20．0μg／L、Hg0～2．00μg／L。     

常规种植和有机种植农田灌溉水质量分析与评价——以长兴、昆山、溧阳、溧水为例

对常规种植的长兴、昆山和有机种植的溧阳、溧水农田灌溉水进行了采样监测,并参照农田灌溉水质标准（GB 5084—2005）和地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838—2002）,分别采用单项指数法（Pi）和综合指数法（P综）对常规种植和有机种植的7个农田灌溉区24个水质样品进行灌溉水质量的分析与评价。结果表明：灌溉区的水质总体良好,其中常规种植的长兴样点Pi中Zn元素严重超标,P综为9.529,属重度污染,昆山样点Pi为0.277,尚清洁;有机种植的溧阳、溧水（L1、L2、L3、L4）样点Pi处于安全等级,综合评价为清洁。相关分析显示,水质pH、EC25℃、化学物质和重金属元素之间呈正相关,且锌与铬、镉与砷有其同源性。     

长沙水利枢纽工程蓄水后的湘江长沙段重金属污染评价

2014年8月~2015年5月对工程蓄水后的湘江长沙段水体中砷、汞、铅、镉4种主要重金属的污染状况进行了水质监测,并运用改进后的内梅罗指数法进行水体中的重金属污染综合评价。评价计算结果显示,同为饮用水源一级保护水域的黑石铺和杜甫江阁断面水体中汞含量超标率均达到100%,所有断面总超标率为66.7%。多个断面重金属镉监测浓度超过1ug/L,最高浓度为1.469ug/L。工程蓄水前后,水体重金属镉含量基本持平,砷、汞、铅含量均出现不同程度的上升,汞为湘江长沙段污染最严重的重金属。在各个监测断面中,坪塘、黑石铺和杜甫阁断面水质重金属污染严重,其余断面分时段出现轻度污染。     

农村建设用地拆旧复垦土壤重金属含量分析

文章选取了化州市丽岗镇、林尘镇、新安镇各5个拆旧复垦地块进行土壤重金属镉、汞、砷、铅、铬检测分析，分析结果表明，复垦地块的重金属含量均未超过《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管制标准（试行）》（GB 15618—2018）中的农用地污染风险管制值；丽岗镇和林尘镇同一乡镇的不同复垦地块的土壤重金属含量基本一致，新安镇差异较大；土壤砷分布具有区域性。     

重庆市城区饮用水源健康风险评价

通过对重庆市8个饮用水源地枯水期水体中NH3-N、CN、As、Hg、Cr^＋6、Pb、Cd、Cu、F和挥发酚的浓度进行了调查研究，应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对重庆市饮用水源水中污染物引起的健康风险作了评价。结果表明，污染物平均浓度范围分别为NH3-N：0．119—0.740mg／L，CN：0．002—0．004mg／L，As：0．001—0．007mg／L，Hg：0．000001—0．00005mg／L，Cr^＋6：0．004—0.023mg／L．Pb：0．004—0．053mg／L．Cd：0．00035—0．005mg／L．Cu：0．0005—0．0254mg/L，F：0．140—0．335mg／L，挥发酚：0．001—0．0027mg／L。重庆市通过饮水途径引起的非致癌健康风险中Pb的风险最大，F次之，两者风险水平在10^-8～10^-9／a；Cr^＋6引起的致癌风险最大达到10^-4／a；以长江为饮用水源的人群总健康风险大于嘉陵江，其健康风险达到EPA要求，但高于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）的最大可接受风险水平。     

Total Contents and Sequential Extraction of Heavy Metals in Soils Irrigated with Wastewater,Akaki, Ethiopia

The Akaki River, laden with untreated wastes from domestic, industrial, and commercial sources, serves as a source of water for irrigating vegetable farms. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of waste-water irrigation on the level of heavy metals and to predict their potential mobility and bioavailability. Zn and V had the highest, whereas Hg the lowest, concentrations observed in the soils. The average contents of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, V, and Hg of both soils; and Pb and Se from Fluvisol surpassed the mean + 2 SD of the corresponding levels reported for their uncontaminated counterparts. Apparently, irrigation with waste water for the last few decades has contributed to the observed higher concentrations of the above elements in the study soils (Vertisol and Fluvisol) when compared to uncontaminated Vertisol and Fluvisol. On the other hand, Vertisol accommodated comparatively higher average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, etc V, and Cd, whereas high contents of Pb and Se were observed in Fluvisol. Alternatively, comparable levels of Co and Hg were found in either soil. Except for Ni, Cr, and Cd in contaminated Vertisol, heavy metals in the soils were not significantly affected by the depth (0–20 and 30–50 cm). When the same element from the two soils was compared, the levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, V, Cd at 0–20 cm; and Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, and Zn at 30–50 cm were significantly different. Organic carbon (in both soils), CEC (Fluvisol), and clay (Vertisol) exhibited significant positive correspondences with the total heavy metal levels. Conversely, Se and Hg contents revealed perceptible associations with carbonate and pH. The exchangeable fraction was dominated by Hg and Cd, whereas the carbonate fraction was abounded with Cd, Pb, and Co. conversely, V and Pb displayed strong affinity to reducible fraction, where as Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni dominated the oxidizable fraction. Cr, Hg, Se, and Zn (in both soils) showed preference to the residual fraction. Generally, a considerable proportion of the total levels of many of the heavy metals resided in non residual fractions. The enhanced lability is generally expected to follow the order: Cd > Co > Pb > Cu > Ni > Se > V and Pb > Cd > Co > Cu > Ni > Zn in Vertisol and Fluvisol, respectively. For the similar wastewater application, the soil variables influence the status and the distribution of the associated heavy metals among the different soil fractions in the study soils. Among heavy metals that presented relatively elevated levels and with potential mobility, Co, Cu, Ni (either soil), V (Vertisol), Pb, and Zn (Fluvisol) could pose health threat through their introduction into the food chain in the wastewater irrigated soils.     

柴窝堡湖表层底泥重金属污染评价

研究了乌鲁木齐市柴窝堡湖表层底泥的重金属含量,并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对底泥中的重金属潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:底泥中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均超出乌鲁木齐市土壤背景值。除湖心区外,Cd在5个监测区域中的潜在生态危害均为中等;其它重金属在5个采样点的潜在生态危害均为轻微。各重金属间的相关性分析表明,Zn与Cu,Pb与Cd、Cu呈显著正相关,说明这4种元素污染源可能相同。柴窝堡湖表层底泥受到Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd污染,需采取相应措施防止重金属由底泥进入水相。     

密云水库上游土壤重金属污染调查评价

文章对密云水库周边及上游地区（北京境内）的污染状况作了初步评价。研究结果发现密云水库周边及上游地区重金属污染以Cr和Hg为主，丰亡牛河上游为污染最严重地区，清水河上游、潮河下游放马峪地区、德田沟-崎峰茶地区受Cr元素轻度污染。这些地区土壤重金属污染的主要原因是由于金属矿山不合理堆放的尾砂及废矿石等人为因素所致。     

TOXIC METALS IN SURFACE WATERS FROM COAL ASH1

ABSTRACT: The concentration of 10 [titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (CR), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg)] toxic elements were measured in the water, benthic sediment, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates of an ash basin and its drainage system at a coal-fired power plant of the Savannah River Project, Aiken, S.C., over a period of two years. During 12 months of this period the basin was essentially filled and little settling of ash occurred. In the remaining 12 months, dredging had been completed, adequate settling occurred and most of the effluent turbidity was removed. All elements were more concentrated in sediment and biota than in water, and five (Mn, Cu, As, Zn, and Se) were biomagnified by at least one biotic component as compared to concentration in benthic sediment. Plants had high accumulations of Ti, Mn, As, and Hg; invertebrates had high accumulations of Co, Hg, Cu, Cr, Cd, and As; and vertebrates greatly biomagnified Se and Zn. The streamlined biotic community of the system accomplished major removal of Mn, Zn, As, Se, and Cd from the effluent. The magnitude of bioaccumulation of Ti, Mn, Zn, As, Se, Cd, and Hg was increased during the period of adequate settling in the basin.     

攀西地区主要蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量及评价

对攀西地区米易县蔬菜基地的土壤进行采样，用原子吸收和石墨炉光谱法分析土壤中Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg8种元素的含量。蔬菜基地土壤重金属平均含量分别为Cr 68．8mg／kg、Cu 22．3mg／kg、Ni27．6mg／kg、Zn 146．2mg／kg、Pb31．7mg／kg、Cd0．258mg／kg、As10．3mg／kg、Hg0．0618mg／kg。根据土壤环境质量标准（GB15618—1995）对检测结果进行了单因子和多因子综合污染指数评价。分析表明调查区内少部分蔬菜基地土壤受到轻度重金属污染，主要污染物为Cd元素，其余重金属元素的含量均在安全警戒线内。     

Overexpression of ATP sulfurylase in Indian mustard: effects on tolerance and accumulation of twelve metals

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] transgenics overexpressing ATP sulfurylase (APS plants) were shown previously to have higher levels of total thiols, S, and Se. The present study explores the effect of ATP sulfurylase overexpression on tolerance and accumulation of other metals, both oxyanions and cations, reasoning that some anions may react directly with ATP sulfurylase, while other ions may be bound by its thiol end products. The APS transgenics were compared with wild-type plants with respect to tolerance and accumulation of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, W, and Zn, supplied individually in agar medium (seedlings) or in hydroponics (mature plants). At the seedling stage, APS transgenics were more tolerant than wild type to As(III), As(V), Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn, but less tolerant to Mo and V. The APS seedlings had up to 2.5-fold higher shoot concentrations of As(III), As(V), Hg, Mo, Pb, and V, and somewhat lower Cr levels. Mature APS plants contained up to 2.5-fold higher shoot concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, V, and W than wild type. They also contained 1.5- to 2-fold higher levels of the essential elements Fe, Mo, and S in most of the treatments. Mature APS plants showed no differences in metal tolerance compared with the wild type. Overexpression of ATP sulfurylase may be a promising approach to create plants with enhanced phytoextraction capacity for mixtures of metals.