基于腐蚀损伤表征参数的铝合金预腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展修正模型

服役环境中的腐蚀介质会在铝合金表面形成以腐蚀坑为代表的典型点蚀形貌。在疲劳载荷作用下,这些腐蚀坑会有助于裂纹的萌生,加速并影响其扩展行为,威胁结构安全。考虑腐蚀坑的影响,建立了一个基于腐蚀损伤表征参数的线弹性裂纹扩展表征模型。利用航空结构中常见承力构件所采用的LD2铝合金进行验证性实验。结果表明,所建立的模型能够反映出腐蚀损伤对于裂纹扩展行为的影响,对于铝合金构件的腐蚀疲劳寿命预测和损伤容限评估具有参考价值。     

基于两参数Weibull模型的预腐蚀2A12铝合金材料裂纹萌生寿命评估

铝合金在航空工业中广泛应用,因此对于铝合金构件的寿命评估很重要。腐蚀损伤使得裂纹容易萌生,因此降低铝合金结构的疲劳寿命。铝合金构件在其服役过程中,裂纹萌生寿命占据了大部分的时间,研究腐蚀损伤对于铝合金材料的裂纹萌生寿命的影响具有重要意义。由于腐蚀疲劳影响因素众多,数据分散性很大,因此本文引入weibull分布模型评估腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展,对于损伤容限评估具有重要意义。     

基于马尔可夫链模型的铝合金预腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展表征

本文基于腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展数据的分散性及统计特性,提出用马尔可夫链模型模拟腐蚀疲劳裂纹的扩展,得到给定应力循环次数时的裂纹长度概率分布。结果表明,马尔可夫链模型能够很好地模拟腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展情况,为飞机结构的寿命预测和可靠性分析提供参考。     

基于点蚀试验的7B04铝合金材料点蚀密度研究

点蚀是航空铝合金材料在服役环境下常见的损伤形式,点蚀的产生极其密度的变化通常会影响铝合金疲劳性能,为此,本文通过开展铝合金点蚀试验的方式,对其点蚀过程中的蚀坑密度变化规律进行建模研究,研究发现,铝合金点蚀过程中蚀坑密度在腐蚀前期随腐蚀周期增加,腐蚀后期,蚀坑密度趋于饱和而稳定;滴入溶液方式较浸入溶液方式的点蚀发展较快。     

飞机结构件腐蚀监测研究

运用光纤光栅传感技术,监测飞机结构腐蚀发展规律,通过疲劳试验研究腐蚀损伤条件下飞机结构疲劳寿命衰减规律,为飞机结构寿命管理和健康监控奠定了理论基础和数据支持。     

30CrMnSiA螺栓腐蚀后的疲劳力学性能研究

为验证飞机上30CrMnSiA螺栓在腐蚀环境下的使用可靠性,开展了模拟螺栓实际工作状态的腐蚀环境加速试验,分析记录不同腐蚀环境历期后螺栓表面宏观与微观锈蚀形貌,使用疲劳试验机测试螺栓腐蚀前后的疲劳、剪切力学性能。试验表明实际工作环境中腐蚀主要发生在30CrMnSiA螺栓中间暴露区域,中间区域腐蚀程度随着腐蚀时间的增加而明显增加,而螺栓实际受剪作用部位在3年环境日历期内未受到腐蚀影响,剪切力学性能无明显改变。因此,无论是飞机处于停放状态或是飞行状态,30CrMnSiA螺栓均能够满足3年日历期的使用环境要求。     

7B04铝合金服役环境下点蚀表面损伤特征研究

飞机铝合金材料易受服役环境作用产生点蚀,点蚀表面损伤特征会影响其疲劳性能。为获取铝合金材料点蚀表面损伤特征,本文以7B04铝合金材料为研究对象,开展其于模拟机场环境的加速腐蚀试验环境谱下的点蚀加速试验,依据试验检测结果,对7B04铝合金点蚀过程中表面损伤特征进行分析,研究发现,7B04铝合金点蚀蚀坑表面形貌随点蚀周期延长逐渐趋于椭圆或圆形规则形貌,而后转变为无规律,此结论可为飞机铝合金结构腐蚀疲劳寿命研究奠定理论基础。     

镁合金涂层缺陷处腐蚀坑极值的分布规律研究

本文利用极值分布理论模型对镁合金缺陷涂层试片腐蚀过后的腐蚀坑极值进行拟合,研究其腐蚀坑极大值的分布规律,比较了两种分布对镁合金试片拟合的优劣性,发现广义极值分布相比Gumbel分布其拟合效果更好,且其拟合效果随着腐蚀时间的延长而不断变好。     

基于可靠度的LY12CZ铝合金预腐蚀剩余强度预测

按ASTM标准对常温下的LY12CZ 铝合金进行预腐蚀.利用MTS 880试验机进行静拉伸试验,结果表明剩余强度随着腐蚀损伤程度加深逐步下降.文中建立了带有可靠度的剩余强度计算方法,并基于AFGROW软件建立了腐蚀坑的物理模型提出了剩余强度预测方法,这两种方法与实验结果吻合程度良好,具有工程应用参考价值.     

舰载直升机雷达罩新型腐蚀防护技术验证研究

为提高直升机雷达罩在海洋环境下的耐蚀性能,研究了雷达罩常用铝合金材料的表面处理、连接形式的耐蚀性,并针对表面处理工艺和连接形式进行了腐蚀防护改进设计,采用加速腐蚀试验10个周期验证改进的合理性。测试了试验前后试样的表面形貌、腐蚀坑型号和深度。试验结果表明微弧氧化表面处理代替原有铬酸氧化处理,可提高铝合金耐蚀性,将铝合金连接形式由螺栓连接改为铆钉连接,能大大提高连接部位的耐腐蚀性,必要时可在铆钉周围涂覆缓蚀剂,能进一步提高结构耐蚀性。本文所采用的改进方法合理可行,能有效提升雷达罩结构的海洋环境适应性。     

湛江某海上风电桩基局部冲刷特征研究

海上风电场桩基局部冲刷是工程设计与运行阶段的重要参数之一。基于湛江某海上风电场桩基3次现场局部冲刷实测数据,进行冲刷坑最大深度、冲刷坑半径和冲淤变化特征的分析与研究;根据桩基局部冲刷经验公式,采用工程海域实测海洋水文动力学数据进行最大冲刷深度与冲刷半径的计算,并进行公式计算值的对比与分 析。结果表明:桩基础在防冲刷设施的保护下,3次实测最大冲刷深度基本稳定为4.0 m,最大冲刷深度与桩径之比为0.57。而经验公式的最大冲刷深度与桩径之比均超过了1.1,说明桩基防冲刷设施取得了一定的效果,冲刷坑半径的计算值与现场实测值吻合较好。建议海上风电场在运行阶段进一步加强桩基冲刷坑监测与防护。     

The Effects of a Dredge Excavation Pit on Benthic Macrofauna in Offshore Louisiana

Over two years after the original creation of a sand excavation pit 8 km off the Louisiana coast, benthic macrofauna communities and sedimentary characteristics are still effected. Macrofaunal communities inside the pit had lower abundance, biomass, and diversity than communities outside the pit. This difference, however, was only significant with some of the stations outside the pit. Results from multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis showed that macrofaunal communities were less than 32% similar inside the pit to communities outside the pit. The polychaete Mediomastus ambiseta was the most abundant species outside the excavation pit, but the species was only counted once inside the pit. The most dominant species, which made up over 90% of organisms inside the pit, was the pioneer polychaete Paraprionospio pinnata. Only three species were found at each station inside the pit as opposed to 9–27 species at stations outside the pit. All species inside the pit were also found outside the pit; thus, change was due to a loss of species rather than replacement by different species. Sediment inside the pit contained more silt and clay; however, no difference in water quality was detected compared with outside the pit. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita passed near the dredge pit in 2005 and could have effected sediment transport in the region. Because the macrofaunal community inside the pit has not recovered within 38 months, it is likely that it will require more time before it resembles the surrounding conditions.     

A heuristic approach to stochastic cutoff grade optimization for open pit mining complexes with multiple processing streams

Cutoff grade specifies the available supply of metallic ore from an open pit mine to the multiple processing streams of an open pit mining complex. An optimal cutoff grade strategy maximizes the net present value (NPV) of an open pit mining operation subject to the mining, processing, and marketing/refining capacity constraints. Even though, the quantities of material flowing from the mine to the market are influenced by the expected variation in the available metal content or inherent uncertainty in the supply of ore, the majority of cutoff grade optimization models not only disregard this aspect and may lead to unrealistic cash flows, but also they are limited in application to an open pit mining operation with single processing facility. The model proposed herein determines the optimal cutoff grade policy based on a stochastic framework that accounts for uncertainty in supply of ore to the multiple ore processing streams. An application on a large-scale open pit mining operation develops a unique cutoff grade policy along with a portfolio of mining, processing, and marketing/refining rates. Owing to the geological uncertainty, the approach addresses risk by showing a difference of 14% between the minimum and maximum production rates, cash flows and NPV.     

EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED DRAINAGE ON STORM EVENT HYDROLOGY IN A LOBLOLLY PINE PLANTATION1

ABSTRACT: A paired watershed approach was utilized to study the effects of three water management regimes on storm event hydrology in three experimental watersheds in a drained loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation in eastern North Carolina. The regimes were: (1) conventional drainage, (2) controlled drainage (CD) to reduce outflows during spring fish recruitment, and (3) controlled drainage to reduce outflows and conserve water during the growing season. Data from two pit‐treatment years and three years of CD treatment with raised weirs at the watershed outlet are presented. CD treatment resulted in rises in water table elevations during the summer. But the rises were small and short‐lived due to increased evapotranspiration (ET) rates as compared to the spring treatment with lower ET demands. CD treatment had no effect on water tables deeper than 1.3 m. CD treatments, however, significantly (α= 0.05) reduced the stoning outflows for all events, and peak outflow rates for most of the events depending upon the outlet weir level. In some events, flows did not occur at all in watersheds with CD. When event outflows occurred, duration of the event was sharply reduced because of reduced effective ditch depth. Water table depth at the start of an event influenced the effect of CD treatment on storm event hydrology.     

Selenium Bioaccumulation in Stocked Fish as an Indicator of Fishery Potential in Pit Lakes on Reclaimed Coal Mines in Alberta, Canada

Pit lakes are a common reclamation strategy for open pit mines; however, there is a concern about their water quality and suitability as fish habitat because they are often contaminated by metals or metalloids. This study assessed the exposure of fish and invertebrates to selenium (Se) and other metals and metalloids in pit lakes formed by open pit coal mining in Tertiary (thermal coal) and in Cretaceous (metallurgical coal) bedrock. Juvenile hatchery rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were stocked into two thermal coal pit lakes (water Se < 2 μg/L, low water Se) and two metallurgical coal pit lakes (water Se > 15 μg/L, high water Se). Se accumulation in stocked fish and concentrations in invertebrates were characterized over a period of 2 years. In the metallurgical pits, invertebrates had higher Se concentrations and fish accumulated Se to higher levels (exceeding USEPA tissue Se guidelines) than biota in the thermal pits. Rainbow and brook trout accumulated similar concentrations of Se in their muscle and exhibited a similar relationship between whole-body and muscle Se concentrations. These results may be used by resource managers to assess compliance with whole-body tissue Se guidelines and to determine if pit lakes in coal mining areas pose a significant Se risk to wildlife or human health. The high Se exposure in metallurgical coal pits indicates that under the current mining and reclamation strategy, these lakes are not suitable for management as recreational “put and take” fisheries.     

Bioremediation of Acidic and Metalliferous Drainage (AMD) through organic carbon amendment by municipal sewage and green waste

Pit lakes (abandoned flooded mine pits) represent a potentially valuable water resource in hot arid regions. However, pit lake water is often characterised by low pH with high dissolved metal concentrations resulting from Acidic and Metalliferous Drainage (AMD). Addition of organic matter to pit lakes to enhance microbial sulphate reduction is a potential cost effective remediation strategy. However, cost and availability of suitable organic substrates are often limiting. Nevertheless, large quantities of sewage and green waste (organic garden waste) are often available at mine sites from nearby service towns. We treated AMD pit lake water (pH 2.4) from tropical, North Queensland, Australia, with primary-treated sewage sludge, green waste, and a mixture of sewage and green waste (1:1) in a controlled microcosm experiment (4.5 L). Treatments were assessed at two different rates of organic loading of 16:1 and 32:1 pit water:organic matter by mass. Combined green waste and sewage treatment was the optimal treatment with water pH increased to 5.5 in only 145 days with decreases of dissolved metal concentrations. Results indicated that green waste was a key component in the pH increase and concomitant heavy metal removal. Water quality remediation was primarily due to microbially-mediated sulphate reduction. The net result of this process was removal of sulphate and metal solutes to sediment mainly as monosulfides. During the treatment process NH(3) and H(2)S gases were produced, albeit at below concentrations of concern. Total coliforms were abundant in all green waste-treatments, however, faecal coliforms were absent from all treatments. This study demonstrates addition of low-grade organic materials has promise for bioremediation of acidic waters and warrants further experimental investigation into feasibility at higher scales of application such as pit lakes.     

FRESH-WATER LENS FORMATION IN AN UNCONFINED BARRIER-ISLAND AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: Cone-penetrometer testing and computer modeling were utilized to investigate factors controlling fresh-water lens formation at Grand Isle, Louisiana. Measurements of tip resistance, sleeve friction, and electrical conductivity were recorded with depth to permit classification of sediment type and to determine thickness of the fresh-water lens and transition zone. Cone-penetrometer testing provided virtually continuous determinations of change in sediment type and ground-water salinity at a resolution rarely achieved using conventional drilling and water sampling techniques. Three sand bodies are present, each separated by a clay layer. The fresh-water lens is thinner in the center of the island than on the flanks. Fresh-water lens thickness is limited by a clay layer which prohibits downward movement of significant volumes fresh water. The transition zone from fresh water to salt water varies in thickness, being thinnest near the Gulf of Mexico and thickest where silt and clay interfinger with the upper sand. Both the thickness of the fresh-water lens and the shape of the transition zone differ from that predicted by theoretical models. Calibration of STJTRA, a variable-density solute-transport model, indicates that permeability variations are the dominant control on formation of the fresh-water lens.     

Spatial Prediction of Ground Subsidence Susceptibility Using an Artificial Neural Network

Ground subsidence in abandoned underground coal mine areas can result in loss of life and property. We analyzed ground subsidence susceptibility (GSS) around abandoned coal mines in Jeong-am, Gangwon-do, South Korea, using artificial neural network (ANN) and geographic information system approaches. Spatial data of subsidence area, topography, and geology, as well as various ground-engineering data, were collected and used to create a raster database of relevant factors for a GSS map. Eight major factors causing ground subsidence were extracted from the existing ground subsidence area: slope, depth of coal mine, distance from pit, groundwater depth, rock-mass rating, distance from fault, geology, and land use. Areas of ground subsidence were randomly divided into a training set to analyze GSS using the ANN and a test set to validate the predicted GSS map. Weights of each factor’s relative importance were determined by the back-propagation training algorithms and applied to the input factor. The GSS was then calculated using the weights, and GSS maps were created. The process was repeated ten times to check the stability of analysis model using a different training data set. The map was validated using area-under-the-curve analysis with the ground subsidence areas that had not been used to train the model. The validation showed prediction accuracies between 94.84 and 95.98%, representing overall satisfactory agreement. Among the input factors, “distance from fault” had the highest average weight (i.e., 1.5477), indicating that this factor was most important. The generated maps can be used to estimate hazards to people, property, and existing infrastructure, such as the transportation network, and as part of land-use and infrastructure planning.     

Potential Impacts of Stormwater Runoff on Water Quality in Urban Sand Pits and Adjacent Groundwater1

Whittemore, Donald O., 2012. Potential Impacts of Stormwater Runoff on Water Quality in Urban Sand Pits and Adjacent Groundwater. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 584-602. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00637.x Abstract: Entrance of stormwater runoff into water-filled pits and adjacent aquifers is a contamination concern. The water and sediment quality in several sand pits and surrounding groundwater in Wichita, Kansas, were studied to comprehensively address stormwater runoff impact. The pits are used for residential development after sand and gravel mining. Water samples were analyzed for inorganic constituents, bacteria, and 252 organic compounds, and pit sediments for inorganic components and 32 organic chemicals. Although many pesticide and degradate compounds were found in the pit and well waters, none of these chemicals exceeded existing health levels. Other organic contaminants were detected in the waters, with those exceeding health levels at one site attributed to an undiscovered groundwater contamination plume and not to stormwater runoff. Persistent insecticides and polychlorinated biphenyls detected in sediment of two pits are related to the age of residential development. The concentration distributions of pesticides and other organics at most of the sites, as well as iron, manganese, and ammonia patterns in downgradient well waters relative to upgradient well and pit waters, indicate that groundwater quality at the sites is affected by contaminants entering the pit surface waters. Thus, although current stormwater runoff does not appear to have contaminated sand-pit water and adjacent groundwater above health levels, the data show that the potential exists if stormwater became polluted.