水电站特大型弃渣场水土保持措施设计研究——以俄德西沟特大型弃渣场为例

西南土石山区水电工程的建设具有弃渣场选址困难、弃渣量大等特点,电站工程建设过程中如何防治弃渣场的水土流失是整个水电站工程水土流失治理工作的重点和难点,弃渣场区水土流失防治措施的设计直接关系到整个渣场水土流失防治工作的成败。以叶巴滩水电站俄德西沟弃渣场为例,通过分析本渣场泥石流防治工程、拦挡工程以及排洪工程防护标准和等级,对本渣场泥石流防治措施和水土保持措施进行了设计。     

浅谈新疆风电场水土保持措施配置——以新疆华电小草湖风电场二场一期工程为例

风能作为一种清洁无污染的可再生能源，已经被广泛运用到电力事业的发展中来。近年来，新疆的风力发电发展迅速，风电场建设过程中不可避免地会对土壤及植被造成一定的破坏，人为地加剧了水土流失。概述了风电项目水土流失特点，以新疆华电小草湖风电场工程为例，结合项目区具体特点，分区设置防治措施。通过工程措施、植物措施与临时措施的有机结合，有效地防止水土流失。     

风电场水土流失防治法律制度的失灵与矫正

可再生能源的法制保障和法治水平关系其持续健康发展。风力发电（以下简称风电）虽然提供了可再生能源，但在建设时期容易造成水土流失、植被破坏等生态环境影响。《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》宣示了保护环境的立法目的，但缺乏配套的法律制度。《中华人民共和国能源法（征求意见稿）》侧重能源开发利用，但缺乏环境规制治理保障能源安全的法律制度。《中华人民共和国水土保持法》颁布实施的时间较早，防治水土流失的相关法律制度已不适应风能的开发利用。本文通过典型案例，发现风电场环境治理存在环境影响评价制度治理低效化、水土保持设施“三同时”制度法律监管不足、水土保持与环境影响评价“并联审批”设计缺陷等法律制度失灵症状，大量水土流失造成的生态环境损害尚未得到法律救济，为此提出了防治水土流失的法律矫正措施。     

互助县水土流失现状及其防治对策

水土流失是互助县主要的生态环境问题 ,文章从多方面分析了互助县水土流失现状、类型、成因及危害 ,指出造成水土流失的根本原因自然及人为因素 ,据此 ,提出了典型流域治理、搞好重点工程、加大投入等水土流失综合防治对策     

新疆钢铁公司“三废”防治及综合利用见成效

新疆钢铁公司“三废”防治及综合利用见成效新疆钢铁公司严格执行改、扩、建“三同时”方针，根据环保问题的轻，重、缓、急，每年集中力量投资近５００万元解决环境污染和“三废”综合利用问题。目前，该公司废水、废气、废渣的污染已基本得到治理，其中不少已实现了综合...     

广安县治理水土流失见成效

广安县地处川中丘陵东部边缘,全县有水土流失面积1019.9km~2,占幅员面积的64.89%,比1949年水土流失面积扩大了62.28%.1989年,该县被列入长江上游水土保持重点治理区以来,按照“以防为主、防治结合,因地制宜、综合治理,重点突破、积极推进”的方针,从实际出发,以规划为依据、小流域为单元、坡改梯为重点,积极开展了综合治理,取得了较好的效益.一年来,该县共治理水土流失面积96km~2,其中坡改梯1.41万亩,水土保持林     

地理信息系统在长江源区水土流失动态监测中的应用设想

以长江源区为例，概略介绍了地理信息系统在该区域的应用前景及方法。地理信息系统的应用可为水土流失动态提供丰富的信息，大大缩短数据更新的周期，对于水土流失数据处理、规划、应用建模以及大面积治理，具有实际指导意义。     

山西省汾河水库上游水土流失动态监测与分析

以Landsat MSS（1976年）、TM（1990年）、ETM＋（2002年）三期遥感数据为主要信息源，在RS和GIS技术的支持下，监测汾河水库上游区域在1976-2002年的水土流失变化情况。结果表明，1976—1990年研究区水土流失程度加剧；1990-2002年水土流失状况整体好转，局部区域仍在发展。目前，汾河水库仍有71．88％的水土流失面积有待治理，水土保持任务仍很艰巨。     

“十三五”丹江口库区生态环境现状及治理对策研究

丹江口库区是国家南水北调中线工程水源地,水质常年保持在II类水质标准,但存在水土流失、部分入库河流污染、农业面源污染等问题。针对存在的问题,丹江口库区提出了在"十三五"期间采取水土流失综合治理,强化优先控制单元污染治理,防治农业农村污染、工业污染等生态环境保护的对策。     

长江上游的水环境问题与对策

本文论述了长江上游是长江流域生态环境危机的关键地区,每年排入的工业污水和生活污水达38亿m~3,水污染十分严重。该地区水源涵养林遭受破坏、水土流失严重、自然灾害频繁、生态环境恶化的形势十分严峻,森林植被的破坏是造成这种危机的主要原因。文章提出了营造上游水源涵养林、控制水土流失、治理工业污染和流域统一管理的防治措施。     

新疆土壤可蚀性K值空间插值及其分布特征研究

土壤可蚀性是土壤侵蚀预报和土地利用规划的重要参数,本文采用EPIC（Erosion Productivity Impact Caculator）模型中土壤可蚀性因子K值为指标,利用新疆土壤污染状况调查资料,探讨新疆土壤可蚀性K值及分布特征,并采用Kriging插值法进行全疆K值的空间插值。结果表明：新疆各类型土壤表层平均K值为0.238～0.441,主要分布在可侵蚀-易侵蚀-较易侵蚀范围;其中K值最大的土类为石质土和风沙土,均属于岩成土土纲;K值最小的土类为棕钙土;不同的土地利用方式,土壤可蚀性特征也不同,耕地土壤K值最大。从总体上看,土壤经过多年耕种,抗侵蚀能力明显下降。     

葫芦岛市水土流失防控体系建设研究

分析了葫芦岛市水土流失现状及水土保持方面存在的问题,提出水土流失防控体系建设策略。建议采取水土流失分区治理、工程措施、林业措施、管理措施等建设葫芦岛市水土流失防控体系。     

Farmers’ Perceptions of Land Degradation and Their Investments in Land Management: A Case Study in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia

To combat land degradation in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) of Ethiopia, farmers are of crucial importance. If farmers perceive land degradation as a problem, the chance that they invest in land management measures will be enhanced. This study presents farmers’ perceptions of land degradation and their investments in land management, and to what extent the latter are influenced by these perceptions. Water erosion and fertility depletion are taken as main indicators of land degradation, and the results show that farmers perceive an increase in both indicators over the last decade. They are aware of it and consider it as a problem. Nevertheless, farmers’ investments to control water erosion and soil fertility depletion are very limited in the CRV. Results also show that farmers’ awareness of both water erosion and soil fertility decline as a problem is not significantly associated with their investments in land management. Hence, even farmers who perceive land degradation on their fields and are concerned about its increase over the last decade do not significantly invest more in water erosion and soil fertility control measures than farmers who do not perceive these phenomena. Further research is needed to assess which other factors might influence farmers’ investments in land management, especially factors related to socioeconomic characteristics of farm households and plot characteristics which were not addressed by this study.     

输变电工程在不同阶段的水土流失防治责任范围变化分析——以四川省500kV输变电工程为例

通过对四川省6个500kV输变电工程的水土保持设施验收技术评估工作,分析比较了上述工程水土流失防治责任范围在水土保持方案报告书（可研）阶段、工程建设期以及运行期的变化情况,结果表明建设期水土流失防治责任范围面积占水土保持方案报告书的50％～70％,运行期水土流失防治责任范围面积占建设期的30％～50％。     

SOIL EROSION AWARENESS AND USE OF CONSERVATION TILLAGE FOR WATER QUALITY CONTROL1

Water pollution through loss of topsoil from farmland continues to be a major problem, despite nearly 50 years of providing farmers technical and financial assistance for soil and water conservation. The technology for controlling erosion and water pollution is available, but farmers have been slow in implementing control practices. Past research has shown that farmers tend to be unaware of the seriousness of the erosion problem on their own operations. Using a random sample of farmers from central Iowa, the relationship is examined between awareness of a soil erosion problem and the use of conservation tillage. Results indicate that awareness of a soil erosion problem effects the use of conservation tillage, and that awareness can be enhanced by experiential educational strategies such as the development and implementation of a soil and water conservation plan.     

TARGETING REMEDIAL MEASURES TO CONTROL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT_: The watershed model GAMES is used for the evaluation of a targeting approach to control fluvial sedimentation arising from soil erosion in agricultural areas. The data considered for the analysis consists of output from the application of the model to existing and hypothetical soil and crop management systems in two small watersheds of southern Ontario, one in the rolling uplands and the other in a very flat lowland area. The model output includes estimates of spring sediment yield from field-size cells to the stream outlet for existing agricultural management conditions, and estimates of sediment yield resulting from the successive implementation of two levels of soil erosion controls under four remedial measures strategies. The results reveal that, for the rolling upland watershed exhibiting a wide range of soil erosion and sediment yield rates, targeted control programs can be expected to provide an extremely effective approach to sediment control. For flat lowland watersheds, exhibiting relatively uniform soil erosion and sediment yield rates, the strategy of targeting controls may be somewhat more effective than a random approach to control, but not as efficient as in the case of watersheds in more rolling terrain. It is evident from the study that a screening model such as GAMES provides a very useful tool for the planning and evaluation of erosion and sediment control programs.     

Evaluation of compost blankets for erosion control from disturbed lands

Soil erosion due to water and wind results in the loss of valuable top soil and causes land degradation and environmental quality problems. Site specific best management practices (BMP) are needed to curb erosion and sediment control and in turn, increase productivity of lands and sustain environmental quality. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of three different types of biodegradable erosion control blankets- fine compost, mulch, and 50-50 mixture of compost and mulch, for soil erosion control under field and laboratory-scale experiments. Quantitative analysis was conducted by comparing the sediment load in the runoff collected from sloped and tilled plots in the field and in the laboratory with the erosion control blankets. The field plots had an average slope of 3.5% and experiments were conducted under natural rainfall conditions, while the laboratory experiments were conducted at 4, 8 and 16% slopes under simulated rainfall conditions. Results obtained from the field experiments indicated that the 50-50 mixture of compost and mulch provides the best erosion control measures as compared to using either the compost or the mulch blanket alone. Laboratory results under simulated rains indicated that both mulch cover and the 50-50 mixture of mulch and compost cover provided better erosion control measures compared to using the compost alone. Although these results indicate that the 50-50 mixtures and the mulch in laboratory experiments are the best measures among the three erosion control blankets, all three types of blankets provide very effective erosion control measures from bare-soil surface. Results of this study can be used in controlling erosion and sediment from disturbed lands with compost mulch application. Testing different mixture ratios and types of mulch and composts, and their efficiencies in retaining various soil nutrients may provide more quantitative data for developing erosion control plans.     

新疆玛纳斯河流域的土地利用与退化问题

玛纳斯河流域山地、平原、沙漠、湖泊俱全，土地利用类型有8个一级类型及40个二级类。20世纪50年代以来，在山前水、土、光热组合优良地区开展大规模水土开发建设，使区内的土地资源得以充分利用，土地开发利用率达40％以上。然而，不合理的土地利用已经导致土地退化，其主要类型有土地荒漠化、耕地土壤贫瘠化、土壤次生盐渍化、土地沙漠化、水土流失、土地污染等6种。据区域土地利用特点与退化类型及原因，提出了合理利用土地与防止土地退化的5条措施，以确保玛河流域土地永续利用与持续发展。     

西部大开发中的新疆生态环境建设

新疆地处祖国西北边陲，其国土面积、资源储备和战略地位都在西部开发中居于重要地位。长期以来，由于人们对自然资源的不合理利用，加之经济发展滞后，使得该地区的生态环境遭到严重破坏，土地沙漠化、水土流失、森林、草场严重退化。正确认识和评价新疆的生态环境现状及其承载力，制定遏制生态环境恶化的有效方法，促进生态系统的良性循环，实现人与自然的和谐统一，是西部大开发中实现新疆经济、社会可持续发展的基础。