污染源水质监测采样需关注的几个方面

环境监测数据要反映污染源水质的真实状况,污染源水质采样是一个非常关键的环节,要取得真实的、能反映污染源状况的具有代表性的水质样品,要从采样人员持证上岗等多方面加强管理。环境监测数据要反映污染源水质的真实状况,污染源水质采样是一个非常关键的环节,若采样人员采集的水样不具有代表性,不能反映污染源水质的实际状况,在这种情况下,即使实验室分析得再准确,实验室质量控制工     

红外分光光度法测定水中低浓度石油类

文章结合空白实验、实际样品测试、加标回收实验分析低浓度石油类样品监测过程中的影响因素,讨论基准波长、试剂、器皿、操作过程对空白测定值的影响。测定低浓度石油类样品时,空白实验测定值应小于0.01mg/L;硅酸镁使空白测定值变大,应用四氯化碳对硅酸镁进行润洗;实验室相对标准偏差较大,数据相对离散,应采用平行样测定、加标回收率来保证低浓度石油类样品的监测质量。质量控制对保证低浓度石油类样品监测准确度有实际意义。     

平行双样对天然气中硫化物采样的质量控制

为了研究平行双样对天然气中硫化物采样质量控制措施的可靠性,对现场采集的８对硫化物平行样用对氨基二甲基苯胺光度法进行测定。对测定结果及相对偏差进行Ｗ（Ｓｈａｐｉｒｏ－Ｗｉｌｋ）检验,检验结果说明平行双样相对偏差服从正态分布,数据的一致性较好,说明用平行双样对采样进行质量控制是可行的。文中还用Ｇｒｕｂｂｓ检验法计算出在该实验条件下测定天然气中硫化物平行双样的相对偏差质量控制范围为１．９３％±１２．５％。     

饮用水源水质监测中阴离子表面活性剂快速分析方法

在饮用水源水质例行监测工作中,由于阴离子表面活性剂浓度极低,处于未检出浓度水平,因此可考虑将亚甲蓝分光光度法加以改进,设置最低检出浓度样、地表水Ⅰ类标准1/2浓度样、地表水Ⅰ类标准浓度样等系列参考样,来配制一个标准色阶,通过目视比色,确定出水样的浓度,以实现快速测定和减少有毒试剂用量,降低监测成本,提高工作效率.     

土壤中石油类的监测方法

研究了测定土壤中石油类含量的方法,采用直接用CCl4从土壤中萃取石油类的方法,再借用HJ637—2012《水质石油类和动植物油类的测定红外分光光度法》测定萃取液CCl4中石油类的含量。该分析方法在土壤分析样品为10g时,确定了最佳的萃取剂体积50mL、萃取时间6h、萃取温度55℃等影响测量结果的因素。该方法不仅操作简单、经济、省时、省力,而且测定结果也较为接近真实数值,填补了企业环境保护管理工作中判定土壤污染严重程度时缺少监测分析方法的空白。     

断面污染物分布均匀度及影响因素研究

水质监测在跨行政区、跨水域功能区、排污总量控制区的水质控制与管理方面有着非常重要的作用,而断面污染物分布均匀与否是水环境监测断面采样是否具备可靠性、合理性和代表性的关键。本文根据监测采样要求提出了断面污染物分布均匀度的概念,即断面污染物分布均匀度是指在污染带内任一垂直于水流方向断面上某一污染物最小浓度值与最大浓度值之比。并就污染物排放量、河流环境水文特征、河流背景浓度、排污方式等断面污染物分布均匀度影响因素进行了分析研究,借助水质模拟技术,反演在上游有排污口情况下如何布置排污方式以满足下游监测采样的要求。这对跨界河流的水质交接、流域水环境质量管理、排污总量控制、水环境监测断面设置等方面的应用具有重要指导和借鉴意义。     

鄯善油区溢油事故中石油类现场应急监测方法探讨

经过油膜厚度取样试验,分别对油膜厚度为0.5,1.0,1.5cm的含油污水进行模拟取样,证实油膜厚度取样器的可靠性和易操作性。对鄯善油区土壤进行含油污水淋滤试验,土壤中石油类主要集中在0²0cm层,监测土壤污染单元时,可直接用铁铲取分层土样进行测定。室内油膜厚度取样试验,表明该取样器能快速、准确达到测定要求。     

水污染源在线监测系统的质量保证与质量控制

从人员素质要求、监测站房建设、仪器设备维护与保养、数据传输系统维护、规章制度建设等方面介绍水污染源在线监测系统的质量保证措施;从采样过程控制、分析方法选择、分析过程控制等方面介绍水污染源在线监测系统的质量控制措施。通过这些措施可以有效保证污染源在线监测数据的完整性与有效性,减小在线监测数据误差,真实反映污染物实际排放情况,为污染物排放总量控制和特征污染物排放总量控制提供可靠的数据保证。     

CO对定电位电解法测定烟气中SO_2的影响

研究了CO对SO_2测定的干扰。采用不同浓度CO对定电位电解仪显示值的贡献建立数学模型,用此模型对SO_2测定值进行修正,最后对不同固定污染源进行监测,将SO_2修正值与非分散红外吸收法测定数据进行比对。实验表明,CO对SO_2测定的干扰具有明显的线性关系,经修正后的SO_2浓度值和SO_2真实浓度数值之间基本无显著性差异。低浓度CO对SO_2测定的干扰接近0,而高浓度下定电位电解法测定值经修正后与非分散红外吸收法测定的数据相比,相对误差在-1.1%～9.8%,满足同步监测精确度要求。     

BOD测定中接种液的探讨

1 前言作为工业污水监测项目之一,BOD 是必测项目。BOD 的测定是作为监测公共水域等的污染程度的重要标志,以及根据对生物的繁殖,呼吸作用中被消耗的溶解氧所进行的测定项目。     

Ambient monitoring of asbestos in selected Italian living areas

This paper presents the results of an intensive monitoring activity of the particulate, fall-out and soil of selected living areas in Italy with the aim to detect the asbestos concentration in air and subsequent risk of exposure for the population in ambient living environments, and to assess the nature of the other mineral phases composing the particulate matrix. Some areas were sorted out because of the presence of asbestos containing materials on site whereas others were used as blank spots in the attempt to detect the background environmental concentration of asbestos in air. Because the concentration of asbestos in ambient environments is presumably very low, and it is well known that conventional low–medium flow sampling systems with filters of small diameter (25 mm) may collect only a very small fraction of particulate over a short period, for the first time here, an intense monitoring activity was conducted with a high flow sampling system. The high flow system requires the use of large cellulose filters with the advantage that, increasing the amount of collected dust, the probability to collect asbestos fibers increases. Both the protocol of monitoring and analysis are novel and prompted by the need to increase the sensitivity towards the small number of expected fibers. With this goal, the collection of fall-out samples (the particulate falling into a collector filled with distilled water during the monitoring shift) and soil samples was also accomplished. The analytical protocol of the matrix particulate included preliminary X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), optical microscopy and quantitative electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). Correlations with climatic trends and PM10 concentration data were also attempted.The surprising outcome of this work is that, despite the nature of the investigated site, the amount of dispersed asbestos fibers is very low and invariably lower than the theoretical method detection limits of the SEM and TEM techniques for identification and counting of asbestos fibers. The results are compared to the literature data worldwide and an updated model for asbestos fibers dispersion in ambient environments is proposed.     

区块链技术在环境监测中的应用研究

我国环境监测质量控制体系已经基本建立,但人为数据造假等违规违法行为仍时有发生,现有技术和管理手段无法有效防止。本文通过分析区块链技术的特点,梳理环境监测数据质量控制面临的问题,针对人为影响环境监测数据质量的主要手段,研究区块链保障环境监测数据质量的技术方案,提出基于区块链智能数据质量控制器改造现有监测系统的方案,并在北京市开展了试点示范,验证了区块链提高环境监测数据质量的可行性。     

浅议环境监测数据的审核

环境监测数据的审核工作是整个质量保证体系中最后有效的质量控制手段。针对我国环境监测数据审核现状与存在的问题,将"五性"质量指标贯穿于整个环境监测工作当中,是提升监测数据的审核力度,保证监测数据正确、可靠的有力措施之一。     

CONSIDERATIONS OF SCALE IN WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND DATA ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: An assumption of scale is inherent in any environmental monitoring exercise. The temporal or spatial scale of interest defines the statistical model which would be most appropriate for a given system and thus affects both sampling design and data analysis. Two monitoring objectives which are strongly tied to scale are the estimation of average conditions and the evaluation of trends. For both of these objectives, the time or spatial scale of interest strongly influences whether a given set of observations should be regarded as independent or serially correlated and affects the importance of serial correlation in choosing statistical methods. In particular serial correlation has a much different effect on the estimation of long-term means than it does on the estimation of specific-period means. For estimating trends, a distinction between serial correlation and trend is scale dependent. An explicit consideration of scale in monitoring system design and data analysis is, therefore, most important for producing meaningful statistical information.     

现代生物技术在环境监测中的应用

随着分子生物学的迅速发展,现代生物技术在环境监测中的应用越来越广泛。文章解释了与环境科学密切相关的生物芯片、生物传感、流式细胞测定、单细胞凝胶电泳、微核、PCR和酶联免疫吸附检测技术,概述了这些技术的特点及应用情况。提出了在环境监测中,根据实际情况,联合应用,才能充分发挥各种技术的作用,为环境监测提供有力支持。     

Inventory of ocean monitoring in the Southern California Bight

Monitoring of the ocean environment in southern California, USA, has been conducted by a diverse array of public and private organizations with different motivations, working on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. To create a basis from which to integrate information from these diverse programs, we conducted an inventory of ocean monitoring activities in the Southern California Bight to address the following questions: (1) How much money is being expended annually on marine monitoring programs? (2) Which organizations are conducting the most monitoring? (3) How are resources allocated among the different types of monitoring programs? This inventory focused on programs existing, or those expected to be in existence, for at least 10 years and that were active at any time between 1994 and 1997. For each program identified for inclusion in this study, information was collected on the number of sites, sampling intensity, parameters measured, and methods used. Levels of effort were translated into cost estimates based upon a market survey of local consulting firms. One hundred fourteen marine monitoring programs, conducted by 65 organizations and costing US $31 million annually, were identified. Most of the effort (81 programs, 65% of samples, 70% of costs) was expended by ocean dischargers as part of their compliance with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements. Federal programs (11 programs, 25% of samples, 10% of total expenditures) expended more than state or local government programs. More than one quarter of monitoring expenditures were conducted to measure concentrations and mass of effluent inputs to the ocean. The largest effort expended on receiving water monitoring was for measuring bacteria, followed by sediments, fish/shellfish, water quality, and intertidal habitats. The large level of expenditures by individual agencies has presented opportunities for integrating small, site-specific ocean monitoring programs into regional- and national-scale monitoring and assessment programs.     

秦皇岛地区土壤环境中六六六污染水平调查研究

通过对秦皇岛地区土壤环境中六六六残留量的调查监测，分析了秦皇岛地区土壤六六六污染现状和危害。建议应加强农药规范化管理，制定土壤生物修复计划，大力开发生物和物理防治技术以降低土壤环境中的六六六残留量，减少对人类和生物的影响。     

Fecal Coliform Export From Four Coastal North Carolina Areas1

Abstract: Fecal coliform (FC) bacteria in coastal waters impair the use of these waters for shellfish harvesting and recreation. This study was designed to quantify and compare FC levels and export in two coastal watersheds with different land uses. Continuous monitoring of rainfall and discharge at three sites in the Jumping Run Creek watershed and one site in the Pettiford Creek watershed were conducted during a 4.5‐year period. Primary land use in the drainage area of one of the three Jumping Run Creek sites is low density industrial, while the other two are residential. Land use in the Pettiford Creek watershed is managed national forest. Nonstorm or base‐flow grab and flow‐proportional storm‐event samples were collected and analyzed for turbidity, conductivity, suspended sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, and FC. Geometric mean FC levels for the Jumping Run Creek monitoring sites ranged from 593 to 2,096 mpn/100 ml, while the mean level at the Pettiford Creek site was 191 mpn/100 ml. Levels of most other parameters were greater in storm discharge from the Jumping Run Creek sites as compared to Pettiford Creek indicating that pollutant export from a watershed increases with development. Statistical analysis of the monitoring data suggested that FC levels in stormwater samples consistently increased with storm rainfall, but were not consistently correlated with any other parameter, including total suspended solids. Multivariate analysis indicated that the weekly FC export for each of the four sites was lowest during the December‐February quarter. Export was highest during the spring and summer at the Jumping Run Creek sites, while for the Pettiford Creek site, FC export was highest during September‐November. The cause of the seasonal variability was unknown but was thought to be associated with human activity in the watersheds.     

农业生态环境污染监测技术探讨

农业生态环境污染监测是以农产品污染监测为中心的各环境要素的污染监测。依据农业区域中污染源排放危害农产品的特征污染物选择大气环境污染物、水环境污染物、土壤环境污染物、农产品污染物作为监测指标;依据农业区域中各类污染源的特点布设大气环境污染、水环境污染、土壤环境污染、农产品污染监测点位;在农产品生长期或生产期,大气环境污染及水环境污染同步监测一次,农产品污染在收获时监测一次,依据污染源污染物排放强度确定土壤环境污染监测频次。     

A Method for Designing Detection Monitoring Networks in Layered Aquifers with Non-uniform Flow

An integer programming method was devised to locate detection monitoring wells in layered aquifers. The method is applicable to aquifers with non-uniform groundwater flow, and it does not require that a compliance boundary be linear or perpendicular to the direction(s) of groundwater flow. In each layer, monitoring sites are defined along curvilinear transects that parallel equipotential lines. The model can be formulated to allocate wells to the transect with the highest detection efficiency, or to establish multiple lines of defense against contaminant migrating to a compliance boundary. Detection efficiencies of alternative monitoring transects are calculated from parameters obtained via numerical modeling of contaminant transport. These parameters include the narrowest plume that could traverse a monitoring transect, and the zone width of potential contaminant migration at the transect. Problem formulations are compact, and computational requirements are low relative to alternative approaches for designing detection monitoring networks in aquifers. An application to a glacial outwash aquifer demonstrates the utility of the method.