油田化学表面活性剂生物毒性评价研究

以常用的油田化学表面活性剂为研究目标,采用发光细菌法对其生物毒性进行了评价,考察了pH值和矿化度等对生物毒性的影响。结合表面活性剂对细菌中蛋白质含量变化情况,对表面活性剂的生物毒性效应进行进一步分析。实验结果表明：发光细菌法可以快速、简便地对油田化学剂的生物毒性进行评价,但对体系条件要求严格,pH值与矿化度对评价结果具有明显影响;发光细菌法得出的生物毒性评价结论不能简单的推演到其他毒性评价方法,单一的发光细菌法生物毒性评价标准无法全面判断油田化学剂的生物毒性效应,应结合多种评价方法对油田化学剂的毒性效应进行综合分析。     

钻井液生物毒性评价方法对比

对目前国内外钻井液生物毒性评价的主要方法──糠虾法、黑褐新糠虾法、发光细菌法、发光海藻法等进行了对比,分析了各种评价方法的优缺点。研究结果表明,发光细菌法快速、简便,符合我国钻井现场应用实际情况,因而推荐使用发光细菌法作为钻井液生物毒性评价方法。     

采油用油田化学剂对鱼类的急性毒性实验研究

以白鲢鱼为实验生物,采用半静态实验方法,研究了几种油田化学剂的半致死浓度和安全浓度。研究表明:防膨剂、杀菌剂K、杀菌剂L、清蜡剂、四氟硼酸、酸化缓蚀剂、阻垢剂、阻垢缓蚀剂、缓蚀阻垢剂和破乳剂的96h半致死浓度LC50值分别为0.68、1.6、9.3、25、123、510、620、3240、4570、7410mg/L。根据化学物质对鱼类毒性物质分级标准,防膨剂属于剧毒物质;杀菌剂K、杀菌剂L和清蜡剂属于高毒物质;四氟硼酸、酸化缓蚀剂和阻垢剂属于中毒物质;阻垢缓蚀剂、缓蚀阻垢剂和破乳剂属于低毒物质。这几种油田化学剂的安全浓度为0.068～741mg/L。此研究可为评价油田化学剂对水生生物的影响,制定废水排放浓度标准提供依据。     

套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响＊

通过研究高含硫气田钻井完井后套管保护液对钻井废水处理效果的影响,可知:采用混凝/二次絮凝/吸附工艺处理不含套管保护液的钻井废水时,出水COD<150 mg/L;当套管保护液加量>0.5 mL/L时,出水中COD随套管保护液用量增加而急剧升高,远大于150 mg/L;采用混凝/吸附/微电解组合工艺处理含套管保护液的完井钻井废水,出水COD<150 mg/L,满足GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准的要求。     

塔里木油田钻完井液环保处理技术研究

文章分别对水基磺化钻完井液和高密度柴油基钻完井液的环保处理技术进行了研究评价,对高温氧化、化学絮凝+机械脱水、生物修复等三类环保处理技术及工艺进行的研究表明,对水基磺化钻完井液产生的作业废物,3种方法中高温氧化处理技术处理效果稳定,COD去除率最高;化学絮凝+机械脱水工艺对COD去除效果不理想;生物处理工艺处理效果不能达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的二级标准,不适合于塔里木油田气候环境。对于油基钻完井液产生的作业废物,基于萃取脱附的LRET脱附技术处理后固相含油量小于1%,回收油全部回用作为配置油基钻井液的基油,处理效果稳定,处理后含油钻屑的含油量小于1%,达到DB 23/T 1413—2010《油田含油污泥综合利用污染控制标准》要求。     

油田固体废物的毒性试验研究

通过对某油田3个区域井场的废弃钻井液和取自集输站及注水站的油泥(砂)等两种固体废物进行急性生物毒性试验和浸出毒性试验,试验结果表明:该油田的废弃钻井液急性生物毒性相对较大,油泥(砂)不具有急性生物毒性;这两种固体废物均不具有浸出毒性和腐蚀性。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定油田化学剂中金属元素

在HNO_3-H_2O_2-HF混合无机酸体系下,通过微波消解方式对油田化学剂样品进行完全消解。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定油田化学剂中Cr、As、Cd、Pb四种元素,该方法线性关系良好,检出限较低,实验室内相对标准偏差在1.36%～7.84%,加标回收率在88.5%～99.7%,经验证能够满足油田化学剂环保性能评价要求。     

发光细菌法测定钻井液综合生物毒性

针对发光杆菌的发光度随着污染物浓度增高而呈线性降低的相关性,采用发光杆菌的相对发光度来表示污染物毒性,试验探讨了该方法的可行性,并采用发光细菌相对发光度为５０％时毒物浓度（即半数有效浓度ＥＣ５０）来表示钻井液的综合生物毒性。实验结果表明：ＨｇＣｌ２的半数有效浓度为０．１２６ｍｇ／Ｌ,此时的钻井液泥水比为１∶１０４。     

钻井液化学剂可生物降解性评定方法

介绍研究钻井液化学剂生物降解性的必要性及开发可生物降解钻井液的进展。阐述了常用的评定有机物生物降解性的试验方法。推荐采用BOD_5／COD_Cr比值来评定我国石油行业钻井液化学剂及油田化学剂的可生物降解性，规范石油行业生物降解研究工作，保证评定结果的可靠性和可比性。     

页岩气勘探开发钻井固废特性鉴别研究

为实现清水钻屑、水基钻屑和油基钻屑3类钻井固废的资源化处理处置,对现有页岩气勘探开发产生的3类钻井固废的成分进行固废特性的鉴别。分析了固废的来源与产生方式,根据GB 5085.1～6—2007从氧化性、摩擦感度、遇水放气、腐蚀性对危险废物特性进行鉴别,从浸出毒性、毒性物质含量、急毒性物质初筛、生物毒性评价方面对危险废物进行毒性鉴别,根据GB 18599—2001《一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准》对其进行一般工业固废的鉴别。结果表明:3类钻井固废不具有GB 5085—2007《危险废物鉴别标准》所规定的易燃性、反应性等危险固废特性指标;3类钻井固废生物毒性远低于危险固废所规定的最低值,水基钻屑和油基钻屑热解灰渣的生物毒性评价结果均为无毒;除pH值高于9.0之外,3类固废的浸出液其他指标均低于GB 18599—2001中第Ⅱ类一般工业固废标准要求。     

PAM的毒性作用及矿场防护措施

通过对油田现场施工情况的调研,论述了PAM及PAM类型的油田化学用剂在生产和应用过程中的毒性作用、毒性特点以及中毒后的临床表现,提出现场污染对环境的危害,同时为从事油田化学的技术人员提供了防护措施建议。     

THE CASE FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS1

ABSTRACT: Direct measurement of response thresholds of complex biological systems to toxic chemicals is now possible using microcosms and other simulation techniques. Extrapolation to no-observable response using application factors and data from single species toxicity tests is less precise than direct measurements.     

含油及碳氢化合物污泥处理方法

对固体废物有毒有害物质进行处理或处置的方法有掩埋法、焚烧法及高温热解、溶剂洗涤等方法。文中介绍了一种化学处理方法,在脱水、固化、稳定、中和、钝化的系统处理过程中,同时交叉进行物理、化学和热分解反应。利用这种方法处理含油及碳氢化合物污泥,能降低碳氢化合物废物中有毒有害成分的含量,使其毒性、危险性得到有效控制。该方法主要应用于石油化工、油田开发工业、煤加工工业、冶金工业等领域。     

A theory of chemicals regulation and testing

Risk management of chemicals requires information about their adverse effects such as toxicity and persistence, for example. Testing of chemicals allows for improving the information base for regulatory decision‐making on chemicals' production and use. Testing a large number of chemicals with limited time and resources forces a prioritization of chemicals. This paper proposes a decision model that provides a ranking of chemicals according to “urgency to test”. The model adopts a value‐of‐information approach describing the expected welfare gains from regulatory actions that respond to test information. We determine the value‐of‐information of tests revealing chemicals' levels of toxicity and persistence. We compare our findings to the prioritization of chemicals in the new European Chemicals Regulation “REACH”, where several tens of thousands of chemicals are to be tested in order to fill existing information gaps and to implement more effective risk management. We find that the main lines of chemicals' prioritization under REACH receive backing from our decision model. However, prioritization for testing can be further improved by accounting for testing costs and the sensitivity of regulatory action with respect to the test information.     

Risk characterization, assessment, and management of organic pollutants in beneficially used residual products

A wide array of organic chemicals occur in biosolids and other residuals recycled to land. The extent of our knowledge about the chemicals and the impact on recycling programs varies from high to very low. Two significant challenges in regulating these materials are to accurately determine the concentrations of the organic compounds in residuals and to appropriately estimate the risk that the chemicals present from land application or public distribution. This paper examines both challenges and offers strategies for assessing the risks related to the occurrence of organic compounds in residuals used as soil amendments. Important attributes that must be understood to appropriately characterize and manage the potential risks for organic chemicals in biosolids include toxicity and dose response, transport potential, chemical structure and environmental stability, analytical capability in the matrix of interest, concentrations and persistence in waste streams, plant uptake, availability from surface application versus incorporation, solubility factors, and environmental fate. This information is complete for only a few chemicals. Questions persist about the far greater number of chemicals for which toxicity and environmental behavior are less well understood. This paper provides a synopsis of analytical issues, risk assessment methodologies, and risk management screening alternatives for organic constituents in biosolids. Examples from experience in Wisconsin are emphasized but can be extrapolated for broader application.     

国内采油废水处理现状

从水污染的定义出发，依次介绍了采油废水的组成及特点、处理采油废水的难点及传统物化方法和生物法处理采油废水的现状。     

Assessing the application of an additive model to estimate toxicity of a complex effluent

A number of industries monitor levels of chemicals in their effluent, but few have undertaken prolonged biological monitoring of this wastewater. The focus of the present study was to determine whether past chemical data for effluent from a lead smelter could be used to estimate its past toxicity. Since the interactive effects of metals in effluents are often assumed to be additive, it was hypothesized that an additive model, 100/[sigma(metal concentration in effluent/EC50 for individual metal)], could be used to generate an EC50 from chemical data (where EC50 is the concentration of test material that affects 50% of the test organisms). To test the approach, a larval development toxicity test with the marine polychaete, Galeolaria caespitosa, was used to test 26 separate samples of effluent from a lead smelter, generating empirical EC50 values. EC50 values for each individual metal in the effluent were also generated using the larval development toxicity test. The concentrations of trace metals in each effluent sample were determined and, using the additive model, EC50 values were calculated. For the majority of effluent samples tested, the additive model underestimated toxicity, suggesting the presence of additional unidentified contaminants in the effluent samples. Additionally, a nonlinear rather than linear regression curve was found to best describe the relationship between the model and empirically derived EC50 values. This relationship was then used to estimate past trends in toxicity of the smelter effluent. Forty-eight percent of the variability in measured toxicity was explained by the model, with the model underestimating toxicity in the majority of samples.     

钻井废液毒性检测与评价研究

以几种典型钻井液体系为研究对象,分别选用成熟可靠的检测方法对其生物毒性、化学毒性和重金属含量进行分析,结果表明:部分钻井废液具有一定生物和化学毒性,其中,磺化体系钻井液在生物毒性和化学毒性方面均超标,应重点加强管理;低密度无固相体系和磺化体系钻井液中Hg和Cr元素存在不同程度的超标。