污水处理厂Carrousel氧化沟工艺研究

新会龙泉污水处理厂二期工程采用carrousel氧化沟工艺，经过一年的调试与运行，出水水质达到设计要求，部分指标优于设计标准。由于在Carrousel氧化沟工艺前端增设了厌氧池，有效地提高了Carrousel氧化沟工艺的脱氮除磷效果。     

改良型氧化沟污水处理技术

由北京桑德环境工程有限公司开发的改良型氧化沟污水处理技术,适用于市政污水处理。主要技术内容一、基本原理Carrousel 2000型氧化沟在沟体内存在缺氧区和好氧区,但不能很好地满足缺氧区要求的充足碳源和缺氧条件,因此,脱氮效果不是很好,同时无法去除污水中的磷。改良型氧化沟是在Carrousel 2000型氧化沟的基础上发展起来的,在Carrousel 2000型氧化沟前置厌氧段,污水经厌氧、缺氧、好氧交替运行,可以达到同时去除有机物、脱氮和除磷的目的,而且在这种交替运行状况下,丝状菌不宜生长繁殖,因此改良型Carrousel 2000氧化沟基本不存在污泥膨胀问题。     

氧化沟工艺处理城市污水的优化设计

文章主要介绍了氧化沟工艺的优化设计，对改良型卡罗塞尔（Carrousel）氧化沟的池型、工艺参数、核心设备进行了选型优化，并结合实例对改良型氧化沟技术的应用进行了较为全面的论述。     

玉米酒精废水的处理工艺与设计

针对酒精废水的COD高、温度高、SS高、pH低特点,主要介绍了酒精废水处理工艺路线和主要设计参数。采用高效MIC厌氧反应器和卡鲁塞尔氧化沟3000型,MIC有机负荷可达15kg CODCr/m3.d,CODCr去除率为85%以上,卡鲁塞尔氧化沟有机负荷为0.6kg CODCr/m3.d,CODCr去除率为93%以上,出水COD<150mg/L。厌氧所产生的沼气的回收价值抵去整个系统运行费用,每年可盈余1 300余万元。     

两种含不同T型氧化沟工艺的城市污水处理厂除磷脱氮效果分析

对两个采用不同T型氧化沟工艺的城市污水处理厂的工艺、除磷脱氮的效果进行了分析,提出T型氧化沟工艺在大型城市污水处理厂仍有良好的应用前景。     

UASB-氧化沟工艺处理酱油废水

根据酱油废水CODC r浓度高、可生物降解性好的特点,提出了采用UASB结合氧化沟的处理工艺流程,经实践证明是合理的。该技术的实际运行表明,废水的各项指标都能达到广东省《水污染物排放限值》（DB44/26-2001）第二时段一级排放标准,该法具有工艺运行稳定、维护简单、耐冲击负荷的特点。     

仿生态氧化沟在养殖废水后续处理中的应用

本文介绍了一种新型仿生态氧化沟工艺及其在养殖废水厌氧处理后的应用，该工艺吸收了氧化沟、接触氧化技术及人工湿地的特点，NH3-N、CODcr的去除率可分别达70％和60％。具有设计科学、构造简单、投资较省、管理方便、处理效果稳定等优点，在养殖废水后续处理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

生物氧化塘处理生活污水的实验研究

根据生活污水的特性,其所含污染物一般是浓度不太高的氮、磷及有机物,而且处理时要考虑城市的整体特性,才能选择出能平衡各方面的处理办法。其中生物氧化塘可能是合适的选择,它的处理负荷适当、费用低,一般的污水处理设施如SBR、氧化沟等建设及运行费用都比较高，用来处理污染物含量不太高的污水不经济。     

枣庄市城镇污水处理技术现状及对策

枣庄市污水处理厂正在加快建设步伐，一些新技术、新工艺得到了广泛应用，包括：氧化沟技术、AB生物处理技术、ICEAS工艺技术、OCO工艺技术和A／O技术。同时，也存在运行机制不顺、建设滞后、部分工业企业污水不能达标排放、运行费用偏高、运行费用严重不足等问题。因此，应采取一系列措施，如：对污水处理厂进行企业化改制，强化城市污水回用技术方面的研究，针对不同地区工业废水特点进行工艺优选，加大污水排污费征收等。     

卡鲁塞尔氧化沟处理中段和脱墨浆混合废水工艺

本文介绍了用卡鲁塞尔氧化沟处理中段和脱墨浆混合废水的工艺流程及其特点。     

Seeking Indigenous food sovereignty: origins of and responses to the food crisis in northern Manitoba,Canada

A food crisis confronts many Indigenous communities in northwestern Canada, as reflected by wide-scale food insecurity and diet-related disease. South-generated responses to this crisis generally disregard principles of Indigenous food sovereignty and are disengaged from concerns related to environmental and food justice. This study seeks to explore the needs and priorities of a First Nation (Misipawistik Cree Nation) and an associated Métis community (Grand Rapids) regarding existing and potential responses to the food crisis in northern Manitoba. Substantial changes to the traditional food system were initiated during the establishment of the reserve system in the 1800s and now extend to damage associated with hydro development. Responses to these changes were categorised according to themes and include the revival of country food traditions, individual and community gardens, agriculture in the North, and better quality imported foods. Regardless of response, decision-making needs to be community-driven, culturally appropriate, to reflect local priorities in order to effectively address the northern food crisis, and, ultimately, needs to work towards Indigenous food sovereignty to be effective.     

A Regional Cadmium Inventory: Interpretation and management

Local authorities in Sweden are responsible for the management of sewage treatment and municipal solid waste. Due to this, they handle large flows and stocks of materials and substances that may be harmful for the environment. However, knowledge about these flows is sometimes deficient. In addition, the capacity to influence the composition of these flows is mainly beyond the jurisdiction of the local authorities. Flow-oriented studies, such as substance flow analysis (SFA), have proven to be a useful tool in order to understand and quantify these flows. Furthermore, SFA is sometimes claimed to be beneficial to the process of decision making, since it generates comprehensive overviews of the substance in focus. However, quantification of stocks and flows of a certain substance does not necessarily provide sufficient information for environmental management on the local level. Hence, for SFA to further contribute to the environmental management process, there is also a need for development in the interpretation of the results. The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the discussion about (1) how to interpret the results from SFA and (2) how the results from an SFA can be used in environmental management by local authorities. A tentative framework for interpretation is discussed in the paper, focusing on five aspects: total material quantities, exposure to humans and the environment, resource economy, function and capacity to influence the substance flows. Furthermore, the paper discusses the suggested framework applied to results of a regional cadmium inventory.     

Incentives and regulations to reconcile conservation and development: thirty years of governance of the Sami pastoral ecosystem in Finnmark, Norway

Incentive-based mechanisms are regarded as efficient instruments to reconcile conservation and development. This win-win objective has been difficult to accomplish; cross-compliance has, therefore, been suggested as a mechanism to ensure sustainability. Cross-compliance, which requires producers to conform to production regulations and environmental standards to qualify for direct payments, has been a popular instrument in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reform. Since 1990, cross-compliance has been the main characteristic of policy design in Sami reindeer husbandry in Finnmark, Norway. All direct transfers to the Sami pastoralists have been connected to harvesting demands to decrease the number of reindeer and to conserve pastures. The content of these incentive-based mechanisms are decided through negotiated agreements with the Sami Reindeer Herders' Association of Norway (NRL), and the regulation of reindeer numbers and access to pastures are delegated to co-management boards. Despite the participation of the Sami pastoralists in shaping these policies, win-win objectives have not been achieved. Although the cross-compliance program could have been improved by payment for graded results, the lack of regulations by the administration or co-management boards is more likely to be the cause of failure to reach sustainability. Despite the long-term failures of the cross-compliance program, policies have been slow to change. We might attribute this delay to the NRL's strong position in the negotiated agreements. In general, we argue that the success of the cross-compliance program depends on a well-functioning governance system that can implement regulations and sanctions if incentives do not work as intended.     

BR-319: Brazil’s Manaus-Porto Velho Highway and the Potential Impact of Linking the Arc of Deforestation to Central Amazonia

Brazil’s BR-319 Highway linked Manaus, in the state of Amazonas, to Porto Velho, Rondônia, until it became impassable in 1988. Now it is proposed for reconstruction and paving, which would facilitate migration from the “Arc of Deforestation” in the southern part of the Amazon region to new frontiers farther north. The purpose of the highway, which is to facilitate transport to São Paulo of products from factories in the Manaus Free Trade Zone, would be better served by sending the containers by ship to the port of Santos. The lack of a land connection to Manaus currently represents a significant barrier to migration to central and northern Amazonia. Discourse regarding the highway systematically overestimates the highway’s benefits and underestimates its impacts. A variety of changes would be needed prior to paving the highway if these potential impacts are to be attenuated. These include zoning, reserve creation, and increased governance in various forms, including deforestation licensing and control programs. More fundamental changes are also needed, especially the abandonment of the long-standing tradition in Brazil of granting squatters’ rights to those who invade public land. Organizing Amazonian occupation in such a way that road construction and improvement cease to lead to explosive and uncontrolled deforestation should be a prerequisite for approval of the BR-319 and other road projects for which major impacts are expected. These projects could provide the impetus that is needed to achieve the transition away from appropriation of public land by both small squatters and by grileiros (large-scale illegal claimants). A delay in reconstructing the highway is advisable until appropriate changes can be effected.     

游客市场细分研究

了解游客需求是旅游产品规划、开发和市场营销的前提,把握客源市场的一个重要途径是进行市场细分。旅游企业针对不同的细分市场,采用不同的营销手段,提供相应的产品和服务,才能使游客拥有更好的旅游经历。根据四川省旅游游客的需求进行市场细分,采用聚类分析方法将游客市场分为6类:康乐型游客、享乐型游客、规矩型游客、消极型游客、商务型游客和求知型游客。在此基础上,分析了6类游客的人口特征及其市场营销的意义。     

Constructing the sustainable city: examining the role of sustainability in the ‘smart city’ discourse

The idea of the ‘smart city’ is increasingly central to debates on urban development and sustainability, and a host of cities are now pursuing ‘smartness’ as a way to improve energy efficiency, transport, and public services. However, existing research does not provide a clear picture of how this smart city agenda actually contributes to sustainability. The social science literature has been critical toward urban smartness, with most of the empirical research focusing on the politics of data-driven and entrepreneurial urbanism. This article seeks to contribute to this debate by empirically examining the role that sustainability plays in the smart city discourse. Its distinctive approach is to investigate how urban smartness and sustainability are framed by an authoritative institution (the European Union) and then to trace these framings down to a particular city (Stavanger, Norway). The data show that the smartness approach is strongly tied to innovation, technology, and economic entrepreneurialism, and sustainability does not appear to be a very important motivating driver. Nevertheless, the ‘sustainability component’ of the smart city agenda becomes clearer the closer we come to the city level.     

Biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) management strategy in Ireland: A comparison with some key issues in the BMW strategy being adopted in England

Due to increasing pressure from the European Union to meet recycling and recovery targets, (e.g. the packaging waste, waste electronic equipment and landfill directives), both the Irish and England's governments’ policy on waste management is changing to meet these pressures, with major emphasis upon the management of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW). In particular, the EU landfill directive requires reductions in the rate of biodegradable waste going to landfill to 35% by 2016. The objective of this paper is to examine how Ireland plans to meet this challenge and to compare the Irish strategy to that being adopted in England. The approach in England is driven by a clear understanding that the practice in the late 1990s was unlikely to ensure compliance with EU targets by the set dates. England has therefore developed a discrete, programme (Waste Implementation Programme) to drive a new approach, based on rigorous science and international best practice, which includes a Demonstrator Programme for new technologies. The dynamic, high cost, large scale programme in England stands in sharp contrast to that for Ireland and only future, detailed analysis of outcomes will be able to evaluate the cost effectiveness of each.     

企业低碳制造战略分类研究:以水泥企业为例

随着气候变化加剧,低碳发展已成为政府和学者关注的重要议题。降低工业碳排放成为实现我国经济可持续发展的当务之急。低碳制造战略是工业企业实现战略转型、应对碳排放约束和提升市场竞争力的可行策略之一,但企业低碳制造战略的研究正处于起步阶段,还缺乏低碳制造战略类型的认识。为此,本文在拓展企业制造战略竞争优先权结构要素的基础上,增加能源利用率和单位产品二氧化碳排放量为竞争优先权结构要素,构建低碳制造战略竞争优先权分类指标,由此探索企业低碳制造战略类型。本文以国内22个省(自治区、直辖市)所辖的137家水泥企业为研究对象,运用聚类分析方法,识别企业低碳制造战略的类型,结果表明:企业低碳制造战略可划分为三种类型,分别是设计者、看守者和低碳践行者。研究结果不仅有助于深入了解水泥企业低碳制造战略特点,为我国水泥企业低碳制造战略制定和实施提供决策依据,而且其理论成果也可推广至其他高耗能产业,创新引导企业有效实施基于产品全生命周期的企业低碳制造战略。     

BSE in the UK: Why the Risk Communication Strategy Failed

The 2000 BSE Inquiry report points out that the most serious failure of the UK Government was one of risk communication. This paper argues that the government's failure to communicate the risks BSE posed to humans to a large degree can be traced back to a lack of transparency in the first risk assessment by the Southwood Working Party. This lack of transparency ensured that the working party's risk characterization and recommendations were ambiguous and thus hard to interpret. It also meant that uncertainties were not addressed in a satisfactory way. In the recommendations, the attitude to uncertainty was implicit rather than explicit.The risk communication based on the report amplified these flaws. Most importantly, it did not address the uncertainty at all. Apparently, the reason for this was fear of overreaction by the public. However, the result was counter-productive, because the risk communication did not then appear trustworthy. Later risk assessments and risk communication omitted to correct these flaws. Indeed, the fact that, following receipt of new information, advisory experts and policy makers had changed their views of the risk to humans was never clearly communicated to the public. There seemed to be little faith in the public's ability to reach a balanced judgment regarding the uncertainties.In the concluding section of the paper, this analysis is compared with the food standards agency's (FSA's) approach to BSE. The intervention of this agency was seen as one of the more important efforts to restore consumer confidence in British beef. And the agency certainly appears to be committed to openness and to addressing scientific uncertainty. However, using the risk of BSE in sheep as a case study, the paper shows that transparency – i.e., the clear presentation of factual and normative claims and assumptions underlying advice, and openness about the reasoning based on these claims and assumptions – is less than fully achieved in the FSA's work.