基于文本量化的典型县域水污染治理政策工具变迁研究——以长兴县为例

以2000—2017年长兴县307份水污染治理政策文本为研究对象，基于文本量化方法研究该县水污染治理政策工具的变迁特征。结果显示：(1)2000—2017年，长兴县政策文件数量呈现震荡增加趋势，政策类型以实施方案、管理办法及指导意见等为主，政策主题则突出水环境综合管理、工业污染防治等相关内容；(2)强制命令型、组织推进型、市场经济型、社会参与型和自愿行动型5类政策工具的参考点占比分别为50.63%、28.17%、9.79%、7.91%和3.50%，具体政策手段以工程项目、职责分工、监管制度、经费支持和河长制度等为主；(3)“十五”至“十三五”期间，不同治水时期的政策主题及其发布主体的政策工具使用特征变化差异较小，强制命令型和组织推进型使用较多，且区域重大的水污染应急事件和省级重要的水污染治理战略提出会促使县级政府部门出台相关配套政策。研究表明，县域尺度水污染治理政策工具结构有待优化，水污染治理市场主体作用有待加强，社会参与水污染治理政策引导有待提高。     

美国环保产业发展政策对我国的启示

当今环保产业作为新兴战略产业在世界范围内迅速成长。美国作为全球环保产业的领头羊,其环保产业的发展离不开政府行之有效的发展政策。美国政府主要通过法律法规、税收、贷款、债券、基金、放宽出口管制、以外交促贸易等政策措施,促进了美国环保产业的技术创新、投融资及国际贸易。借鉴美国政策经验,我国应在环保产业管制政策、技术创新政策、财税政策、国际贸易政策上做出相应改进,以促进我国环保产业积极健康发展。     

论环保产业重点企业统计调查制度的建立

环保产业统计调查是了解产业发展现状、评估产业发展效益的重要手段,也是科学制订和实施环保产业政策的重要前提。现有的环保产业调查制度存在一定缺陷,有必要在原有制度的基础上探索建立环保产业重点企业统计调查制度,以常态化、规范化和高效化的统计调查,实现对环保产业重点企业发展状况的监测,预估产业整体现状,从而为产业分析和政策制定提供充分的依据。     

大力发展节能环保产业 让绿色成为发展的底色

正1节能环保产业的基本现状1.1节能环保产业的内涵节能环保产业是指为节约能源资源、发展循环经济、保护环境提供技术基础和装备保障的产业,包括节能产业、资源循环利用产业和环保产业,涉及节能环保技术与装备、产品和服务。1.2节能环保产业的特点(1)节能环保产业是典型的政策主导型、法规驱     

“十二五”规划视域下的节能环保产业发展

《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十二个五年规划纲要》、《国家环境保护“十二五”规划》、《国家环境保护标准“十二五”规划》、《“十二五”节能环保产业发展规划》等规划陆续颁布实施,将转变我国的经济增长方式放在了突出的位置,对今后的环保工作提出了要求、作出了部署,并明确了一系列政策举措,也对节能环保产业的发展方向、产业结构、政策支持进行了阐述,显示出节能环保产业具广阔的发展前景。     

我国环保投入财税政策的现状及启示

分析了我国环保投入财税政策的现状,对比国内外相应政策,指出现阶段我国环保财政存在投入仍然不足、投资结构不合理、财税政策对促进环保投入的效果不明显等问题;总结国外经验,提出应加大财政资金投入、综合运用多种财政工具以及深化环保税收政策的改革等对策,以促进我国环保产业稳健、迅速发展。     

国内规模最大的环保产业专业信息网──中国环保产业网简介

中国环保产业网是由中国环保产业协会与康裕同欣网络科技有限公司共同创建的国内首家环保产业专业网站。它广泛服务于国内外环保企业、科研院所、政府部门、环保产品用户、国内外投资商及各界人士,是环保产业中真正意义的、规模最大的一个专业性信息网站。它充分发挥信息来源广泛,拥有众多权威专家支持等优势,汇集大量的环保信息,为企业提供商机与展示自己的机会;为项目方提供网上招投标、网上采购等多方面服务,是因特网信息高速公路上一道亮丽的“绿色新干线”。中国环保产业网以环保信息为主线,创建了企事业单位库、技术与产品库、…     

我国发展节能环保产业的战略思考

节能环保产业既是节约能源、保护环境、实施可持续发展战略的重要物质基础和技术保障,也是世界各国未来经济发展中最具潜力的新增长点之一。本研究系统地界定了节能环保产业的概念及范畴,论述了节能环保产业的发展现状及存在的问题,分析了节能环保产业"十三五"期间以及未来的发展趋势,提出了促进中国节能环保产业发展的政策建议。     

国外环保产业的发展概况及启示

分析了欧洲和亚洲环保产业发展的概况,以德国、瑞士、日本、韩国为例,从其对环保产业的界定、取得的成就、政府支持政策等方面探讨了国外环保产业的发展特点,从而为云南省环保产业的发展找寻借鉴价值。     

再制造产品评价指标体系与评价方法研究

再制造产业是我国节能环保战略新兴产业的重要组成部分,对于破解经济发展的资源和环境约束具有重要意义。本文系统调研和分析了国内外再制造标准的制定、修订现状,提出了再制造产品评价的现实需求;创新性地提出了再制造产品的评价指标体系,包括定性评价指标和定量评价指标;针对我国再制造产业的发展现状和阶段,提出了具有较强适用性的评价方法。本研究将为制定相关国家标准和产业政策提供技术依据和决策参考。     

荷兰《环境与规划法》改革方向及其政策启示

荷兰《环境与规划法》着眼于可持续发展,以保障环境质量为核心,以政策循环为理论方法,以政策工具为手段,实现荷兰环境和规划领域的法典化,对于我国当前环境管理亟须解决的法规重叠、权力交叉、程序复杂等问题具有重要借鉴意义。本文在荷兰《环境与规划法》立法背景的基础上,梳理荷兰《环境与规划法》的改革方向,以期探究其对于我国构建和完善环境管理法律体系的政策启示:构建生态环境空间管控体系;运用政策循环和政策工具整合完善生态环境空间管控体系;深化简政放权,坚持放管并重;增强公众参与环境管理的主动意识。     

Review and challenges of policies of environmental protection and sustainable development in China

China is confronted with the dual task of developing its national economy and protecting its ecological environment. Since the 1980s, China's policies on environmental protection and sustainable development have experienced five changes: (1) progression from the adoption of environmental protection as a basic state policy to the adoption of sustainable development strategy; (2) changing focus from pollution control to ecological conservation equally; (3) shifting from end-of-pipe treatment to source control; (4) moving from point source treatment to regional environmental governance; and (5) a turn away from administrative management-based approaches and towards a legal means and economic instruments-based approach. Since 1992, China has set down sustainable development as a basic national strategy. However, environmental pollution and ecological degradation in China have continued to be serious problems and have inflicted great damage on the economy and quality of life. The beginning of the 21st century is a critical juncture for China's efforts towards sustaining rapid economic development, intensifying environmental protection efforts, and curbing ecological degradation. As the largest developing country, China's policies on environmental protection and sustainable development will be of primary importance not only for China, but also the world. Realizing a completely well-off society by the year 2020 is seen as a crucial task by the Chinese government and an important goal for China's economic development in the new century, however, attaining it would require a four-fold increase over China's year 2000 GDP. Therefore, speeding up economic development is a major mission during the next two decades and doing so will bring great challenges in controlling depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution. By taking a critical look at the development of Chinese environmental policy, we try to determine how best to coordinate the relationship between the environment and the economy in order to improve quality of life and the sustainability of China's resources and environment. Examples of important measures include: adjustment of economic structure, reform of energy policy, development of environmental industry, pollution prevention and ecological conservation, capacity building, and international cooperation and public participation.     

Rare earth elements in China: Policies and narratives of reinventing an industry

After top producer China decided in 2010 to tighten its export quotas for rare earth elements (REE), major customers feared being cut off from the valuable metals. The trade dispute intensified when the EU, the USA, and Japan brought the case before the WTO. The export controls raise questions about China’s intentions and strategies. This article argues that China’s export policy should not be viewed in isolation. The export controls are embedded in a greater transformation of the strategic REE industry. Beijing promotes a broad set of policies, including industry reorganization, resource conservation, and environmental protection. Next, the article examines three narratives that may be constitutive of the Chinese policy. Findings indicate that the geopolitical narrative, which sees natural resources as instruments of power politics, can be only partly attributed to China’s REE policies. The major driving motives are domestic concerns for resource conservation and environmental protection, as well as the development of competitive downstream industries.     

A comparison of new economic methods in USSR environmental policy with western approaches

Previous comparative studies on environmental policies in the East and West mainly focused on relating differing features of environmental management to different political, social/economic, and ideological conditions in both systems. The present article attempts to identify common experiences. In this respect, an obvious similarity can be seen in the fact that environmental management in the East and West emerged as a regulatory “command and control” approach, which was supplemented later by economic incentives. The 1988 USSR Resolution “On the Radical Transformation of the System of Natural Conservation” introduces a set of economic instruments as one of its main elements. This is less a radical change of environmental policy than a determined acceleration of previous approaches. Existing and newly designed economic methodologies provoke a comparison with similar approaches in market economies. The economic methods designed in the 1988 resolution include charges for the use of natural resources and the emission of pollutants, which are notable for their firm commitment to reduce emissions even below set regulatory standards. While experiences with this approach may be of great interest for Western countries, liability regulations of the United States can be of great use for designing relevant provisions implementing the USSR resolution. A number of bilateral treaties have demonstrated already the political relevance of an East-West exchange of experience in environmental management.     

运用价格杠杆，促进环境保护产业的发展

环境保护产业作为“朝阳产业”,正在成为新的经济增长点。应运用价格杠杆,在建设骨干企业集团、健全环境保护产品市场体系、排污收费制度、价格信息服务等方面,推动环保产业的发展     

Policies to promote sustainable consumption: Innovative approaches in Europe

Policy-makers are increasingly recognising that the promotion of more sustainable consumption patterns is an indispensable prerequisite for achieving sustainable development in the long term. Policy documents and action plans have been published, and a wide array of policy instruments has been implemented with the aim of reducing the environmental and social burdens of consuming goods and services. But what are the latest trends and innovative approaches in sustainable consumption (SC) policies? What could be learnt for future policy-making? Based on an overview of European policy instruments and several case studies, the paper discusses instructive examples of SC policy instruments, in particular the Danish information campaign "One Tonne Less", the Dutch tax incentive scheme "Green Funds", the British "Red/Green calculator", and the pan-European internet platform "TopTen". Important features of novel policies — such as adaptability and collective action — are identified, and recommendations for future policies are presented. The recommendations refer to the foundation of SC policies, to the specific approach taken, to the applied instruments, and to the proper documentation of the implemented policies.     

Why pollution standards are preferred by industries: pragmatism and rent-seeking behaviour

Regulatory instruments in environmental policy have strongraison d'etre. They still dominate the instruments selected by policy makers. Even with the growing interest in the use of economic instruments, in theory, empirical studies and policy, industries tend to prefer command-and-control as a practical instrument in pollution control. Polluters often assume they have more influence on regulation than on setting effluent charge levels. The industry can be better off under the regulatory standard than an imposed effluent charge when the total cost of abatement to the industry is considered. The higher costs to the industry make effluent charges less attractive. In practice, generally a mixed environmental policy is used in which regulations dominate. This choice has been based on effectiveness, economic efficiency and political acceptability. By simulating the abatement cost function, it was found that marketable permits offer an attractive system of pollution control when the scope of variation in abatement levels is evident. Unfortunately, at higher levels of abatement, the benefits of this system are small and insufficient to justify any regulatory reform. Thus, with a pragmatic approach coupled with a rent-seeking behaviour of the polluters, a shift to the use of economic instruments is neither likely nor desirable even when administrative and transactions costs are not considered.Dr Khalid Abdul Rahim is currently a lecturer in the Faculty of Economics and Management at the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia. He is also a visiting Fellow at the Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia, in Kuala Lumpur, and the Thematic Network Coordinator in the UNEP Network for Environmental Training at tertiary Level in Asia and the Pacific (NET-TLAP).     

Institutional, Legal, and Economic Instruments in Ghana's Environmental Policy

The environmental situation in Ghana is characterized by desertification, land degradation, deforestation, soil erosion, and inadequate water supply in the northern regions of the country. The population as a whole is growing at a rate of 3% per annum, with even greater urban growth rates, due to rural out-migration. Large parts of the coastal zone in the south are rapidly developing to become one large suburbanized area. Water quality is particularly threatened in the urban and industrialized areas, which are mainly located in the southern part of the country. The coastal lagoons and coastal waters are moderately to heavily polluted. Erosion extends along the whole Ghanaian coast with excesses, for example, in the Keta area, where during the last century over 90% of the original buildings have been washed awayby the sea. The obvious environmental consequences of the mining sector are illustrative of the environmental threats caused by a fast growing industry and industrializing agriculture, in a country where environmental policy is only in its formative years. Desertification, food insecurity and coastal erosion all contribute to an increasing number of environmental refugees. Environmental policy in Ghana is a post-Rio phenomenon. Environmental laws, a Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, an advisory National Committee for the Implementation of Agenda 21, and a fully mandated environmental administration have been established. This administration advocates a progressive attitude towards environmental legislation and points out the specific utility of economic and legal instruments in environmental management in this relatively fast developing country. The choice of instruments for environmental management is increasingly influenced by the specific state of African environmental and technological capacity and by a call for the recognition of the role of traditional customs in nature conservation. This African perspective on environmental management is further intensified by an unmet need for regional, transboundary cooperation in the West African subcontinent. This specific West African context calls for an elaboration of an effective capacity-building program for environmental management in the area.     

中美环保产业对比分析研究

基于对中美两国环保产业的内涵、法律法规、经济政策及市场化发展情况等方面的比较和分析,探讨了中美两国环保产业发展中存在的异同点,针对我国环保产业发展中存在的不足提出了加快我国环保产业发展的政策建议。