福建省经济系统物质流分析研究

运用物质流分析(MFA)方法,对福建省经济系统在1990~2008年间的物质输入与输出进行系统地分析,探讨了福建省经济发展与环境压力的关系。研究结果表明,福建省"资源高投入"的粗放型经济发展模式没有实现根本转变。主要结论有:(1)福建省物质输入量不断上升,能源需求急剧增长;(2)隐藏流不断增加,矿产资源地生态包袱不断增大;(3)区域过程排放缓慢上升,大气污染物排放为主要推动因子;(4)物质需求强度有反弹趋势,经济发展与物质需求出现扩张性"复钩"。最后,对福建省经济可持续发展提出了大力提高资源能源利用率、推进循环经济发展、优化产业结构、继续强化环境综合整治等建议。     

湿法炼锌循环经济产业链设计及指标

湿法炼锌属于高污染、高能耗行业之一。随着市场竞争日益激烈以及社会对资源节约和环境保护的重视,锌冶炼生产企业必须实现可持续发展,走出传统的"资源消费—产品—废物排放"的直线型经济增长模式。针对湿法炼锌工艺特点,运用循环经济的基本理论,利用主链、支链、延链和补链设计出针对湿法炼锌的循环经济产业链网,并以某10×104t锌冶炼企业为例,分析了该产业链网中的物流和能流,提出了湿法炼锌企业的循环经济产业链指标。     

养殖业和种植业相互关系的探讨

前言农业生产系统的功能,实质上是农业资源的利用效率。农业资源产生的物质流、能量流、实物流和价值,按照一定的规律,通过农业生态、技术、经济这三个主要子系统进行循环。农业生产系统的结构是其功能的基础,不同的结构具有不同的功能。我们对个体农民基本情况的调查和实地实验测定,证明农业生产中的养殖业和种植业,是互为条     

浅议新疆甜菜制糖产品生态设计潜力

简要介绍了新疆制糖企业概况及产品生态设计的基本概念,分析了新疆甜菜制糖生产存在的主要问题,通过新疆开展制糖产品生态设计水平分析,找出新疆制糖企业在原料的品质和使用、工艺优化、技术设备更新、资源、能源循环与利用、企业管理等方面的差距,以此说明新疆甜菜制糖产品开展生态设计的潜力。     

山东省耕地资源利用效率研究

通过建立耕地资源利用的投入产出指标体系,选取2005—2017年相关数据,运用数据包络分析方法,基于CCR与BCC模型计算山东省耕地利用效率;基于自然断裂点分级法对山东省17地市的耕地利用效率进行空间分析。结果表明:2005—2017年山东省耕地资源利用效率较高,农业生产技术要素投入较大;综合效率值与纯技术效率值走向基本一致,纯技术效率值始终高于规模效率值,且纯技术效率值贡献较大;山东省耕地资源利用效率空间差异较为显著。     

综合型生态工业园生态产业链构建探析——以张家港经济技术开发区为例

园区产业链的结构将决定整个园区工业生态系统的稳定性和可持续性,研究产业链的结构对于促进生态工业园的健康发展具有重要的现实意义。以张家港经济技术开发区为研究对象,利用循环经济、生态工业学和产业链的相关理论与研究方法,在根据其产业发展定位和开发区现状研究的基础上,提出了张家港经济技术开发区的生态产业链总体结构,并根据现代纺织服装业、现代装备制造业、新材料产业、新能源产业这四个主导产业对张家港经济技术开发区生态产业链进行了具体设计,从物质流、能量流、信息流等方面进行了补充完善,从而为张家港经济技术开发区生态工业园建设提供理论参考。     

基于能值生态足迹的宁夏可持续发展分析

采用区域平均能值密度计算生态足迹和生态承载力,更好贴合区域资源能源的真实供给与需求。利用能值生态足迹模型,分析2008—2017年宁夏的可持续发展情况及其经济与生态环境的依存度和趋势。结果表明:(1) 10年间宁夏人均生态承载力弱而稳定,生态赤字呈扩大趋势;(2)宁夏生态足迹指数较低,2015年后稍有回升,宁夏可持续发展能力波动幅度大;(3)资源能源利用效率提升,生态协调能力具有充足的改善空间。     

经济—环境系统物质流分析——以四川某地区为例

本文运用物质流计算理论与方法,以四川省某市的一个行政区为例,计算并分析了其2004年至2007年具体物质代谢过程。结果表明:随着城市化水平提高和国民经济的发展,其对外资源的依赖程度不断增加,物质消耗强度趋向全国平均水平,资源利用效率同全国其他地方一样有所提高,但经济发展模式还没有实现根本转变。     

昌吉市高新技术产业开发区循环经济模式探索及研究

传统开发区内,资源的流动是一些相互不发生关系的线性物质流的叠加,出入系统的物质流远远大于内部交互的物质流,因而造成经济活动的＂高开采、低利用、高排放＂特征,即＂大量生产、大量消费和大量废弃＂[1]。而发展循环经济,是我国贯彻落实科学发展观、建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的重大战略选择[。2]目前新型开发区产业发展,则要求按照循环经济的理念,积极探索发展循环经济之路。本文以昌吉市高新技术产业开发区为例,研究其循环经济模式,为其他开发区设计和发展提供有益的经验和建议。     

黄土高原生态修复衍生产业的生产效率研究——以延安市苹果产业为例

以延安市为例,构建以生态环境、社会经济、生态治理和产业发展组成的延安苹果生产效率驱动体系,通过通径分析,研究1994—2015年苹果生产效率及其驱动因素、各子系统特征及其交互影响。结果表明:①延安苹果生产效率整体呈上升趋势,4个子系统增幅为:产业发展生态治理社会经济生态环境。②产业发展与社会经济相关性最大,社会经济与生态环境无显著相关,各子系统与苹果生产效率相关性为:社会经济产业发展生态治理生态环境。③苹果生产效率的直接驱动因素为社会经济,产业发展、生态环境和生态治理主要呈现为间接作用。通过加强生态治理投入、农民培训、品种改良建立自主性合作社及新型产业化模式,促进苹果产业发展。     

A Method to Assess and Define Environmental Flow Rules for Large Jurisdictional Regions1

Snelder, Ton, Doug Booker, and Nicolas Lamouroux, 2011. A Method to Assess and Define Environmental Flow Rules for Large Jurisdictional Regions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):828‐840. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00556.x Abstract: Hydrological rules of thumb are used across jurisdictional regions to set minimum flows and allocation limits that apply by default (i.e., when more detailed site‐scale studies have not been carried out). Uniform rules do not account for spatial variation in environmental characteristics, resulting in inconsistent consequences for the protection of ecosystems, and the reliability of water resources. We developed a method for assessing hydrological rules of thumb that describes their consequences for protection of the ecosystem (in terms of retention of physical habitat) and the reliability of the water resource. The method links regionalized flow duration curves, at‐station hydraulic geometry, and generalized physical habitat models to make assessments at many locations across a region. The method estimates, for a given set of rules, the retained physical habitat for specified taxa/life stages and the proportion of the time abstractions are restricted. We applied the method to assess a set of rules that are proposed as default minimum flows and allocation limits for New Zealand rivers. The assessment showed that the minimum flow rules had variable consequences. The method could be used to quantify the tradeoff between environmental protection and water resources availability and reliability.     

EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON BASE FLOW OF SELECTED SOUTH-SHORE STREAMS,LONG ISLAND,NEW YORK1

ABSTRACT: Hydrograph analysis of six streams on the south shore of Long Island indicates that eastward urbanization during the last three decades has significantly reduced base flow to streams. Before urbanization, roughly 95 percent of total annual stream flow on Long Island was base flow. In urbanized southwestern Nassau County, storm water sewerage, increased impervious surface area, and sanitary sewerage have reduced base flow to 20 percent of total stream flow. In an adjacent urbanized but unsewered area in southeastern Nassau County, base flow has decreased to 84 percent of total annual stream flow. In contrast, base flow in two streams in rural areas has remained virtually constant, averaging roughly 95 percent of total annual flow throughout the 1955-70 study period. Double-mass curve analysis of base flow as a percentage of total annual stream flow indicates that (1) changes in stream flow characteristics began in the early 1960's in the sewered area and in the late 1960's in the later urbanized, unsewered area, and (2) a new equilibrium has been established between the streams in the sewered area and the new hydrologic characteristics of their urbanized drainage basins.     

KINEMATIC FLOW ON LONG IMPERMEABLE PLANES1

An analysis of more than 200 overland flow hydrographs generated by simulated rainfall on long impermeable planes showed that kinematic waves prevailed over dynamic waves. Although laminar flow appears to occur at low flows, most flows appear to be either in the transition from the laminar to the turbulent state or in a fully developed turbulent state. Location of the laminar-turbulent transition could not be explained in terms of Reynolds number alone. The transition was significantly affected by rainfall intensity-a factor which rendered quantification of the transition indeterminate. However, the error involved in treating all flows as turbulent would be small with the resulting analysis made considerably less complex.     

CHANNEL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT BY THERMODILUTION1

ABSTRACT: An investigation was conducted to determine the feasibility of applying thermodilution technology to discharge measurements in small open channels. A series of tests were performed in which the time-temperature dilution curves were recorded and analyzed. The independent variables included the channel discharge, the injectate drop height, the volume of tracer, and the mixing distance. Flows ranged from 0.67 cfs to 2.45 cfs with Froude numbers less than 0.30. The results indicated that the thermodilution technique is a feasible method for discharge measurement. It was determined that a heat content, 1°, of 40°C provides a design criteria in which the mixing distance was related to the flow depth and discharge in a rectangular channel. An empirical expression was derived to determine the approximate mixing distance as a function of the flow depth.     

EFFECT OF SURFACE MINING ON STORM FLOW AND PEAK FLOW FROM SIX SMALL BASINS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY1

ABSTRACT: Hydrologic records from six small Eastern Kentucky watersheds were analyzed to determine the effect of surface mining on storm flows and peak flows. Average storm flow volumes were not changed by surface mining, whereas average peak flows were increased 36 percent. Peak flow increases were only in the summer. Smaller peak flows are doubled; moderate ones are increased by about a third; peak flows around 100 csm seem to be largely unaffected; and the larger peak flows may have been reduced by surface mining. The maximum annual storm flows, usually in winter or spring, appeared slightly reduced. No time trend in either storm flows or peak flows could be detected in five years of postmining record. Surface mining is not a serious floodwater discharge problem.     

FLOW ROUTING MODELS FOR STREAM SYSTEM STUDIES1

ABSTRACT. Studies to determine frequency characteristics of regulated streams at points within a stream system require the use of flow routing models. This study compares several different flow routing methods using data from six river reaches. Results indicate that approximate flow routing methods yield good flow estimates when compared with observed flows. The unit response method, recently introduced, performed as well as other approximate methods for all reaches studied and gave better results for reaches subject to power releases.     

Estimation of Daily Streamflow of Southeastern Coastal Plain Watersheds by Combining Estimated Magnitude and Sequence

Commonly used methods to predict streamflow at ungauged watersheds implicitly predict streamflow magnitude and temporal sequence concurrently. An alternative approach that has not been fully explored is the conceptualization of streamflow as a composite of two separable components of magnitude and sequence, where each component is estimated separately and then combined. Magnitude is modeled using the flow duration curve (FDC), whereas sequence is modeled by transferring streamflow sequence of gauged watershed(s). This study tests the applicability of the approach on watersheds ranging in size from about 25‐7,226 km² in Southeastern Coastal Plain (U.S.) with substantial surface storage of wetlands. A 19‐point regionalized FDC is developed to estimate streamflow magnitude using the three most selected variables (drainage area, hydrologic soil index, and maximum 24‐h precipitation with a recurrence interval of 100 years) by a greedy‐heuristic search process. The results of validation on four watersheds (Trent River, North Carolina: 02092500; Satilla River, Georgia: 02226500; Black River, South Carolina: 02136000; and Coosawhatchie River, South Carolina: 02176500) yielded Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency values of 0.86‐0.98 for the predicted magnitude and 0.09‐0.84 for the predicted daily streamflow over a simulation period of 1960‐2010. The prediction accuracy of the method on two headwater watersheds at Santee Experimental Forest in coastal South Carolina was weak, but comparable to simulations by MIKE‐SHE.     

Return to the River: Environmental Flow Policy in the United States and Canada1

Abstract: This paper provides an overview and summary of United States and Canadian federal, state, and provincial laws that offer some form of legal protection for environmental flows. Special attention is given to the new “second generation” law established in Texas and to ways western states are beginning to encourage transactions that help restore dewatered streams. Progress in the eastern states and some Canadian provinces to provide environmental flow protection is addressed. Based on this review, this paper presents recommended elements of a “model” environmental flow policy.     

EFFECTS OF LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE ON SURFACE WATERS IN WADDELL VALLEY1

ABSTRACT: Waddell Creek is a perennial stream near Santa Cruz, California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean about 38 km from the epicenter of the Loma Prieta earthquake (October 17, 1989, M 7.1). The earthquake caused no significant changes or damage to structures or surface features in the area, but was followed by an order of magnitude transient increase in discharge of Waddell Creek and nearby springs. The transients approximate a step rise followed by an exponential recession with time constants of from 37 to 59 days. The flow recession pattern of Waddell Creek was obscured by heavy rains after about 50 days; however, the springs maintained an exponential recession with minimal rain interference for periods of several time constants, then abruptly ceased flowing. A comparison of the pre-quake and post-quake chemical signature of one of the springs shows only minor changes in water chemistry indicating a common source for pre- and post-quake waters. Increased permeability of the subsurface ground material appears to be the most probable cause of the hydrologic changes. Post-seismic reduction of permeability has not been observed or inferred.     

FLOW CAPACITY OF CULVERTS ON OREGON COAST RANGE FOREST ROADS1

ABSTRACT: One hundred twenty-eight stream-crossing culverts in the central Oregon Coast Range were evaluated for peak flow capacity and were compared with current design guidelines. Their ability to pass the 25-year peak flow, as mandated by Oregon State Forest Practice Rules, and their maximum flow capacity were determined. Over 40 percent of the culverts were unable to pass the 25-year peak flow at a headwater to diameter ratio of 1. About 17 percent could not pass the 25-year peak flow without headwater overtopping the roadfill. Installing the next larger pipe size at an additional original installation cost of about 14 percent would have allowed nearly all these culverts to pass the 25-year peak flow. Culvert capacity varied with ownership and watershed size.