新疆CDM项目的开发状况与前景分析

随着世界经济的进一步发展,能源的需求量持续增加,CO2的排放量还将持续增长.温室气体排放带来的气候变暖问题会进一步加剧。清洁发展机制(CDM)是在《京都议定书》框架下,发达国家与发展中国家就碳减排进行合作的重要机制.发展中国家通过CDM可以获得实现节能减排的资金援助和先进技术,促进国家的经济发展和环境的可持续发展。就新疆CDM项目的发展状况、国际碳市场的前景,以及新疆CDM项目开发存在的问题和解决方法方面进行了探讨。     

排污权交易在嘉兴实现“落地”

清洁发展机制，就是碳排放交易机制（CDM）其实也是一种类似排污权交易的减排形式。CDM（Clean Development Mechanism），是《京都议定书》中引入的三个灵活履约机制之一。已完成工业革命的发达国家应对全球变暖承担更多的历史责任，因此，《京都议定书》只给工业化国家制定了减排任务，但没有对发展中国家作这个要求。发达国家通过在发展中国家实施具有温室气体减排效果的项目，把项目所产生的温室气体减少的排放量作为履行京都议定书所规定的一部分义务。     

清洁发展机制(CDM)项目在青藏高原的实施意义

青藏高原是全球气候上的一个独特区域。清洁发展机制(CDM)是一个基于市场的灵活机制,其核心内容是允许发达国家与发展中国家合作,在发展中国家实施温室气体减排项目。在该地区实施清洁发展机制(CDM)项目同样具有特殊意义。     

新疆水电资源开发与清洁发展机制(CDM)项目开展

新疆水利资源丰富,具有开发水电的天然资源优势。清洁发展机制是建立在《京都议定书》下的国际合作机制。发达国家和发展中国家可以通过清洁发展机制,实现温室气体的减排和可持续发展。结合目前水电开发面临的实际形势,并根据我区能源开发总体规划布局,对水电CDM项目开发活动进行统筹协调,进一步促进新疆水电的快速、有序、均衡、协调发展。     

利用清洁发展机制促进可持续发展

清洁发展机制（CDM）是《京都议定书》确定的实现温室气体减排目标的3种灵活机制之一。简要介绍了清洁发展机制的产生背景、核心内容、操作程序以及国内外CDM项目开发现状，进而从可持续发展战略的实施、外资利用、技术引进三个方面阐述了清洁发展机制对促进我国可持续发展的作用与意义，并对促进四川CDM项目开发提出了几点建议。     

清洁发展机制(CDM)及其在新疆的开发潜力

简要介绍了清洁发展机制(CDM)及我国政府对推进CDM项目的要求,对国内外开展CDM项目的现状进行了简述。根据《京都议定书》要求及新疆的具体情况,分析了CDM在新疆的潜力,认为新疆开展CDM项目优先领域为:煤田灭火、提高能源效率、建筑节能、可再生能源利用、造林,以减排CO2为主;预计2008—2012年CO2减排量为1 785×104t,可带来8.9亿元~12.5亿元人民币的CERs收益,CDM项目潜力较大。在减排CO2同时,SO2、TSP排放量相应减少,从而促进大气环境质量的改善。     

CDM对促进浙江省畜禽废弃物回收利用的节能减排潜力研究

在国内外研究工作的基础上,介绍了畜禽废弃物的各种有效利用途径,简述了我国的畜禽废弃物利用状况,对浙江省畜禽养殖场开展清洁发展机制项目活动做了具体调查和潜力研究,量化了浙江省通过畜禽废弃物沼气发电CDM项目活动对于节能减排所能起到的促进作用。研究结果显示,浙江省每年畜禽养殖业产生粪尿总量达到523.94万t,污水总量达到1554.25万t,预计每年可减排CO2372.9万t,预计发电总装机容量可达100MW,基于CDM的沼气发电项目在节能减排方面发展潜力巨大。     

油田企业节能减排的实践与探索

实施节能减排是建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的重要举措,具有重要的现实意义和深远的历史意义。油田企业采取一系列措施,建立和完善各项节能减排制度,通过总结油田节能减排工作实践,提出下步节能减排的工作目标和指导思想,建议要突出工作重点,尤其是要推进能源节约、推行污染减排、加强资源综合利用、促进节水等方面,实现全方位节能减排。同时,应制定中长期工作规划,采取示范工程、开展创建活动、加快体制机制建设、强化基础工作、加大监督检查力度等措施,为企业实现又好又快发展提供政策、体制、机制保障。     

推行清洁发展机制 实现可持续发展

近100年来,由于大气中温室气体排放量的增加,全球气温持续增高,这不但引起了全球生态失衡,而且将威胁人类社会的生存与发展,为此,1992年,在联合国环发大会上,包括中国在内的160多个国家签署了《气候变化框架公约》;1997年,在《公约》缔约国第3次大会上,制定了限制发达国家排放温室气体的《京都议定书》,并于2005年2月16日生效。清洁发展机制(CDM)是在京都议定书中建立的一个国际合作机制,通过该机制工业化国家政府以及商业组织可对发展中国家进行环境友好项目/技术的投资,从而帮助发展中国家实现可持续发展,将所合作的CDM项目产生的温室…     

中国低碳化背景下的农业CDM发展

处于城市化、工业化发展转型期,经济增长快速且环境荷载具有刚性的中国而言,走低碳化道路已经成为当前的必然选择.未来一段时期,不仅工业和城市要承担减排义务,农业同样肩负重任.作为发展中国家的发展中地区,农村推行CDM的作用显著,以农村为依托的农业执行CDM的意义深远.在CDM基础上,针对中国农业生态环境,通过总结农业发展CDM的内部条件和外部环境因素提出相关对策建议.     

山东省生物质CDM项目现状分析

本文对山东省内生物质利用CDM项目进行了讨论。生物质的利用是解决农村秸秆处理问题的有效途径，同时也减少了秸秆腐烂过程中的温室气体排放。尽管山东省生物质CDM项目进展顺利，但开发过程中仍存在一定的问题。本文在对山东生物质CDM项目分析的基础上，提出了发展生物质CDM项目和减少温室气体排放的建议。     

General equilibrium effects of a supply side GHG mitigation option under the Clean Development Mechanism

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is considered a key instrument to encourage developing countries' participation in the mitigation of global climate change. Reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through the energy supply and demand side activities are the main options to be implemented under the CDM. This paper analyses the general equilibrium effects of a supply side GHG mitigation option-the substitution of thermal power with hydropower--in Thailand under the CDM. A static multi-sector general equilibrium model has been developed for the purpose of this study. The key finding of the study is that the substitution of electricity generation from thermal power plants with that from hydropower plants would increase economic welfare in Thailand. The supply side option would, however, adversely affect the gross domestic product (GDP) and the trade balance. The percentage changes in economic welfare, GDP and trade balance increase with the level of substitution and the price of certified emission reduction (CER) units.     

Sustainable development in the Clean Development Mechanism: the role of Designated National Authority in China and India

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) emerged under the Kyoto Protocol to facilitate collaboration between developed and developing countries in order to mitigate greenhouse gases. The CDM allows developed countries to receive credits towards meeting their obligatory targets by investing in emission reduction projects in developing countries. The countries are required to set up a Designated National Authority (DNA) to approve the CDM projects. This paper examines the role of the DNA in ensuring sustainable development, using the empirical case of China and India. Three aspects of the DNA's role are examined: the institutional structure, the policy context and the CDM project market. All three aspects highlight the important role of the DNA in meeting the countries' sustainable development priorities.     

Mitigation paths for Chinese iron and steel industry to tackle global climate change

Based on a recognition of the essence of climate change and the pressure on China to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, this paper interprets the important role that the Chinese iron and steel industry may play in managing emissions. Through an investigation of the key sources of GHG emissions in the Chinese iron and steel industry, a comparison of the current Chinese and international situations, and a survey of the technology and methods available for reducing GHG emissions, and their application in China, the authors analyze the major issues currently faced by the Chinese iron and steel industry, and propose the following four approaches through which the industry might reduce its GHG emissions: (1) encouragement of clean development mechanism (CDM) projects, mainly involving secondary energy reuse, to provide capital and technology for GHG reduction activities in China; (2) stimulation of the social responsibility-based voluntary carbon market (VCM) to increase the long-term benefits for the Chinese iron and steel industry from emission reductions; (3) undertaking of strict energy auditing to help enterprises establish appropriate emission reduction targets and formulate reasonable plans; (4) promotion of emission reduction-oriented investment within the industry to obtain profits from project operation, while at the same time gaining extra compensation for emission reductions. More specifically, the design of each of these approaches should take into consideration the related economic factors and incentive mechanisms.     

二氧化碳捕获和存储作为清洁发展机制项目的潜力与障碍分析

本文目的在于讨论和分析二氧化碳捕获和储存技术项目（CCS）作为清洁发展机制（CDM）项目的障碍和机遇。CCS被视为减少CO2人为排放量的选择方案之一，但在发展中国家，该技术面临着政策、成本和技术上的挑战。对这些国家而言，CDM几乎是发展CCS的唯一动机。本文分析了CCS作为CDM项目面临的项目边界、持久性、渗漏和可持续发展性的问题，并展望了未来的发展趋势。     

Greenhouse gas emissions and energy balance of sunflower biodiesel: Identification of its key factors in the supply chain

The production of first generation biofuels, such as sunflower-based biodiesel, is potentially an option for diversifying the energy matrix in several South American countries. However, biofuels present environmental challenges, especially concerning the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study, using a life-cycle approach, evaluates the GHG emissions and energy balance of the future nationwide production of sunflower-based biodiesel in Chile. Direct land use change is included in the analysis. The overall findings indicate that sunflower biodiesel, under the most likely production conditions, will have better environmental performance than fossil diesel in terms of both indicators. The agricultural stage is associated to key factors such as land use change, and nitrogen fertilizers. These factors contribute significantly to GHG emissions or energy demand in the biodiesel life cycle. The sensitivity analysis shows that no GHG emission saving could occur if nitrogen fertilizers rate exceeds 330 kg N/ha. In order to reduce the environmental impacts of this biofuel, improvement measures are suggested.     

我国炼化企业温室气体减排及CDM项目开展情况分析

我国炼化企业是高耗能高污染企业,温室气体排放量大而分散,减排潜力巨大。目前我国炼化企业比较重视废气的治理,如SOx,对于温室气体减排工作的研究投入力度相对较小,CDM项目很少且主要集中于N2O减排CDM项目。考虑到第一承诺期结束以后我国可能需要承担减排任务,单纯N2O减排将不能满足我国的温室气体减排需求。因此,我国炼化企业需要开展CO2减排技术研究。同时从节能减排及CO2资源化利用等方面对我国炼化企业进行分析,提出我国炼化企业节能减排措施,为我国炼化企业CO2减排提供理论依据。     

Policy,Institutional and Market Barriers to the Implementation of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) in China

China is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world, with potentially about two thirds of total Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for Asia on the world carbon market (). Since 68% of its primary energy is from coal, China's average energy intensity is 7.5 times higher than the EU and 4.3 times higher than the US (EU, 2003 The European Union on-line. (2003). (http://europa.eu.int/index_ns_en.htm accessed Oct 2003  [Google Scholar]). Therefore, introducing advanced clean technologies and management to China represents opportunities for Annex I countries to obtain low-cost CERs through CDM projects, and access to one of the largest potential energy conservation markets in the world.

CDM can provide a win-win solution for both China and Annex I countries, and the Chinese government considers that the introduction of CDM projects can bring advanced energy technologies and foreign investment to China, thereby helping China's sustainable economy and generating CERs. As energy efficiency is generally low and carbon intensity is high in both China's energy supply and demand sectors, numerous options exist for cost-effective energy conservation and GHG mitigation with CDM.

This paper reviews current Chinese policies and administrative and institutional settings for CDM cooperation, and discusses existing policy, institutional and other barriers in the energy market by drawing on observations and experience from previous initiatives such as Cleaner Production and energy efficiency. Some options to remove these barriers are addressed. In order to make CDM projects feasible, China's government needs to promote awareness, streamline administrative systems, and be more active in building a competitive edge in the world carbon market.