粤北地区尾矿库遥感调查与生态环境评价

运用遥感技术,对粤北地区尾矿库进行调查发现,粤北地区尾矿库主要包括金属矿山、非金属矿山、选冶场所尾矿库,安全隐患较多,环境污染较为突出,地质灾害风险明显,二次矿山资源浪费较为严重。近年来,广东省及各市县等地方政府部门加强了对粤北地区尾矿库的管理,取得了一定的成效,未来应进一步加强监管和治理力度,提高尾矿资源利用水平。     

鞍山矿业公司尾矿库对环境的影响

尾矿库作为选矿生产的重要设施，虽然解决了尾矿外排污染环境的问题，但随之带来的废弃尾矿库、干坡段、坝体的扬尘问题也对周围环境造成一定的污染，解决尾矿库扬尘污染，采用资源再利用、多管放矿、植被、喷淋、喷表面覆盖剂等对策可有效解决这一难题。     

绿色矿山 美丽家园——灵宝黄金股份有限公司绿色矿山发展纪实

走进一个矿区如同走进了公园,垂柳依依,鲜花缤纷,亭台回廊曲径通幽,选矿厂掩映在绿树丛中。走进—个尾矿库如同走进了高峡平湖,坝体坚实,两岸山坡植被茂密,子坝绿草如菌,蜂蝶飞舞。走进一个坑口如同走进了风景区,安全文化长廊图文结合引人人胜,生产现场整洁有序,标志牌随处可见,这就是灵宝黄金股份有限公司灵金一矿矿区。     

浅析黄金生产开发中环境问题及对策

河北省青龙满族自治县是全国著名的“万两黄金县”之一。它地处燕山山脉东段，长城北侧，境内山峦起伏，沟壑纵横，黄金资源丰富·已探明的黄金值储量为60吨，分布于全县20多个乡（镇人改革开放以来，全县的黄金以得到了长足发展，到1995年底，共有大小矿山180余座，就业人数超过7000人，年产黄金逾两万两．黄金业成为全县经济支柱产业之一、随着黄金产业规模的扩大，矿产资源开发的逐渐加剧，落后的黄金生产方式、以及从业人员淡薄的环境意识给环境带来的威胁日益突出。黄金生产开发中的环境问题亟待解决。一、黄金生产开发中产生的主要环…     

金尾矿综合利用技术研究与应用进展

黄金矿石的品位低,经选冶后会产生比其他金属矿石更多的尾矿。黄金矿山尾矿的大量排放,造成了黄金和其他有价金属的流失,同时大量尾矿堆积,对环境带来了极大的危害。为进一步回收有价金属,保护矿区的生态环境,重点介绍了尾矿中有价元素的综合回收技术,进一步变废为宝,开发宝贵的二次资源。     

农村能源生态工程技术在社会主义新农村建设中的应用

以沼气建设为纽带的农村能源生态工程建设,是生态农业建设的重要内容,也是促进农业可持续发展、构建社会主义新农村建设的客观需要。它把＂一池三改＂、＂四位一体＂等农村能源技术与发展庭院经济、无公害农产品生产有机结合,实现农产品无公害化生产，改善农村村容村貌和农民生活环境，控制农业面源污染，增加农民收入，促进了循环经济应用和农业可持续发展。     

综合利用农业副产物资源建立饲-能-环生态工程

我国人口增加、耕地减少的矛盾日益突出,而极为丰富的农业副产物资源又未很好利用。建立饲料-能源-环保生态工程,是综合利用农业副产物资源的巨大潜力、缓解人口土地矛盾的有效途径。饲-能-环生态工程是利用厌氧微生物降解、转化有机废弃物的特殊功能,通过人工瘤胃发酵技术、沼气技术和处理工业有机废水的环境工程技术综合利用农业副产物资源,产生饲料、能源和治理污染,达到经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。     

我国黄金资源的开发利用与环境对策

我国黄金资源的开发利用受到资源紧缺的制约，突出地表现为资源紧缺与环境保护的两难选择。本文分析了造成两难选择的原因是我国的黄金资源特点，生产技术工艺不过关和资源效益、经济佤环境效益不协调。作者提出了解决的对策是开科技攻关、走资源节约型的发展道和加强资源勘查工作。     

关注饮用水源安全云南关闭131家重污染尾矿库

经过3个月的对挂牌督办事项的后督察，对云南省1244个尾矿库环境安全隐患进行了排查和整治，依法取缔、关闭存在环境安全隐患或污染严重的尾矿库131家。     

善用资源 共建和谐 走可持续发展之路——陕西太白黄金矿业有限责任公司践行生态文明工作纪实

2012年9月10日,2012年中国矿业循环经济暨绿色矿山工作经验交流会在内蒙古满洲里举行。18家黄金矿山企业入选第二批国家级绿色矿山试点单位。这些黄金企业建设绿色矿山的成功经验,成为我国矿业领域"走绿色之路"的典范和榜样。陕西太白黄金矿业有限责任公司就是这18家"国家级绿色矿山试点单位"之一。     

The Influence of Landscape Patterns on the Bird Diversity of Four Urban Parks

In our study, we aimed to investigate the influence of landscape patterns on the diversity of birds in four urban parks. The parks are located in a region that has a high value of regional biodiversity and is also highly urbanized (Jundiai, state of São Paulo [SP], in Southeastern Brazil). Using a set of aerial photos, the surrounding landscape was divided into two regions (rings) and corresponding landscape metrics were calculated. The presence of bird species was recorded monthly over a one‐year period and classified according to selected ecological criteria. The land cover of the areas surrounding each park was primarily buildings and residences. Bird diversity was significantly correlated with the presence/proximity of water bodies. We state that the potential of the parks to harbor bird species is not negligible. Managing the area surrounding a park to increase the percentage of forested area and the size of forest fragments is as crucial as managing the core park area, especially for improving its attractiveness for new bird species.     

Implications of Land Use/Land Cover Change in the Buffer Zone of a National Park in the Tropical Andes

The impacts of land use and land cover (LULC) change in buffer zones surrounding protected ecological reserves have important implications for the management and conservation of these protected areas. This study examines the spatial and temporal patterns of LULC change along the boundary of Rio Abiseo National Park in the Northern Peruvian Andes. Landscape change within four ecological zones was evaluated based on trends expected to occur between 1987 and 2001. Landsat TM and ETM imagery were used to produce LULC classification maps for both years using a hybrid supervised/unsupervised approach. LULC changes were measured using landscape metrics and from-to change maps created by post-classification change detection. Contrary to expectations, tropical upper wet montane forest increased despite being threatened by human-induced fires and cattle grazing of the highland grasslands inside the park. Within the park’s buffer zone, tropical moist forest remnants were fragmented into more numerous and smaller patches between 1987 and 2001; this was in part due to conversion into agricultural land. The methods used in this study provide an effective way to monitor LULC change detection and support the management of protected areas and their surrounding environments.     

An Ecoregional Context for Forest Management on National Wildlife Refuges of the Upper Midwest,USA

To facilitate forest planning and management on National Wildlife Refuges, we synthesized multiple data sources to describe land ownership patterns, land cover, landscape pattern, and changes in forest composition for four ecoregions and their associated refuges of the Upper Midwest. We related observed patterns to ecological processes important for forest conservation and restoration, with specific attention to refuge patterns of importance for forest landbirds of conservation priority. The large amount of public land within the ecoregions (31–80%) suggests that opportunities exist for coarse and meso-scale approaches to conserving and restoring ecological processes affecting the refuges, particularly historical fire regimes. Forests dominate both ecoregions and refuges, but refuge forest patches are generally larger and more aggregated than in associated ecoregions. Broadleaf taxa have increased in dominance in the ecoregions and displaced fire-dependent taxa such as pine (Pinus spp.) and other coniferous species; these changes in forest composition have likely also affected refuge forests. Despite compositional changes, larger forest patches on refuges suggests that they may provide better habitat for area-sensitive forest landbirds of mature, compositionally diverse forests than surrounding lands if management continues to promote increased patch size. We reason that although fine-scale research and monitoring for species of conservation priority is important, broad scale (ecoregional) assessments provide crucial context for effective forest and wildlife management in protected areas.     

Urban Domestic Gardens (XIV): The Characteristics of Gardens in Five Cities

Domestic gardens make substantial contributions to the provision of green space in urban areas. However, the ecological functions provided by such gardens depend critically on their configuration and composition. Here, we present the first detailed analysis of variation in the composition of urban gardens, in relation to housing characteristics and the nature of the surrounding landscape, across different cities in the United Kingdom. In all five cities studied (Belfast, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Leicester, and Oxford), garden size had an overwhelming influence on garden composition. Larger gardens supported more of the land-use types recorded, in greater extents, and were more likely to contain particular features, including tall trees and mature shrubs, areas of unmown grass and uncultivated land, vegetable patches, ponds, and composting sites. The proportional contribution of non-vegetated land-uses decreased as garden area increased. House age was less significant in determining the land-use within gardens, although older houses, which were more likely to be found further from the urban edge of the city, contained fewer hedges and greater areas of vegetation canopy >2 m in height. Current UK government planning recommendations will ultimately reduce the area of individual gardens and are thus predicted to result in fewer tall trees and, in particular, less vegetation canopy >2 m. This might be detrimental from ecological, aesthetic, social, and economic stand points.     

基于县域尺度的土地利用景观格局特征及其影响因素研究——以江苏省丰县为例

从类型水平、景观水平两个维度选取8个景观指数定量分析了江苏省丰县土地利用景观格局特征,探讨其影响因素.研究表明,耕地作为丰县景观基底,其景观结合度水平较高;耕地和园地景观的聚集度高、破碎度低、连接度高,而其他农用地和林地则相反;距离交通线路越近,斑块密度、景观多样性、均匀度等景观指数越大;经济较发达镇的斑块密度较大,景观分散度和分离度指数较高,聚集度指数较低;距县城越远,景观类型分布越集中且较单一.     

Impacts of changes in land use and fragmentation patterns on Atlantic coastal forests in northern Spain

Changes in forested landscapes may have important consequences for ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. In northern Spain, major changes in land use occurred during the second half of the 20th century, but their impacts on forests have not been quantified. We evaluated the dynamics of landscape and forest distribution patterns between 1957 and 2003 in Fragas do Eume Natural Park (northwestern Spain). We used orthoimages and a set of standard landscape metrics to determine transitions between land cover classes and to examine forest distribution patterns. Eucalypt plantations showed the greatest increase in area (197%) over time. Furthermore, transitions to eucalypt plantations were found in all major land cover classes. Forest showed a net decline of 20% in total area and represented 30% of the landscape area in 2003. Forest losses were mainly due to eucalypt plantations and the building of a water reservoir, while forest gains were due to increases in shrubland, meadows and cultivated fields which had been recolonised. Forest patch size and core area decreased, and edge length increased over time. In turn, increases were obtained in mean distance between forest patches, and in adjacency to eucalypt plantations and to a water reservoir. These results suggest an increase in forest fragmentation from 1957 to 2003, as well as a change in the nature of the habitat surrounding forest patches. This study shows that land use changes, mostly from eucalypt plantation intensification, negatively affected forested habitats, although some regeneration was ongoing through ecological succession from land abandonment.     

A landscape ecological approach to address scaling problems in conservation management and monitoring

Management of many African game reserves is today often still an art based on experience and intuition, rather than a science. Decision-making is based on an informal integration of accumulated individual knowledge and keen field observations. Data are generally poorly captured and curated. Until fairly recently, denominators of biological parameters (such as the unit of land or unit of plant production used as measurement) have generally been treated as being homogenous. The patchiness of landscapes and the issue of ecological scaling were ignored, often because of a lack of appropriate technical tools. The ecological data available on the 49,000-ha Songimvelo Game Reserve (SGR) result from a number of discrete survey and monitoring projects undertaken by different researchers, with different objectives, at different spatial and temporal scales. A landscape ecological approach towards research and monitoring is appropriate for an area of the size and diversity of the SGR. A combination of a database approach and spatial representation was used to consolidate and integrate data across temporal and spatial scales. Herbivore spatial and temporal distribution patterns were explored across three spatial scales. An understanding was achieved of the importance of landscape patchiness in controlling resource availability for herbivores. This insight is important in guiding management and monitoring of the SGR by placing perceived patch overutilization in its proper landscape context. The landscape ecological approach bridges the traditional scale-independent view to a more contemporary scale-related understanding of ecosystem diversity and functioning.     

Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis and Prediction in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River,China

Scientists have aimed at exploring land use and land cover change (LUCC) and modeling future landscape pattern in order to improve our understanding of the causes and consequences of these phenomena. This study addresses LUCC in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, China, from 1974 to 2000. Based on remotely sensed images, LUCC and landscape pattern change were assessed using cross-tabulation and landscape metrics. Then, using the CLUE-S model, changes in area of four types of land cover were predicted for two scenarios considering forest polices over the next 20 years. Results showed that forestland decreased from 1974 to 2000 due to continuous deforestation, while grassland and shrubland increased correspondingly. At the same time, the farmland and settlement land increased dramatically. Landscape fragmentation in the study area accompanied these changes. Forestland, grassland, and farmland take opposite trajectories in the two scenarios, as does landscape fragmentation. LUCC has led to ecological consequences, such as biodiversity loss and lowering of ecological carrying capacity.     

Community gardens and sustainable land use planning: A case-study of the Alex Wilson community garden

An analytical account of the history and aspirations of the Alex Wilson Community Garden in Toronto provides an ideal opportunity to examine the connections between two typically distinct enterprises: ecological restoration and community gardening. These are both important contemporary ecological movements, but are rarely combined in a single project that demonstrates the principles of sustainable land use and community planning. The garden is named in memory of Alex Wilson, a landscape designer, community activist and writer who worked and lived in Toronto, Canada. During his life, Wilson established a community garden which was eventually replaced by conventional urban development. After his death in 1993, friends and colleagues decided to honour his memory by establishing a permanent community garden in his name. The Alex Wilson Community Garden opened to the public in June 1998. The case-study explores how the garden reflects Wilson's work by linking community gardening and ecological restoration. These features are unified in Wilson's work as a means of nurturing relationships between people, communities and the landscape—relationships that are social, economic and ecological. In his book,The Culture of Nature: North American landscape from Disney to the Exxon Valdez (1991), Wilson argues that “we must build landscapes that heal and empower, that make intelligible our relations with each other and the natural world”. The Alex Wilson Community Garden illustrates in a practical manner the principles espoused by Wilson through its design, planning and functioning. The case-study reports on the innovative approach to landscape design taken in the garden, which reconstructs the natural and cultural history of southern Ontario, featuring lake-shore, agricultural and woodland sections. The garden has been planted exclusively with native plant species, and is expected to have a positive impact on local biodiversity. The planning process which led up to the design of the garden was participatory in nature, encompassing friends and colleagues of Alex Wilson, local residents and city planning officials, and made use of a number of planning tools not usually applied in an urban setting, including the granting of a conservation easement. The garden also addresses emerging issues associated with globalisation and large cities by providing food production opportunities for local residents, including a low-income housing complex and a nearby drop-in centre. Ecological monitoring and assessment of the naturalised area will be carried out by local residents.     

RIPARIAN LAND USES AND PRECIPITATION INFLUENCES ON STREAM BANK EROSION IN CENTRAL IOWA1

Human alterations to the Iowa landscape, such as elimination of native vegetation for row crop agriculture and grazing, channelization of streams, and tile and ditch drainage, have led to deeply incised channels with accelerated streambank erosion. The magnitude of streambank erosion and soil loss were compared along Bear Creek in central Iowa. The subreaches are bordered by differing land uses, including reestablished riparian forest buffers, row crop fields, and continuously grazed riparian pastures. Erosion pins were measured from June 1998 to July 2002 to estimate the magnitude of streambank erosion. Total streambank soil loss was estimated by using magnitude of bank erosion, soil bulk density, and severely eroded bank area. Significant seasonal and yearly differences in magnitude of bank erosion and total soil loss were partially attributed to differences in precipitation and associated discharges. Riparian forest buffers had significantly lower magnitude of streambank erosion and total soil loss than the other two riparian land uses. Establishment of riparian forest buffers along all of the nonbuffered subreaches would have reduced stream‐bank soil loss by an estimated 77 to 97 percent, significantly decreasing sediment in the stream, a major water quality problem in Iowa.