整体性治理视域下防治外来物种入侵法治研究

外来物种入侵是威胁国家生物多样性、生态安全和公众健康的重大安全问题。《生物安全法》的通过为防治外来物种入侵提供了综合性的制度规范。我国防治外来物种入侵法治实践长期以行政规制为主导,较少关注司法机关、企事业单位、社会组织和公众等法律主体在治理中的作用。行政规制治理中执法机构及其职能与管理手段的碎片化,亦无法回应高风险社会防治外来物种入侵的需要。我国防治外来物种入侵法治建设应当坚持整体性治理理念,以整体安全观为指导,坚持风险预防、防治结合,明确综合管理程序及责任法律制度和一体化协同执法机制,健全防治外来物种入侵行政规制体系;引入公众参与,形成政府、企事业单位、社会组织和公众协同治理外来物种入侵,鼓励外来物种入侵公益诉讼等,完善防治外来物种入侵的多元共治体系,共促国家生物安全治理体系。     

成都市外来入侵物种调查研究

对成都市外来入侵物种的种类、数量、分布和危害进行了调查,初步发现有蔗扁蛾(香蕉蛾)Opogona sacchari(Bojer)、大瓶螺(福寿螺、苹果螺、雪螺)Pomacea canaliculata Spix、空心莲子草(水花生、喜旱莲子草)Altertian-thera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb、凤眼莲(水葫芦、凤眼蓝)Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)Solms、牛蛙Rana cntesbei-ana Shaw等.提出了引入扩散原因及危害分析、防除方法,近期可能入侵成都市的外来物种,防治外来入侵物种工作存在的问题.     

关于入侵性外来物种对环境污染的调研

针对民众对入侵性外来植物的了解认识现状进行调查和分析,阐述了外来入侵物种对生态、环境、经济等方面所造成的危害,并根据生物可不断地繁殖、更新和扩散等特点,提出了治理入侵性外来物种的一些措施。     

自然生态系统外来入侵物种管理展望

在国家层次上,我国缺少一部全面的法律或法规,缺乏必要的生态影响风险评估、监测和预警体系。今后的工作中,应当研究制定《外来入侵物种管理条例》和《外来入侵物种环境管理办法》;根据预防为主的原则,建立外来物种生态风险评估和监管；完善相关审批制度，由环保部门负责外来物种环境影响评价的管理，各部门按现有法规负责相关类别外来物种引进审批时，应商环保部门，     

外来植物豚草的入侵机理研究进展及其现状

从外来植物的入侵性和生境的可入侵性两方面综述了外来植物豚草的入侵机理研究进展,分析了豚草在秦皇岛地区的现状,以中国环境管理干部学院新校区为例调查了人类活动干扰对豚草的影响。豚草的入侵性与其自身所具有的生理生态学特性密切相关,生境的可入侵性则与其群落特征和受干扰程度等因素有关。目前豚草是秦皇岛地区自然群落的建群种,没有表现出入侵性。新校区调查结果表明:豚草在自然群落中零星分布,但受到人类活动干扰的生境中豚草表现出一定的优势度。因此,在豚草防治中应防止人类活动的过度干扰影响,以保护当地的生态环境。     

关于加强外来物种管理有关问题的探索

依法管理外来物种已经势在必行。本文根据中国国情以及外来物种本身的生物性、经济性特点，就外来物种的概念、分类、引入行为的规范、引入风险评估的主要程序、外来物种的监测、外来物种的防治等问题进行了探索和分析。     

客观看待外来物种入侵

正何为外来生物入侵?一般而言,主动引进加以培养、种植养殖,不归类为生物入侵。而不是主动引进,对本土农业、生态环境和人畜健康产生不利影响,甚至造成重大经济损失的才能称为外来生物入侵。据专家介绍,在国际自然保护联盟公布的全球100种最具威胁的外来物种中,入侵中国的就有50余种。入侵生物危害严重,给农林业生产构成了巨大的威胁。据初步估计,松材线虫等13种主要农林入侵物种每年对我国造成574亿元的直接经济损失。同时,     

关于我国外来物种入侵的立法思考

随着全球经济一体化体系的发展,维护生物多样性、防治外来物种入侵成为世界各国关注的问题。我国面对外来物种入侵严重的现状,其相关的法律法规存在着明显缺陷,对外来物种入侵方面的立法也相当滞后。这种现状难以适应中国环境保护、经济和社会和谐发展的需要,也难以符合我国生物多样性保护的要求。文章对国际社会防治外来物种入侵相关立法及美国、日本的先进立法经验进行了分析,结合我国的国情,对我国创设外来物种入侵法律制度和修订相关法律法规上提出了意见和建议,以期通过法律手段有效地防治外来物种的入侵,并促进我国对防治外来物种入侵的相关立法。     

外来入侵植物反枝苋的应用价值

反枝苋是入侵我国的外来植物之一,凭借其独特的生物学特性等特征能够实现成功入侵并对被入侵地的生态环境造成了严重危害,因此引起了人们的广泛关注,并努力寻求各种途径对其进行防除。然而,作为一种外来植物,反枝苋自身的应用价值有待于进一步的开发。从食用、饲用、医用、污染场地修复和用作试验材料等方面对反枝苋的应用价值进行了分析,反枝苋展现出广阔的应用前景。     

风险预防背景下的外来物种入侵法律规制

随着世界经济贸易的发展,外来物种入侵成为威胁生物多样性、公众健康,甚至生态安全和国家安全的重大问题。我国目前在外来物种入侵相关立法方面存在立法理念滞后、调整范围欠充分、监管碎片化、法律制度缺失且责任追究机制单一等问题,无法有效回应高风险社会对外来物种入侵的防范。在国内外相关制度经验总结的基础上,我国防治外来物种入侵的相关法律法规应在《生物安全法》的指导下,确立整体生态安全理念,采取风险预防原则,健全外来物种风险评估、引种许可证、全过程跟踪监测、公众参与和法律责任制度,优化外来物种风险管理机制,促进生物安全治理体系进一步完善。     

Analyzing the Social Factors That Influence Willingness to Pay for Invasive Alien Species Management Under Two Different Strategies: Eradication and Prevention

Biological invasions occur worldwide, and have been the object of ecological and socio-economic research for decades. However, the manner in which different stakeholder groups identify the problems associated with invasive species and confront invasive species management under different policies remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted an econometric analysis of the social factors influencing willingness to pay for invasive alien species management under two different regimes: eradication and prevention in the Doñana Natural Protected Area (SW Spain). Controlling for the participation of local residents, tourists and conservationists, email and face-to-face questionnaires were conducted. Results indicated that respondents were more willing to pay for eradication than prevention; and public support for invasive alien species management was influenced by an individual’s knowledge and perception of invasive alien species, active interest in nature, and socio-demographic attributes. We concluded that invasive alien species management research should confront the challenges to engage stakeholders and accept any tradeoffs necessary to modify different conservation policies to ensure effective management is implemented. Finally, our willingness to pay estimates suggest the Department of Environment of Andalusian Government has suitable social support to meet the budgetary expenditures required for invasive alien species plans and adequate resources to justify an increase in the invasive alien species management budget.     

Ornamental Plants as Invasive Aliens: Problems and Solutions in Kruger National Park,South Africa

The most widespread invasive alien plant species in South Africa’s Kruger National Park (KNP) were either introduced unintentionally along rivers and roads, or intentionally for use as ornamentals. We examine the spatial distribution of ornamental alien plants in KNP, look at the link between human population size, history, and species richness, and show how the distribution of particular species reflects the likely history of ornamental plantings. Results are used to assess whether past management actions have been appropriately directed. Two hundred and fifty-eight alien species have been recorded in the 36 tourist camps and staff villages. The number of staff housed in villages explains much of the diversity of cultivated alien plant species. Older camps also tend to have more ornamental alien plant species. However, the lack of a strong link between camp age and number of cultivated species suggests that ornamental plants have been widely spread around the KNP by humans. We also show that increased camp activity (either size or age) has led to more ornamental species, while, with the notable exception of Skukuza, camp activity has had a much smaller effect on the number of noncultivated species. Noncultivated species tend to be naturally dispersed, as opposed to directly spread by humans between camps. Past management prioritized certain species on the basis of their potential to invade KNP and on the prevailing national legislation. These species were removed manually and follow-up control was carried out. Once the priority species were deemed to be under control, less invasive species were targeted. All alien species were removed from vacated houses, regardless of the potential invasiveness of the species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

An Assessment of Stakeholder Perceptions and Management of Noxious Alien Plants in Spain

Despite biological invasions being a worldwide phenomenon causing significant ecological, economic, and human welfare impacts, there is limited understanding regarding how environmental managers perceive the problem and subsequently manage alien species. Spanish environmental managers were surveyed using questionnaires to (1) analyze the extent to which they perceive plant invasions as a problem; (2) identify the status, occurrence, and impacts of noxious alien plant species; (3) assess current effort and expenditure targeting alien plant management; and, finally, (4) identify the criteria they use to set priorities for management. In comparison to other environmental concerns, plant invasions are perceived as only moderately problematic and mechanical control is the most valued and frequently used strategy to cope with plant invasions in Spain. Based on 70 questionnaires received, 193 species are considered noxious, 109 of which have been the subject of management activities. More than 90% of species are found in at least one protected area. According to respondents, the most frequently managed species are the most widespread across administrative regions and the ones perceived as causing the highest impacts. The perception of impact seems to be independent of their invasion status, since only half of the species identified as noxious are believed to be invasive in Spain, while 43% of species thought to only be casual aliens are causing a high impact. Records of management costs are poor and the few data indicate that the total actual expenditure amounted to 50,492,437 € in the last decade. The majority of respondents stated that management measures are insufficient to control alien plants due to limited economic resources, lack of public awareness and support, and an absence of coordination among different public administrations. Managers also expressed their concern about the fact that much scientific research is concerned with the ecology of alien plants rather than with specific cost-efficient strategies to manage alien species.     

Optimal renewable resource management in the presence of endogenous risk of invasion

In this paper we examine the optimal management of a renewable resource that is at risk from alien species invasion. The objective of this paper is to derive implications for optimal management of a resource when options exist for both preventing the arrival of an invasive species and mitigating the impact of that arrival. Uncertainty about the timing and nature of an invasion can have important implications for the choice of management strategy, and a key feature of this analysis is an explicit treatment of that uncertainty.     

A Social Analysis of the Bioinvasions of Dreissena polymorpha in Spain and Hydrilla verticillata in Guatemala

Human agency plays a key role in the processes of biological invasions. This comprises not only the human role in the configuration of driving forces or in the perception of the impacts, but also the conceptualization of alien species themselves as an environmental problem. This paper examines different stakeholders' positions in bioinvasion processes at different scales, and it looks at their relevance for the management of invasive species. It compares two cases: the invasion process of Dreissena polymorpha in the Ebro River in Spain and the case of Hydrilla verticillata in Lake Izabal, Guatemala. Our results are structured according to impacts and to management options. The discussion focuses on the relevance of incorporating the different stakeholders' interests and values in the analysis and management of biological invasions. Although social analysis of stakeholders' positions is necessary in order to foster management actions, it also reveals conflicts on the relevant criteria and on the very definition of invasive species.     

Evaluation of Online Information Sources on Alien Species in Europe: The Need of Harmonization and Integration

Europe is severely affected by alien invasions, which impact biodiversity, ecosystem services, economy, and human health. A large number of national, regional, and global online databases provide information on the distribution, pathways of introduction, and impacts of alien species. The sufficiency and efficiency of the current online information systems to assist the European policy on alien species was investigated by a comparative analysis of occurrence data across 43 online databases. Large differences among databases were found which are partially explained by variations in their taxonomical, environmental, and geographical scopes but also by the variable efforts for continuous updates and by inconsistencies on the definition of “alien” or “invasive” species. No single database covered all European environments, countries, and taxonomic groups. In many European countries national databases do not exist, which greatly affects the quality of reported information. To be operational and useful to scientists, managers, and policy makers, online information systems need to be regularly updated through continuous monitoring on a country or regional level. We propose the creation of a network of online interoperable web services through which information in distributed resources can be accessed, aggregated and then used for reporting and further analysis at different geographical and political scales, as an efficient approach to increase the accessibility of information. Harmonization, standardization, conformity on international standards for nomenclature, and agreement on common definitions of alien and invasive species are among the necessary prerequisites.     

外来物种入侵及其环境法律调控准则

随着世界经济、贸易和交通高度发达的影响，外来物种入侵活动且益加剧，已尼成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一，对我国的一些地区造成了巨大的生态和经济损失。有关外来入侵物种管理的立法应贯彻风险预防原则。     

Some Perspectives on the Risks and Benefits of Biological Control of Invasive Alien Plants in the Management of Natural Ecosystems

Globally, invasions by alien plants are rapidly increasing in extent and severity, leading to large-scale ecosystem degradation. Weed biological control offers opportunities to arrest or even reverse these trends and, although it is not always effective or appropriate as a management strategy, this practice has an excellent record of safety and many notable successes over two centuries. In recent years, growing concerns about the potential for unintended, non-target damage by biological control agents, and fears about other unpredictable effects on ecosystems, have created an increasingly demanding risk-averse regulatory environment. This development may be counter-productive because it tends to overemphasize potential problems and ignores or underestimates the benefits of weed biological control; it offers no viable alternatives; and it overlooks the inherent risks of a decision not to use biological control. The restoration of badly degraded ecosystems to a former pristine condition is not a realistic objective, but the protection of un-invaded or partial restoration of invaded ecosystems can be achieved safely, at low cost and sustainably through the informed and responsible application of biological control. This practice should therefore be given due consideration when management of invasive alien plants is being planned. This discussion paper provides a perspective on the risks and benefits of classical weed biological control, and it is aimed at assisting environmental managers in their deliberations on whether or not to use this strategy in preference, or as a supplement to other alien invasive plant control practices.